There is no easy solution to the volatile political situation on the Korean peninsula, but scholars and politicians have been working on a project that could perhaps set the foundation for a better...Show moreThere is no easy solution to the volatile political situation on the Korean peninsula, but scholars and politicians have been working on a project that could perhaps set the foundation for a better understanding between the DPRK and the ROK: the preservation of the Korean DMZ. While the plan to turn the DMZ into a reserve holds political, ecological and economic potential, the manner in which both countries have tried to put it into action has backfired. A lack of communication, understanding and tact has taken a lauded opportunity for positive change and turned it into a matter of conflict. If anything is to be gained in the DMZ, and if further damage to political relations is to be prevented, it is crucial to re-examine and reconsider the strategies of the DPRK, the ROK, and UNESCO in regards to the preservation of the DMZ.Show less
This thesis discusses the influencing factors on the foreign policy decision-making process of Obama on Afghanistan. Obama wanted to fight terrorism through the war in Afghanistan, instead of the...Show moreThis thesis discusses the influencing factors on the foreign policy decision-making process of Obama on Afghanistan. Obama wanted to fight terrorism through the war in Afghanistan, instead of the war in Iraq that George W. Bush started. However, many factors contributed to the outcome of the New Strategy wherein Obama compromised on his war by promising to withdraw troops from Afghanistan from 2011 onwards.Show less
In this thesis, I have looked at the influence of the internet on academic publishing and, as a consequence, academic culture and practice. I have tried to present a plausible narrative on how...Show moreIn this thesis, I have looked at the influence of the internet on academic publishing and, as a consequence, academic culture and practice. I have tried to present a plausible narrative on how academic work on a daily basis has changed and what consequences there are for the role of books. The efficient digital distribution of journal articles through the digital library have made the article relevant in two new ways: (1) it is now the single most important means of scholarly output, at the cost of books; and (2) it is almost always accessed digitally, often not through the journal title, but directly through a full bibliographical reference search request or as one of the results of a search query on topic, key word or other sort of search entry. The instant availability of almost all peer-reviewed journal articles ever published is a great contribution to the world of science, for obvious reasons. It comes with certain costs to it as well, however. Finding and accessing articles with such ease makes the book a relatively more difficult-to-access item. Especially for a new generation of students, the book seems less relevant. They are presented with articles more than books, and come from a background in which books are less prominent. For scholars, an article is easier to write than a book, but it counts as more when their citation indices are put together. A vicious circle comes into being. As an academic’s publication record becomes more important in order to keep his job, he will choose to write more articles. University libraries focus on presenting the articles efficiently in a digital manner and make the library into a computer workspace instead of a place for searching and reading books. The digital availability of articles leads to less diversity in sources and the older the titles the less they are cited. Publishing companies are faced with lower demand for books and are struggling to make ends meet financially. Every step of this circle in itself doesn’t lead to a catastrophe, but it is the feedback loop that strengthens itself and the aggregate outcome that causes us to be worried about the future of books in academia.Show less
This thesis tries to give the reader an insight into the female side of the story through analyzing pieces written in the women's script: How did the women in Jiangyong experience the society they...Show moreThis thesis tries to give the reader an insight into the female side of the story through analyzing pieces written in the women's script: How did the women in Jiangyong experience the society they lived in? What dilemmas did they face and how did they feel about these dilemmas? And finally, with what intent did they express their feelings into their writings?Show less
