Deze masterthesis wil een verbinding leggen tussen de kerkelijke rite van het afleggen van belijdenis en de feminisering van religie. De femiseringsthese die geldt voor de negentiende eeuw, steunt...Show moreDeze masterthesis wil een verbinding leggen tussen de kerkelijke rite van het afleggen van belijdenis en de feminisering van religie. De femiseringsthese die geldt voor de negentiende eeuw, steunt op vier variabelen: een feminisering van de geestelijke stand, van gelovigen en hun rituelen, van de aard van religie en van religieuze spiritualiteit of vroomheid. Het afleggen van belijdenis biedt de mogelijkheid om de reikwijdte van de feminiseringsthese voor de protestantse context te onderzoeken. De belijdenisrite daarvoor geschikt: veel mensen deden belijdenis en de bronnen vermelden een verantwoording om belijdenis te doen. De feminiseringsthese en de belijdenisrite zijn voor de Nederlandse context nog nauwelijks gebruikt. In deze thesis wordt het onderzoek beperkt tot het grootste protestantse kerkgenootschap in Nederland, de Nederlandse Hervormde Kerk, in de periode 1816-1900. Een van de conclusies is dat de belijdenisrite in de tweede helft van de negentiende eeuw wordt versterkt door de invoering van kerkelijke rituelen en familierituelen. Het gebruik van emoties bij de belijdenis werd in de tweede helft van de eeuw toegejuichd, maar slechts zolang de belijdenis duurde. Daarna werd repressie door predikanten belangrijker geacht. Vrouwen in de negentiende eeuw schreven verder het meest over de belijdenis. Het beschrijven van vroomheid door vrouwen was geaccepteerd. Mannen (predikanten en gemeenteleden) gaven een negatieve betekenis aan deze vroomheid door die te vergelijken met uiterst piëtistische vrouwen. Zij vonden dat zowel mannen als vrouwen met mate over vroomheid moesten spreken. Redelijkheid en bescheidenheid achtte men van meer belang. Verschillen tussen bronnen van predikanten en gemeenteleden lichten met name op in de maatschappelijke betekenis die ze aan de belijdenisrite meegeven. This thesis makes a connection between the rite of confirmation and the feminisation of religion. Both confirmation and the theory of feminisation are hardly studied in the Dutch context. In this thesis research is limited to the largest protestant denomination in the Netherlands, the Dutch Reformed Church, in the period 1816-1900.Show less
This thesis is about the opinion of developers about archaeological research and the archaeological law and regulatory. The changes started after the signature of the Pact of Valletta, which should...Show moreThis thesis is about the opinion of developers about archaeological research and the archaeological law and regulatory. The changes started after the signature of the Pact of Valletta, which should protect the archaeological soil archive in Europe and encourage spreading the knowledge about archaeology to the public. Since 1999 it was possible for commercial archaeological enterprises to obtain a digging license and in 2007 the new monument regulation was implemented in The Netherlands. This was the beginning of a new era for the archaeologists. It means that when developers disturb the archaeological soil archive, they are obligated to pay for the archaeological research. This regulation provided a lot jobs and security for the conservation of the archaeological information and there are several enterprises that are specialized in public archaeology. All benefits, but what does the developer who pays all this feels about it? Five developers were interviewed on the subject and they all say it is a good thing this regulation is implemented and archaeological research has become a part of the process of development. The negative side of archaeological research is that it is unpredictable in terms of money and time. Besides this risk the product of archaeological research is not very useful for the developers. They would like to see more in return for their investment, for example through the media attention. When an archaeological find is published in a paper, they could mention the name of the developers if he cooperates well with the archaeologists. This would provide archaeology with an extra value for the developer.Show less
On the Syrian archaeological site Tell Sabi Abyad extensive traces of reed phytoliths and imprints have been found during the excavation seasons 2008 and 2009. These silica imprints can be...Show moreOn the Syrian archaeological site Tell Sabi Abyad extensive traces of reed phytoliths and imprints have been found during the excavation seasons 2008 and 2009. These silica imprints can be allocated stratigraphically to either one of the Early Ceramic Neolithic levels A-4A and A-4B, dating to approximately 6400 calBC. The reed phytoliths and imprints are often accompanied with impressions of branches or beams. The role and function of the reed and beam impressions is unclear, forming for instance either a roof of the level A-4B buildings, or a foundation layer of the level A-4B structures. Both allocations are problematic, as the roofs would have covered buildings with an average height of approximately 80 centimetres, while the occurrence of beams in foundation layers - as opposed to the use of reed - seems without ethnographic parallels. When confronting an assessment of the excavation data regarding reed silica imprints and beam impressions with architectural and ethnographical hypotheses, the possible role and function of the reed and beams is clarified. Through a process of eliminating non-viable hypotheses a clear picture emerges: the reed and beams can only be interpreted as being a part of the foundation layer of level A-4A, constructed after the levelling of the remains of the previous level A-4B.Show less
