This thesis questions the generally presented thought that the religious rulings concerning non-Muslims was Islamic law. By differentiating punctually and thoroughly adequate between the religious...Show moreThis thesis questions the generally presented thought that the religious rulings concerning non-Muslims was Islamic law. By differentiating punctually and thoroughly adequate between the religious rulings of the scholars, the policies of the rulers, and daily reality of the people, it enables one to understand these three phenomenons as entities, but within their inter-complemantary context. As a result, it made it possible through literary evidence to distinguish between the written formality as laid down in the fiqh-literature, and daily reality as lived by all people. Between these two a discrepancy is often to be observed, which means that the question whether The Islamic law of Andalusia was tolerant cannot homogeneously be answered. Alternatively, to answer the question whether Islamic law of Andalusia concerning non-Muslims was tolerant, one is to decide which touchstone he or she is using. Furthermore, this thesis reserves likewise a focus on the eschatological motivations behind the seemingly mundane character of the rulings concerning non-Muslims, a focus which is still too poorly integrated in academic works.Show less
Oggetto della questa ricerca è un’analisi lessicale di produzioni orali di un gruppo di studenti olandesi, iscritti al secondo anno all’Università di Leida, apprendenti in italiano L2. L’indagine...Show moreOggetto della questa ricerca è un’analisi lessicale di produzioni orali di un gruppo di studenti olandesi, iscritti al secondo anno all’Università di Leida, apprendenti in italiano L2. L’indagine analizzerà un totale di 35 presentazioni orali, elaborate durante il loro percorso di apprendimento della lingua straniera. I dati raccolti per questo studio sono tratti dal database dell’università. Le presentazioni orali degli apprendenti sono state prima trascritte e dopo analizzate. Oggetto dell’analisi, come si è detto, è la competenza lessicale degli studenti universitari. Uno degli obiettivi del lavoro è ricercare la frequenza dell’uso del Vocabolario di Base (De Mauro 1980) e verificare se c’è la presenza di lessico che non appartiene al VdB e di seguito esaminare a quali aree semantiche esso è legato. Il secondo obbiettivo è ricercare l’occorrenza delle parole complesse, nello specifico l’occorrenza delle polirematiche e delle collocazioni e verificare quanto sono presenti e quali sono le loro caratteristiche. Per effettuare l’analisi e creare delle liste di frequenza verrà utilizzato un software.Show less
This thesis explored in what ways, and to what extent Ahmet Öğüt’s 'Intern VIP Lounge' (2013) can be considered ‘critical practice.’ 'Intern VIP Lounge' was a VIP lounge at Art Dubai 2013 that was...Show moreThis thesis explored in what ways, and to what extent Ahmet Öğüt’s 'Intern VIP Lounge' (2013) can be considered ‘critical practice.’ 'Intern VIP Lounge' was a VIP lounge at Art Dubai 2013 that was exclusively accessible for interns working at the art fair or the galleries in Dubai. Situated at the heart of an art fair, Öğüt’s artistic installation focused on art world’s intern. The thesis’ three chapters consecutively address the subject of the intern in relation to the ‘precariat’ and context of the precarious condition; the installation as a space of ‘unconcealment’ making visible the ‘natural order of things’ as structured and structuring structure that works to keep things as they are; and how events that took place within the installation as ‘knowledge exchange space’ appear affirmative of values that work to maintain the precarious condition. As such, it aims to shed light on the complex, critical role of art in times of dissolving boundaries between art and capitalism - considering artists and cultural workers as part of capitalist production, and all subjected to the global precarious condition.Show less
