Tesettuer refers to religious clothing in Turkey and is a source of major controversy. Turkish society is deeply divided into secular and religious factions and is shaped by a century long power...Show moreTesettuer refers to religious clothing in Turkey and is a source of major controversy. Turkish society is deeply divided into secular and religious factions and is shaped by a century long power struggle between secularism and Islamism. The secular republic of Turkey saw an increasing Islamic presence in urban areas in the 1970s in the face of Islamic resurgence in the Middle East. Religious clothing, tesettuer, visibly proved the greater power position of Islam in the public. The religious faction claimed tesettuer as the way of life for religious women to be approved by the urban society. The secular part of society regarded tesettuer as ominously signalling the raising popularity of Islam which undermines their secular realm and transformed it into a symbol of threat. Tesettuer became hotly contested and shifted to the centre of the secular-religious conflict and has maintained its controversial position in Turkey till the present day. Thus, religious women continue their claim for tesettuer to be socially accepted in contemporary urban Turkey in an environment where religious women and their clothing are persistently stigmatized. In the face of this conflict and ongoing stigmatization of tesettuer, its role in the lives of religious women is of considerable significance. The decision to wear tesettuer is to live a life in accordance with Islam and directs women in their behaviour. But the evident desire of religious women for tesettuer to be publically accepted suggests that religious clothing impacts women far beyond a mere adherence to religious precepts in their conduct. As such, this paper investigates if and to what extent religious clothing forms the religious identity of women and influences their way of being and acting.Show less
China is closely examined by the rest of the world’s eagles eye. Different aspects such as the economy, western ideas and new incumbent politicians play a major role in the process of...Show moreChina is closely examined by the rest of the world’s eagles eye. Different aspects such as the economy, western ideas and new incumbent politicians play a major role in the process of democratization. This thesis is aimed at examining China’s recent historical events and analyzing what impact this had on rural level. In order to analyze China’s rural level there is a top-down structure throughout this thesis. Furthermore, this analysis is supported by various definitions and requirements to finally be able to conclude whether Chinese rural areas enhance democracy or not.Show less
In Latin America, where in some countries the presence of indigenous communities is still relatively high, the national governments have been confronted with moral obligations to consider the...Show moreIn Latin America, where in some countries the presence of indigenous communities is still relatively high, the national governments have been confronted with moral obligations to consider the recognition and adherence to the human rights of the indigenous communities within their domestic legislation. Nevertheless, from a legal point of view, human rights declarations do not contain any legally binding regulations, meaning that states cannot be sanctioned, which limits its value. Therefore, the main question that arises when looking at the concept of indigenous rights is about their purpose and effectiveness. The adherence and respect towards the guidelines of declarations continues to depend on influential actors such as the state, and its attitude towards the legal position of indigenous communities is especially visible when conflicts arise that require the governments to protect certain rights of indigenous peoples. In Chile, most conflicts with the numerous indigenous communities are caused by the mining industry. While at the one hand mining activity is the primary source of economic growth, its environmental and social impact on the lives of indigenous communities receives growing attention by human rights rapporteurs, national and international non-governmental organizations and the representatives of the indigenous communities.Show less
In dit onderzoek is het monitoren van begrip bij leerlingen uit groep 7 onderzocht met behulp van het inconsistentieparadigma. Een inconsistentieparadigma is een verhaaltje waarin de targetzin...Show moreIn dit onderzoek is het monitoren van begrip bij leerlingen uit groep 7 onderzocht met behulp van het inconsistentieparadigma. Een inconsistentieparadigma is een verhaaltje waarin de targetzin consistent of inconsistent is met een kenmerk van de hoofdpersoon die eerder in de tekst gegeven wordt. De leestijden op inconsistente en consistente targetzinnen worden met elkaar vergeleken om te onderzoeken of de proefpersoon inconsistenties opmerkt. De 29 leerlingen hebben 32 verhaaltjes gelezen, waarvan 16 consistent en 16 inconsistent. De hoeveelheid fillerzinnen tussen de uitwerking van het kenmerk van de hoofpersoon en de targetzin varieerde van drie tot zes fillerzinnen. De resultaten van de leerlingen uit groep 7 zijn vergeleken met 29 adolescenten (13-17 jaar) uit eerder onderzoek. Zowel leerlingen uit groep 7 als adolescenten laten een inconsistentie-effect zien, wat inhoudt dat de leestijd op inconsistente targetzinnen langer is dan op consistente targetzinnen. Daarnaast vindt er een afname plaats van het inconsistentie-effect wanneer de tekstuele afstand toeneemt tot zes fillerzinnen. Bij drie fillerzinnen is het inconsistentie-effect het grootst, bij vier en vijf fillerzinnen kleiner en bij zes fillerzinnen wordt er geen inconsistentie-effect meer gevonden. Dit patroon verschilt niet voor leerlingen uit groep 7 en adolescenten. Binnen de leerlingen uit groep 7 laten zowel sterke als zwakke begrijpend lezers een inconsistentie-effect zien. Ook wanneer het aantal fillerzinnen toeneemt, verschillen sterke en zwakke begrijpend lezers niet van elkaar. Het blijkt dus dat zowel leerlingen uit groep zeven als adolescenten, en zowel sterke als zwakke begrijpend lezers in staat zijn om hun begrip te monitoren.Show less