The analysis of the Ptolemaic and Greco-Bactrian coins has showed that the symbols on the coins are partly Hellenistic, but partly typical of Ptolemaic Egypt as well. There are some similarities...Show moreThe analysis of the Ptolemaic and Greco-Bactrian coins has showed that the symbols on the coins are partly Hellenistic, but partly typical of Ptolemaic Egypt as well. There are some similarities between the Ptolemaic and Bactrian coins. The coins usually show a prince or princess on the obverse side with several royal or divine attributes, and a god or goddess on the reverse side. Although there are similarities, there are many discontinuities as well with regard to the iconography. Discontinuities are found between the coins of the ruling princes themselves, but also between the coins of the two Hellenistic kingdoms, Ptolemaic Egypt and Bactria, in general. Depending on the popularity of the prince or his power, on ruler is portrayed with certain symbols and the other with other or less symbols. Thus, not every prince is depicted with the aegis of Zeus or with the trident of Poseidon. It seems that certain symbols had to be earned and that’s why there isn’t a standard applied to all Ptolemaic coins. The Bactrian coins confirmed this theory. When the Ptolemaic coins are analyzed and compared with the Bactrian coins there are differences and similarities to be discovered as well. The iconography of a coin seems to have been influenced by the local culture and the degree of integration between different cultures. Bactrian coins showed similar symbols as the Ptolemaic coins. For that reason there can be argued that there is a standard for the iconography applied to both the Hellenistic kingdoms. When you compare the Ptolemaic coins with our currency, the euro, you can see that the euro is a Dutch currency, but a European currency as well. This is how the Dutch look at the euro, as a Dutch coin and as a European coin. The Ptolemaic coin is a typical Ptolemaic coin with typical culture defined symbols, but also a Hellenistic coin, with symbols similar to the Bactrian coins.Show less
De belangrijkste conclusie die getrokken kan worden over het cultuurcontact tussen de Grieken en de Egyptenaren in de vroeg Ptolemaeïsche periode in Egypte is dat dit contact wederzijds was. Het...Show moreDe belangrijkste conclusie die getrokken kan worden over het cultuurcontact tussen de Grieken en de Egyptenaren in de vroeg Ptolemaeïsche periode in Egypte is dat dit contact wederzijds was. Het waren niet alleen de Grieken die de Egyptenaren beïnvloedde, maar ook andersom. Wie invloed had op de ander wordt vaak gebaseerd op de context waarin een object is teruggevonden. Dit is goed aan te tonen door Alexandrië als case-study te onderzoeken binnenin Ptolemaeïsch Egypte. Hier heeft de Egyptische cultuur de Griekse cultuur beïnvloed. Onder andere door de kult van Serapis en de Egyptische beelden die gevonden zijn in de stad. Niet alleen in Alexandrië is de Griekse materiële cultuur beïnvloed door de Egyptische, ook op veel Griekse beelden is deze invloed aan te treffen. Vaak waren de Griekse beelden uit Egyptische materiaal gemaakt of bezaten ze nog een steunpilaar. De 1e drie Ptolemaeïsche koningen lieten zichzelf bovendien afbeelden als farao’s in plaats van Griekse vorsten, omdat ze het land bleven regeren zoals de farao’s voor hen ook hadden gedaan. Ook lieten ze de lokale structuur intact, waarin de priesters van de Egyptische tempels een belangrijke rol speelden. Griekse invloed op de Egyptische cultuur is onder andere terug te vinden in tempels. In grote lijnen zijn de Egyptische tempels hetzelfde gebleven, zoals hun plattegrond, maar zijn details wel veranderd, zoals de kapitelen. Ook in de economie zijn er veranderingen doorgevoerd. De belangrijkste verandering in de economie was het invoeren van munten. Op deze munten werden de Ptolemaeën wel afgebeeld als Griekse leiders. In de religie waren ook wederzijdse invloeden. De Grieken gingen hun pantheon verbinden met de Egyptische en er ontstond een nieuwe god uit twee Egyptische goden: Serapis. De koninginnen en koningen kregen een grotere status binnen de Egyptische cultuur, want vanaf de cultus van Arsinoë II werden ze gedurende hun leven en dood vereerd als goden. Er heeft dus integratie plaatsgevonden en dit geeft aan dat de term Hellenisatie niet toepasbaar is op Egypte, want het is niet zo dat alleen de Grieken invloed hebben gehad op de Egyptenaren; het was een wisselwerking. De term ‘Ptolemaeïsering’ is dus meer op zijn plaats.Show less