Huidig onderzoek biedt een overzicht van wat masterstudenten journalistiek in de afgelopen tien jaar voor hun scriptie hebben onderzocht. Er werd gekeken naar de mediaplatformen, het journalistiek...Show moreHuidig onderzoek biedt een overzicht van wat masterstudenten journalistiek in de afgelopen tien jaar voor hun scriptie hebben onderzocht. Er werd gekeken naar de mediaplatformen, het journalistiek specialisme, journalistiek product, domein, onderzoeksmethode en theorie. Aan de hand van een kwantitatieve inhoudsanalyse werden de abstracts van in totaal 545 scripties geïnventariseerd afkomstig van de Universiteit Leiden, Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Rijksuniversiteit Groningen, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Tilburg University en Koninklijke Universiteit Leuven. De meest onderzochte onderdelen waren het mediaplatform Krant, het journalistiek specialisme Buitenland, het geschreven product, het domein Inhoud, de methode inhoudsanalyse en de framing-theorie. Dit onderzoek focuste zich op de resultaten over mediaplatformen. Duidelijk werd dat er in het tweede deel van de onderzoeksperiode meer onderzoek werd gedaan naar online media, en dat Nederlandse masterstudenten meer onderzoek hiernaar deden dan Vlaamse. Vlaamse studenten onderzochten vooral kranten.Show less
This thesis deals with the Dutch governmental plans for re-establishment of the Dutch colonial army in the Netherlands East Indies, the Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger (KNIL) after the Second...Show moreThis thesis deals with the Dutch governmental plans for re-establishment of the Dutch colonial army in the Netherlands East Indies, the Koninklijk Nederlands-Indisch Leger (KNIL) after the Second World War would have ended. These plans were made between 1942 and 1945, when Japan occupied the Netherlands East Indies. After the Japanese surrender on 15 August 1945, Dutch preparations turned out to be insufficient, because of the different expectations the Dutch government had about the possibilities of the colonial soldiers than what they were capable of in reality. These colonial soldiers, both Dutch, Indo-Dutch and Indonesian, had been captured and used as forced labourers by the Japanese during the war years. They were unable to fight against Indonesian nationalists and therefore the Dutch government was forced to also call other armed forces from the Netherlands to Asia. Several plans that were made during the Second World War were the establishment of the Mariniersbrigade (Marine Corps), recruitment of war volunteers and from 1946, a call for Dutch conscript soldiers was also made. Especially the period between 15 August 1945 and March 1946, when the British occupational forces allowed Dutch forces to re-enter the colony for the first time, is rarely investigated in historiography. This thesis fills in that gap, both in time and in topic.Show less
Op welke manier konden vroegmoderne overheden in de achttiende eeuw na een politiek conflict vrede onder hun burgers stichten? Geïnspireerd door de methodes en inzichten uit de vredesstudies van de...Show moreOp welke manier konden vroegmoderne overheden in de achttiende eeuw na een politiek conflict vrede onder hun burgers stichten? Geïnspireerd door de methodes en inzichten uit de vredesstudies van de sociale en politieke wetenschappen en de oproerstudies over 1672 is in deze scriptie onderzoek gedaan naar de leef- en denkwereld van zeven dagboekschrijvers gedurende de crisis van 1747-1748. Hoe keken deze burgers uit de brede middenklasse aan tegen dit politieke conflict en welke moeilijkheden of obstakels zagen zij voor de overheid om de orde te handhaven en vrede in de samenleving te stichten?Show less
At a time in which the dominant culture’s pressure on immigrants to Americanize increased, Mary Antin (1881-1949) and Abraham Cahan (1860-1951) wrote literary works that bore witness to the...Show moreAt a time in which the dominant culture’s pressure on immigrants to Americanize increased, Mary Antin (1881-1949) and Abraham Cahan (1860-1951) wrote literary works that bore witness to the complexity and personal costs of assimilation. The Eastern European Jewish immigrants in Antin’s (fictionalized) autobiography The Promised Land (1912) and Cahan’s novella Yekl; A Tale of the New York Ghetto (1896) and his novel The Rise of David Levinsky (1917) offer insights into the impact of America’s assimilationist ideology on identity construction, showing how both ethnic and national identities are imagined, constructed, and performed. The protagonists explore the social injustices Jewish immigrants suffered in the United States and the complex nature of Americanization by sometimes bluntly criticizing the pressure to conform, but elsewhere demonstrating that they have assimilated to a certain degree. The protagonists find themselves in a bind: on the one hand they need to give in to the pressure to assimilate in order to attain the American dream, while on the other hand they often feel tied to their Jewish cultural heritage.Show less