This thesis focuses on theoretical accounts of code-switching with regard to Papiamento-Dutch bilinguals. It examines two contrasting theories, the Matrix Language Framework model (Myers-Scotton,...Show moreThis thesis focuses on theoretical accounts of code-switching with regard to Papiamento-Dutch bilinguals. It examines two contrasting theories, the Matrix Language Framework model (Myers-Scotton, 2002) and the Minimalist Program (Cantone and MacSwan, 2009), and compares them by examining which accounts for what happens at conflict sites in occurrences of Papiamento-Dutch code-switching, looking specifically at switching in noun-adjective word-order conflict sites. An event-related potential study was carried out at Leiden University with Papiamento-Dutch bilinguals. Its aim was to provide an objective measure of the neurocognitive processes underlying code-switching in bilinguals (Parafita Couto, Pablos, Boutonnet, de Jong, Perquin, de Haan and Schiller, under review). The two theories were tested using code-switched sentences which comprised six conditions: two control sentences that were not code-switched, two code-switched conditions where the predictions of the theories differed, and two code-switched conditions where the predictions of the theories matched. It was predicted that the results would support the Myers-Scotton MLF model, as that was the case with a similar project carried out with Welsh-English bilinguals ((Parafita Couto, Boutonnet, Hoshino, Davies, Deuchar and Thierry, 2013). The results of the Papiamento-Dutch experiment showed a slight trend in support of the Minimalist Program. These results differed from those of the project regarding Welsh-English bilinguals which found significant results in support of the Matrix Language Framework model (Parafita Couto, Boutonnet, Hoshino, Davies, Deuchar and Thierry, 2013). The disparity between the conclusions in these two experiments could be due to the difference in the types of bilinguals which participated. Further research will benefit from considering the sociolinguistic features of the bilingual group which participated in the Papiamento-Dutch study discussed in this thesis.Show less
The aim of this paper was to find out how Adidas and Nike behave on Twitter regarding both product advertising, communication with their community, and retention of customers through events,...Show moreThe aim of this paper was to find out how Adidas and Nike behave on Twitter regarding both product advertising, communication with their community, and retention of customers through events, celebrity interaction and motivational content. Primary focus is on the language contained in tweets published in January 2015 gathered from 12 company Twitter accounts. These Twitter accounts were chosen based on their monthly activity and include the main brand Twitter. We processed the dat into an all-encompassing database of our own design. The database is split up in three sections: tweet information, tweet content category and language features allowing for an easy overview. It contains information on what the type of the tweet is, what the content is classified as, who is included in the tweet, what is linked in the tweet , what its hashtags are as well as the language features that it contains. From this we analysed eight different content and language features: hashtags, Twitter account types, tweet categories, formality, genre, emphasis, phrasing and patterns. This lead to insights in the advertising strategies that these companies employ as well as their attitude towards their followers (their customers). We came across the following results: strenuous collaboration with celebrities to advertise products, use of descriptive language for product advertising, short, quote-like positive messages for inspirational messages, and personal responses for certain (community-based) twitter accounts. There is much use of a similar formula when constructing messages across all of the accounts affiliated to the same company. They furthermore reinforce themselves through the repetitive use of hashtags and phrases, meant to make tweets easily recognizable. Both companies show adaptation to new media: using Twitter as a base with customers choosing to follow them and then redirecting them to their website, using links to YouTube, and including pictures or videos directly in the tweets. We expect that further investigation (with a larger database, either due to increasing the included accounts or increasing the time of documentation) will give an even greater overview of the strategies employed by Adidas and Nike. There is potential for further expansion to include various other new media sites. An analysis of YouTube clips, focusing on word choice may also prove very insightful.Show less
Christa Wolf (1929-2011) publiceerde in de jaren 1960 haar eerste literarische werken. Hoewel ze daarvoor zelf als functionaris binnen de cultuurpolitiek van de DDR actief was, werd ze in deze...Show moreChrista Wolf (1929-2011) publiceerde in de jaren 1960 haar eerste literarische werken. Hoewel ze daarvoor zelf als functionaris binnen de cultuurpolitiek van de DDR actief was, werd ze in deze periode tot een zelfstandig en kritisch auteur, met name na haar roman Nachdenken über Christa T. (1969). Haar eerste roman Moskauer Novelle (1961) was volkomen ‘politiek correct’ en geschreven in de stijl van het socialistisch-realisme. Achteraf wordt vaak besproken hoe Der geteilte Himmel (1963) al veel minder conform de regels van de SED geschreven was. Snelle veranderingen binnen de cultuurpolitiek spelen in deze periode echter een belangrijke rol om te kunnen begrijpen hoe Wolf zich verhield tot de staat en hoe dit haar literatuur beïnvloedde. In deze scriptie wordt de precieze gang van zaken omtrent de cultuurpolitiek van de DDR, Wolfs betrokkenheid met het staatsbestel, de politieke verhouding tussen de DDR en de BRD en haar schrijverschap in de periode 1961-1969 uiteengezet met behulp van archiefmateriaal uit de Akademie der Künste in Berlijn, dagboekmateriaal en correspondentie. Daaruit wordt een duidelijke analyse van Wolfs vroege werk binnen de historische context en beschikbare biografische informatie van Wolf geplaatst.Show less