In this bachelor thesis I investigate whether Neanderthals had a sexual division of labour or not. I established three hypotheses: 1) Neanderthals had a sexual division of labour where males hunt...Show moreIn this bachelor thesis I investigate whether Neanderthals had a sexual division of labour or not. I established three hypotheses: 1) Neanderthals had a sexual division of labour where males hunt and females gather plant foods and perform other activities, 2) Neanderthals had a sexual division of labour where males and females hunt but males perform the most dangerous tasks, 3) there was no sexual division of labour and males and females hunted and gathered in equal amounts. To find out if Neanderthals had a sexual division of labour, a meta-study of two osteological analyses applied to Neanderthal bones was performed. The first methods that was used was a comparison of the shape and robusticity of male and female Neanderthal limb bones compared to samples of modern human huntergatherers and sedentary populations. Secondly the distribution of trauma across the skeletons of male and female Neanderthals was compared. In both of the analyses the evidence pointed towards the first hypothesis. The evidence however was too limited. The small sample size of sexable Neanderthals was the largest issue. I concluded that according to the data gathered in this thesis hypothesis 1 is the most likely. However, none of the three hypotheses can be rejected confidently due to the limited evidence.Show less
Deze MA-thesis laat zien welk verband er bestaat tussen verschillende aspecten van het leger van Julius Caesar, zoals strategie, tactiek, logistiek en organisatie, ten tijde van zijn oorlog tegen...Show moreDeze MA-thesis laat zien welk verband er bestaat tussen verschillende aspecten van het leger van Julius Caesar, zoals strategie, tactiek, logistiek en organisatie, ten tijde van zijn oorlog tegen de Pompeianen.Show less
The discovery of remains of a lion in the Gran Dolina cave (Atapuerca, Spain) with pronounced signs of butchering makes one wonder why hominids would want to hunt for a large carnivore without...Show moreThe discovery of remains of a lion in the Gran Dolina cave (Atapuerca, Spain) with pronounced signs of butchering makes one wonder why hominids would want to hunt for a large carnivore without projectile weapons. These lion remains are special, but not unique in the Middle and Upper Palaeolithic of Europe. Traces of hunting for lions and wolves are present at a limited number of sites, and procurement of brown bear and cave bear is widespread. In this paper I explore a costly signalling explanation for hunting on these large carnivores. The costly signalling theory states that animals can use signalling to show a quality that is otherwise not easily observed. If the signal is truly costly, this guarantees a level of honesty and receivers of the signal can benefit by responding to it. In our hominid case, strong men can show their hunting quality by engaging in risky hunts for large carnivores. Observing females will then preferentially mate with those males and competitors will be deterred. Anthropological studies apply costly signalling theory to explain deviations from the expected patterns of optimal foraging theory. I will discuss an anthropological case study and then return to the archaeological situation to asses the value of costly signalling for hunting for large carnivores in the European Palaeolithic. Showing the results of signalling in the archaeological record is difficult, but indirect observations can be used. The main value of costly signalling theory lies in its ability to explain economically unexpected behaviour and in introducing sexual selection to European Palaeolithic archaeology.Show less
De scriptie behandelt een onrustige periode op het eiland Curaçao, eind achttiende/begin negentiende eeuw. Terwijl in Nederland de patriotten met hulp van de Fransen de macht hebben gegrepen, is...Show moreDe scriptie behandelt een onrustige periode op het eiland Curaçao, eind achttiende/begin negentiende eeuw. Terwijl in Nederland de patriotten met hulp van de Fransen de macht hebben gegrepen, is het op het eiland Curaçao ook onrustig. Onder andere onder invloed van een revolutie op Haïti vindt ook op Curaçao in 1795 een slavenopstand plaats, die met geweld wordt onderdrukt. Vanaf 1796 tot pakweg 1800 wordt het onder de blanke bevolking eveneens onrustig en is er sprake van een revolutionaire beweging/periode waarin de gematigde patriotten de macht grijpen. Deze revolutie wordt deels ingegeven door revolutionaire (verlichtings)ideeën uit Europa, maar ook veroorzaakt door het wegvallen van de handel op het eiland en het verminderen van de macht van het moederland in de regio. Rode draad in de scriptie vormt de persoon Albert Kikkert. Sommige historici noemen Kikkert een typische windvaan, iemand die met alle winden meewaait. Eind achttiende eeuw is hij bijvoorbeeld een patriot in 'hart en nieren' en een tegenstander van stadhouder Willem V, maar hij zal zich later opwerken tot de eerste gouverneur-generaal van Curaçao onder koning Willem I. De geschiedschrijving is niet positief over het functioneren van Kikkert, hij werd bijvoorbeeld na drie jaar al ontslagen. Maar deze scriptie werpt ook een ander licht op deze gouverneur en de problemen waarvoor hij (bestuurlijk) gesteld werd zo direct na de Franse tijd. Kikkert kwam op Curaçao terecht in een bestuurlijk vacuüm en hoefde op uitgebreide ondersteuning uit Den Haag niet te rekenen. Zeker in een periode waarin de handel op het eiland niet op gang wilde komen en het in een van de belangrijke afzetgebieden, Zuid-Amerika, inmiddels ook tot een revolutie was gekomen onder leiding van Simón Bolívar.Show less