Of all the conflicts which erupted throughout the twentieth century the Second Sino-Japanese War ranks amongst the most controversial, as it is to this day the source of much debate and deeply...Show moreOf all the conflicts which erupted throughout the twentieth century the Second Sino-Japanese War ranks amongst the most controversial, as it is to this day the source of much debate and deeply affects the dynamics of power in East Asia. After the end of World War II, Japan was forced to abandon its imperialist ambitions as well as many parts of the imperial cult as a sign of scission between Imperial Japan and the post-war modern nation that was to rise from its ashes. Although coming to terms with its troubled past was an essential step for Japan's reconstruction as a modern state and the normalization of its relations with other East Asian nations, in recent years an increasingly nationalist revisionist trend has emerged. This thesis is concerned with examining this Japanese war-memory problem, which is an issue which has grown exponentially in importance in recent years.Show less
On the 18th of September 2014 the United Nations Security Council met in its first emergency meeting on a public health crisis. The reason for this meeting was to discuss and find an appropriate...Show moreOn the 18th of September 2014 the United Nations Security Council met in its first emergency meeting on a public health crisis. The reason for this meeting was to discuss and find an appropriate response to the 2014-2015 Ebola outbreak in West Africa. The response came in the form of resolution 2177 and 69/1, which mandated the United Nations Mission for Ebola Emergency Response. A mandated health crisis mission is unprecedented in international politics and can be seen as a watershed moment. This thesis analyzed the legitimization process of the UN response within the larger discourse of global health security. A critical approach was taken in the form of poststructuralism, as it tries to identify and explain how certain issues have been problematized and how the discourse has emerged historically to frame an understanding of problems and solutions.Show less
In The Secret Garden the religious aspects of the text are subtle, and not to be understood as being rigorously either Christian or pagan. This thesis explores the idea that Burnett’s The Secret...Show moreIn The Secret Garden the religious aspects of the text are subtle, and not to be understood as being rigorously either Christian or pagan. This thesis explores the idea that Burnett’s The Secret Garden presents ‘nature’ as a Christian presence, but in fact the text suggests that a syncretism between the pagan and the Christian aspects heals the two children, Mary and Colin, physically and emotionally. In order to argue this syncretism, it is important to understand the cultural context regarding symbolism, paganism and Christianity.Show less
“In a region beset with chronic and widespread problems, ranging from poor governance, war, violent extremism, and resource scarcity, one threat stands above the rest in terms of potential for...Show more“In a region beset with chronic and widespread problems, ranging from poor governance, war, violent extremism, and resource scarcity, one threat stands above the rest in terms of potential for destruction and cost in opportunity: the use of sectarianism as a geopolitical weapon. Sectarianism encourages extremist rhetoric and violence and serves to distract a populations from economic and social concerns by providing a convenient enemy on which to focus.” This quote by the Soufan group, a strategic security consulting group, displays an opinion that is shared by mainstream media across the globe. The Middle East has apparently fallen into a state of religious extremism where violent sectarianism is every day’s business. Current day Syria seems to be the focal point of all this sectarian violence. This paper tries to analyse what exactly that sectarian violence entails in the SYrian Civil War, and whether we should indeed look at it as a sectarian conflict, or rather a conflict with sectarian aspects.Show less