Libraries have come a long way since they were first established. Society has equally evolved through time and, as it usually happens, its changes and transformations have also contributed to the...Show moreLibraries have come a long way since they were first established. Society has equally evolved through time and, as it usually happens, its changes and transformations have also contributed to the renovation of libraries’ organisation and structure. Cataloguing, understood as the task of making library catalogues, goes as back to the earliest appearance of libraries. Through the years, the cataloguing profession has evolved to get adapted to the needs of the time. This thesis focuses on how the role of the cataloguer has changed through time, the challenges it had to face, and how it overcame the problems that arose. Through an analysis of the evolution of the cataloguing field, it is possible to identify what are the major threats for the profession, and provide some solutions and recommendations.Show less
This paper sets out to investigate Lithuanians’ attitudes towards foreign languages in the light of political, cultural, and historical situation that Lithuania witnessed during the turn from the...Show moreThis paper sets out to investigate Lithuanians’ attitudes towards foreign languages in the light of political, cultural, and historical situation that Lithuania witnessed during the turn from the 20th to the 21st century. The aim of this paper is twofold: 1) to determine what type of identities Lithuanians ascribe to speakers with foreign accents and 2) to establish the motivations behind choosing Lithuanian versus foreign languages in daily life. The research that was carried out in Lithuania consisted of two parts. The first part of the research used attitudinal study and the second part used a questionnaire distributed around Lithuania. These tools were used to assess Lithuanian opinions of six speakers with various accents, and to analyse the rationale for choosing either the mother tongue or a foreign language in different situations. The results showed that the attitudes towards foreign speakers of Lithuanian differ between the capital city and the smaller town chosen for this study, and that the main reason for choosing Lithuanian over foreign languages in daily settings is more often based on the emphasis of national identity. The findings also suggest that while for the respondents in the smaller town chosen for this study, a standard Lithuanian speaker was an ultimate example of a successful person, the respondents in the capital city saw an American speaker of Lithuanian as the most prosperous individual.Show less
This dissertation explains why the British government, in 1979, resettled Sino-Vietnamese refugees regardless of Margaret Thatcher’s initial inhospitableness towards them. Based on original...Show moreThis dissertation explains why the British government, in 1979, resettled Sino-Vietnamese refugees regardless of Margaret Thatcher’s initial inhospitableness towards them. Based on original research conducted in the United Kingdom’s National Archives, the dissertation’s findings are used to engage with academic debate on who and what directs refugee policy change. Thatcher’s hostility towards the Sino-Vietnamese refugees is uncovered to be due to personal racism and a fear of restrictive public opinion. Her views were formed by decades of animosity towards black and minority ethnic immigration in Britain by politicians and parts of the public. Meanwhile, Britain’s decision to relocate the refugees is discovered to be a consequence of territoriality. Hong Kong was, at the time, a British colony and Britain’s eventual involvement in the Indochinese crisis was to aid Hong Kong’s own refugee crisis. After the analysis, case studies of other refugee groups are used to make comparisons with the Sino-Vietnamese. These studies prove that legislation can influence refugee policy whilst international pressure and politics are proven to only guarantee success to nation-states that have strong international powers.Show less
Throughout the years a lot of research has been done on the acquisition of pronunciation in a second language (L2). But on the other hand, relatively little research has been done regarding the...Show moreThroughout the years a lot of research has been done on the acquisition of pronunciation in a second language (L2). But on the other hand, relatively little research has been done regarding the acquisition of pronunciation of Dutch as a second language (Neri, Cucchiarini & Strik, 2006). In addition there is also relatively little knowledge on how pronunciation can be trained by means of education or pronunciation training. Research by Anderson-Hsieh, Johnson and Koehler (1992) showed that especially the prosodic features of a language (e.g. aspects such as melody, loudness and tempo) determine whether a L2-speaker sounds “foreign”. The (international) literature suggests that there has been minimal attention on the acquisition of the pronunciation of