An assessment of attitudes to language change based on the use of 'like'. Language change is addressed in this thesis in different contexts: spoken, written and digital. In addressing this topic, I...Show moreAn assessment of attitudes to language change based on the use of 'like'. Language change is addressed in this thesis in different contexts: spoken, written and digital. In addressing this topic, I explore one particular feature, the use of the word like, as a vehicle to assess to what extent standard grammatical rules are observed in different usage environments.Show less
By research of ‘occupational stress markers’ (markers on the skeleton which appear during life because of repeated acts), archaeologists have learned a lot about the lifestyle of people from the...Show moreBy research of ‘occupational stress markers’ (markers on the skeleton which appear during life because of repeated acts), archaeologists have learned a lot about the lifestyle of people from the past. Since the beginning of the last century a lot of research has been done on these markers of occupational stress. However there is also a lot of uncertainty and disagreement about the research on these markers. For example, there are several different terms in literature which are meaning approximately all the same, there are different scoringsystems in use and not every study takes the non-mechanical factors, which can play a role by the appearance of the markers, into account. This study is showing how an occupational stress marker exactly appears, which factors are necessary for this and which other factors (like body size and age) also can play a role in the appearance. I also give examples of the activities we can derive from the markers and the reliability of these results. I give a review of the different scoringsystems which are used today, as well. Herewith I come to an overview about what occupational stress markers, and related terms, exactly are. About what archaeologists can do with it. About the reliability of the results. And what the most recent opinions are, researches take today about these markers of occupational stress.Show less
In the 1970’s, Flannery established household archaeology as a legitimate subfield in archaeology with his book The Early Mesoamerican Village (1976). He implemented new scientific methods for...Show moreIn the 1970’s, Flannery established household archaeology as a legitimate subfield in archaeology with his book The Early Mesoamerican Village (1976). He implemented new scientific methods for analyzing past households. His ideas and methods had far-reaching impact on archaeological methodology, and would significantly change the field of household archaeology in Mesoamerica. His methods of excavation form the basis of every research on households in archaeology, regardless of its theoretical background. Not all his ideas stood the test of time, however, and in recent years there has been a growing range of research perspectives. Processual ideas about the universal, rationally explainable nature of human society have been increasingly criticized with the growing importance of social theory in archaeology. The focus of household archaeology shifted from the organization of daily life to the ideas, the symbolic dimension behind that organization. The different approaches have their flaws. The rational nature of human culture may be strongly relativized, and therefore it would be unproductive to study past societies from that perspective, since interpretations could be erroneous and we would miss out on a wide range of aspects of the cultures studied. However, there are so far no universally valid methods for studying symbolic aspects, memory and worldview in past societies. It is important that biological, behavioral and symbolic aspects of societies in their context all have a place in the investigation of households, so that a complete picture of past cultures may emerge. Perspectives on how societies work, and therefore on what the focus of research could and should be are evolving constantly with the developing of new techniques and perspectives in other fields of human sciences. Perhaps the most important thing in our research of past cultures is the meticulous registration of data and of our reasoning, theoretical perspectives and interpretations, so that further research can build on it in order to develop our knowledge of past societies.Show less