Dutch newspaper nrc.next reported on April 13th 2015 that large Japanese companies are trying to get their employees to work shorter hours. These employees, often referred to as ‘salaryman’, are...Show moreDutch newspaper nrc.next reported on April 13th 2015 that large Japanese companies are trying to get their employees to work shorter hours. These employees, often referred to as ‘salaryman’, are constantly fatigued. Long hours at work, after work drinking, and long commutes with little sleep in between workdays causes them to make more mistakes and portray diminished productivity. It will not lead to firing by the company due to the understood loyalty between employer and employee that has existed for decades. These salarymen can neither assist with housework nor with the care for children because of the grueling work hours. This issue had never been perceived as a serious problem, as their wives accepted the late night drinking sessions in return for a stable lifestyle for decades. Now that women have extended their independence through gainful employment, starting and supporting a family has become increasingly harder for both sexes. Despite these changes salarymen are still expected to make the same hours, sometimes driving them to karoshi – “death by overtime.” The ‘salaryman’ is viewed as the ideal representation of the typical Japanese man by people both inside and outside Japan. This current image of the ‘salaryman’ is a far cry from the ‘salaryman’ image that arose in the 1980s with which the ‘salaryman’ is most often associated. The ‘salaryman’ was an ideal that not only Japanese men pursued and Japanese women wanted as their partners: he was seen in the West as the leading example for a loyal employee who complied willingly to and worked harmoniously in his company, ensuring a job until retirement as part of a tacit social contract. Dubbed as a ‘corporate warrior’, the ‘salaryman’’s diligent work ensured him a slow but steady rise through the ranks on the basis of age, and whose dark blue suit and leather briefcase are standard issue. All this was necessary to provide for his housewife and children, who went to the top schools and universities to follow in their father’s footsteps. The worn out employee and ‘corporate warrior’ are both strong images on opposite sides of the ideal employee-spectrum. Yet both images are signified by the same term: the ‘salaryman’. The thesis will focus on the development of the ‘salaryman’ image from the 1980s until now, and the different functions of this image. This period is of special interest because Japanese business management and businessmen were viewed as examples for Western business in the 1980s and 1990s. Japan owed its leading role to its consistent economic growth from the mid-1950s onward, being the number two economy in the world, only outperformed by the United States in terms of GDP per capita. When the US’ economic performance dipped in the 1980s, Japan’s economy remained relatively stable. This prompted both researchers and journalists to find an explanation for Japan’s economic performance, which they found in Japan’s business sector and its salarymen. This thesis argues that the term ‘salaryman’ is outdated in reference to new white-collar recruits in large Japanese companies. The decline in regular employment, the changing focus of seniority-based wages to merit-based wages and the waning of company union participation all indicate significant changes in ‘salaryman’ realities since the 1990's. As the ‘salaryman’ benefits have changed, so too have new recruits’ views on and expectations of their company and their jobs. To reflect these changes, a new term that better suits new recruits is suggested.Show less
In dit onderzoek staat de totstandkoming van het Nederlandse ontwikkelingsbeleid ten aanzien van het voorkomen en beperken van arbeidsmigratie centraal. Het ministerie voor...Show moreIn dit onderzoek staat de totstandkoming van het Nederlandse ontwikkelingsbeleid ten aanzien van het voorkomen en beperken van arbeidsmigratie centraal. Het ministerie voor Ontwikkelingssamenwerking financiert hiervoor het project Reintegration of Emigrant Manpower and the Promotion of Local Opportunities for Development (REMPLOD) van 1974 tot 1976. Met REMPLOD worden de mogelijkheden ondrzocht om terugkeermigratie te koppelen aan ontwikkelingssamenwerking in Turkije, Marokko en Tunesië. Ten eerste wordt onderzocht of de remigratie van gastarbeiders kan worden ingezet om de sociaaleconomische ontwikkeling van de regio te versterken. Gastarbeiders kunnen ondernemingen in het land van herkomst starten met hun spaargelden en beroepservaring uit Europa. Ten tweede wordt er onderzocht of emigratie kan worden voorkomen door werkgelegenheid te creëren. Het REMPLOD-project maakt in meerdere opzichte zijn verwachtingen niet waar. Er komen geen toepasbare beleidsvoorstellen voor het ministerie, de onderzoekers zijn teleurgesteld over navolging van het project en bovenal worden de gastarbeiders de dupe van het beleid. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat er in het gevoerde beleid sprake is van zwart-wit denken, de focus ligt op korte termijnbeleid en dat er gedacht wordt in eenvoudige oplossingen. Het gebrek aan lange termijn beleid gaat helaas vooral ten koste van de migranten zelf.Show less
