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temples. It is however possible that symbolism changed or different symbols were added to
temple decoration in later periods.
It is possible the lion used to represent a protective demon, but in later periods or in different
contexts had a different symbolic function related to the reeds he holds in his paws. The reed in his
paws could symbolise the protection of the marshland by a lion/demon, which was symbolised by
the room it was depicted in.
Fig. 30 Reliefs in north pronaos (Aldred 1978, 48)
In a scene located on reliefs in the north half of the pronaos a scene is shown of three individuals
on the left part and two in another scene on the right. Aldred interprets this as the pharaoh
making offerings to the seated gods of the region, which are Toth, Tephenis, both on the left, and
Horus on the right. Above the scene is a frieze interpreted as the Golden Horus in the form of a
falcon. Aldred describes this image protected each side of cartouches bearing the names of
“Caesar” and “Autocrator”, which Aldred describes to refer to Augustus. These two names
alternate with those of “pharaoh” on the right (Aldred 1978, 48).
The fact that Augustus is depicted in the temple making offerings to the gods of this temple,
Egyptian gods, can be seen as a way to legitimise his rule religiously. It means he was represented
as the true pharaoh and was therefore allowed to perform the rituals and make offerings to the
gods. It also showed Augustus knew of the rituals and performed them with care. Since religion
was a very important part of Egyptian society, as the priests held a very important role in this
society and in the economy, it was important to respect these religious acts as the legitimate ruler.
This could have been a way of preventing rebellions.