Portugal started trading with the Tupi-Indians in Brazil from 1500 AD, followed by the French in 1503 AD. The Portuguese had a more professional approach in this then the French. The French showed,...Show morePortugal started trading with the Tupi-Indians in Brazil from 1500 AD, followed by the French in 1503 AD. The Portuguese had a more professional approach in this then the French. The French showed, in contrast to the Portuguese, interest in the Indian culture. Portugal started colonising Brazil in 1532 AD, followed by the French in 1555 AD. The Tupinikin Indians helped the Portuguese building colonies, but later the Tupinikin revolted. For long Pernambuco remained the most successful colony of the Portuguese, despite the growing importance of the colony Bahia, founded in 1549 AD, in which the royal government was seated. With help of the Tupinikin, the Tupinambá Indians were driven out of Bahia. They gave the Tupinikin a second chance by settling them, together with the slaves, in the missionary villages. The French found Rio de Janeiro and the stronghold Antarctic France in 1555 AD. The colonists maintained a healthy relation with the local Tamoio-Indians. In 1560 AD Mem de Sá and his army, under which many Tupinambá males, took over both settlements. In 1604 AD, the French found Maranhao, without breaking their relationship with the Tamoio tribe. They were eager in converting the Indians to Christianity. Maranhão was taken over by the Portuguese in 1615. For France, the colonization of Brazil had come to an end. From the early seventeenth century the Dutch began trading along the Brazilian coast and during the 1620s AD they became serious competitors of the Portuguese. The West-Indian Company took hold of several Portuguese colonies. In 1628 AD they intercepted the Spanish treasure fleet, which filled up the Dutch treasury. The WIC was able to undertake new expeditions in which they took hold of Olinda and Recife, both former Portuguese colonies. In 1636 AD Johan Maurits improved the social relations between the soldiers, civilians and slaves. Indians were treated with respect. Councils took place in which the Dutch and the Portuguese discussed the many conflicts between them. Hereby their relationship improved, however fights over colonies did still occur. Recife became the company’s most important colony during the seventeenth century.Show less
The purpose of this dissertation is to report on the plant macro-remains found at Happisburgh Site 1, Section 1, L7, from levels 0-10 cm, 20-30 cm, 50-60 cm and 60-70 cm, and two samples from...Show moreThe purpose of this dissertation is to report on the plant macro-remains found at Happisburgh Site 1, Section 1, L7, from levels 0-10 cm, 20-30 cm, 50-60 cm and 60-70 cm, and two samples from Section 1, L9. The plant remains that were identified and analysed from these levels will aid in the overall palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the site, allowing for a better undertanding of the conditions that the Pleistocene hominids were facing in Britain during Happisburgh's occupation. Understanding the Pleistocene environmental conditions in NW Europe is fundamental to our interpretation of the dispersal of hominids across Eurasia, since until very recently it was presumed that colonisation of Europe before 500 Ka did not occur at latitudes beyond 45o N, as demonstrated by the lack of archaeological evidence in these regions (Parfitt et al. 2010:229).Show less
Over the past 200 years the archaeology of the Olmec region in Veracruz, Mexico developed and many ideas and theories came to life. This thesis focuses on the academic development of theory...Show moreOver the past 200 years the archaeology of the Olmec region in Veracruz, Mexico developed and many ideas and theories came to life. This thesis focuses on the academic development of theory concerning the Olmec colossal heads. To determine the line of thought of the various researchers in the area we can learn many things about the constitution of our own ideas. The development of Mesoamerican archaeology seems to have had a large influence on this matter. At first, under the influence of culture-history, scholars focussed their research mainly on specific objects and individual sites. When the Olmec civilization was discovered many refused to believe such a high developed society could predate the Maya’s, until eventually the antiquity of the Olmec culture was proved by radiocarbon dating. After 1960 Mesoamerican archaeology changed due to the emergence of processualism. More interest arose around processes of social activity and change and archaeologists started to conduct surveys on the Olmec frontier. A new generation of scholars believed that the Olmec society developed beside many other societies as a sister culture, sharing a mutual ideological system. Many of the researchers who had fought for the antiquity of the Olmec however did not agree with the new perspectives and still saw the Olmec as the mother culture to all Mesoamerican civilizations. Connected with this new debate was the problem of the social organization of the Olmec. These debates had a visible influence on the different theories about the construction of the Olmec heads. Both parties interpreted the stone heads in a way it would fit in their ideas about the Olmec culture. Now most scholars agree that the colossal heads represent leaders, although the reason for their manufacture still differs. A new interpretation on the matter has been presented in this paper. In the Moche culture of the Andes leaders used corporate art to legitimize their power. In the Olmec society leaders might also have used art, such as the colossal heads, as a way to prove their divine right to rule. This would explain the prominent ideology that is present in Mesoamerica.Show less
In de Caribische eilandengroep komt een type artefact voor dat sinds het begin van de vorige eeuw is beschreven, maar tot op heden op typologische kenmerken in het algemeen nauwelijks nader is...Show moreIn de Caribische eilandengroep komt een type artefact voor dat sinds het begin van de vorige eeuw is beschreven, maar tot op heden op typologische kenmerken in het algemeen nauwelijks nader is onderzocht in de Kleine Antillen. In deze scriptie staat daarom de onderzoeksvraag “wat zijn de stilistische kenmerken van de driepunters van de noordelijke Benedenwindse Eilanden?” centraal. Een antwoord wordt benaderd door samenstelling van een gegevensbestand waarin uiteindelijk 131 objecten zijn verwerkt. Na het schetsen van een overzicht van het huidige model van classificatie en de staat van onderzoekn geeft de auteur een overzicht van de individuele analysen van deze driepunters. Hierna worden de kenmerken per eigenschap gecorreleerd met andere kenmerken en met de contextuele informatie voor zover deze beschikbaar is, om zo de definiërende kenmerken te identificeren en de ontstaansgeschiedenis te achterhalen. Gebleken is dat een behoorlijk scala aan kenmerken onderhevig is aan verandering, met name waar het de keramische overgang tussen de Saladoid traditie en de Troumassoid traditie betreft. Enkele van deze kenmerken waren nog niet eerder als zodanig geïdentificeerd, en kenmerken die door eerdere auteurs als definiërend waren bestempeld blijken van ondergeschikt belang te zijn. Daaropvolgend wordt de representativiteit van het gegevensbestand en de analyses verdedigd, en worden de implicaties van de analyses besproken. Het bestaande model van classificatie wordt herzien aan de hand van de verkregen informatie, op zodanige wijze dat nietszeggende categorieën verdwijnen of gegroepeerd worden onder de overgebleven subtypes, welke op hun beurt geplaatst worden in een bepaalde fase van het ontwikkelingsproces van deze artefacten, of waarvan een specifieke spirituele bijbetekenis wordt vermoed. Hierbij worden verscheidene nieuwe subgroepen onderscheiden, en wordt een specifieke vorm die door andere auteurs beschreven is maar hier niet herkend is op basis van de typologische fase erkend. Uiteindelijk wordt geconcludeerd dat dit nieuwe model een betere basis biedt tot het vergaren van inzicht in dit type artefact, hoewel een gedeelte nog niet te plaatsen valt, en dat het belang van de stilistische kenmerken zowel op ontwikkeling als op spirituele betekenis gelegd moet worden. Boven alles wordt toekomstig onderzoek aan de hand van gedetailleerde gegevensbestanden aanbevolen.Show less
The sites of Schöningen have been the subject of archaeological research since 1983. The location Schöningen is situated in a lignite open cast mine and was exposed to the surface by mining...Show moreThe sites of Schöningen have been the subject of archaeological research since 1983. The location Schöningen is situated in a lignite open cast mine and was exposed to the surface by mining activities. The location Schöningen is divided into fifteen sites. A part of the fauna assemblage found at the sites Schö 12 and Schö 13 has been brought to the Leiden University for further study. The sites Schö 12II and Schö 13II have been formed during the Reinsdorf Interglacial. For this research the Cervidae specimens from the assemblage of these sites have been used. The Cervidae assemblage consists of 274 individual specimens which have been identified as Capreolus capreolus, Cervus elaphus and Megaloceros giganteus. Most of the specimens belong to Cervus elaphus and come from the layer Schö 13II-4. This layer is overall the richest layer of the site Schöningen, apart from the rich fauna assemblage of Schöningen there have also been other finds such as stone tools and the famous spears from Schöningen, which were found in 1994 and 1995. It is interesting that the specimens of Capreolos capreolos cannot be found in the layer Schö 13II-4, the climatological changes are probably the cause for the disappearance of this species. The research question presented in this paper focuses on the occurrence of Cervidae species in the diet of the hominins that lived in the Paleolithic period. This question will be answered by researching the traces of human hunting activities on the available material.Show less