a L2 in language classes. In some cases, it is assumed that language teachers have too little knowledge to train pronunciation systematically. Leiden University has been working on a solution to this problem by the development of modern technology, namely the computer program Lorre. This is a computer program, developed within Leiden University, which helps L2-learners train their pronunciation and also supplies with visual feedback. It is desired to expand this program with new language training material. My research explores the possibilities concerning extensions of the computer program Lorre and will focus on the prosodic level of pronunciation. In this thesis I investigated what kind of exercises can be implemented in Lorre to train prosodic features of Dutch as a second language. My research hypothesis is that many aspects of pronunciation can cause problems for L2 learners of Dutch and that it is possible to develop exercises to train all aspects of prosody. My goal was to examine the (international) literature to determine what prosodic problems occur when learning Dutch as a second language. Subsequently I developed practical exercises suitable to implement in Lorre.Show less
This thesis investigates and discusses the rise and decline of the Baetican oil industry in the context of some of the wider economic, social and political developments in the Roman world between...Show moreThis thesis investigates and discusses the rise and decline of the Baetican oil industry in the context of some of the wider economic, social and political developments in the Roman world between the 1st and 3rd century AD.The focus lies on the influence of the Ius latii and the Roman conquests in northern Europe on the process of oil and amphorae production in Baetica as well as the patterns of oil distribution across the western Roman empire and Rome. The thesis also investigates the role and influence of the Roman state on the development of oil production and export and inscriptions on amphorae.Show less
The acceleration of developments in the European defence dimension in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s has inspired some to believe that the policy area is moving away from its rigidly...Show moreThe acceleration of developments in the European defence dimension in the late 1990’s and early 2000’s has inspired some to believe that the policy area is moving away from its rigidly intergovernmental character to a more supranational path of integration. This research contradicts that suggestion. The case of defence industrial lobbying for research funds shows a cooperative relation between the European Commission and the defence industry, which indicates that neo-functionalist patterns are indeed present in the defence dimension of the EU. However, these neo-functionalist patterns have only occurred in a policy area that has to be regarded as ‘low politics’. As such, this case suggests that the conventional view that the integration of the European defence dimension can best be explained from an intergovernmentalist perspective.Show less
Over the years, English interrogative tags (isn’t it? wouldn’t they? right?) have received quite some scholarly attention. However, the same cannot be said of their French counterparts: oui? non? n...Show moreOver the years, English interrogative tags (isn’t it? wouldn’t they? right?) have received quite some scholarly attention. However, the same cannot be said of their French counterparts: oui? non? n’est-ce pas? and hein?. In order to find the interpretative differences between those four tags, we decided to examine the matrix sentences they could combine with. We argued that the incompatibilities of these tags with certain matrix sentences were caused by their intrinsic differences. With that in mind, we used various tests to determine those differences. We found that the polarity distribution within the tag question played an important part in their interpretation. That is, tag questions with reversed polarity (positive matrix, negative tag or vice-versa) clearly conveyed a meaning of doubt on the speaker’s part, whereas those with constant polarity hardly showed any uncertainty at all. We claimed that oui?, a tag that only occurs in constant polarity questions, expresses the dominance of the speaker over the hearer, by means of orders, rhetorical questions and questions that are strongly biased towards a positive answer. Furthermore, we hypothesized that hein? expresses neither doubt nor dominance, which distinguishes it from the other tags we discussed. -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- Au fil des années, les tags interrogatifs en anglais (isn’t it ? wouldn’t they ? right ?) ont reçu beaucoup d’attention dans la littérature scientifique. Cependant, cela n’est pas vrai pour les tags interrogatifs en français : oui ?, non ?, n’est-ce pas ?, et hein ?. Afin de mieux cerner les différences interprétatives entre ces tags, nous avons examiné les matrices avec lesquelles ils se combinaient. Nous avons avancé que les différences intrinsèques entre les tags provoquent leurs différences de compatibilité. Aussi avons-nous employé différents tests dans l’objectif de mieux comprendre ces différences. Nous avons trouvé que la distribution de polarité dans la question-reprise joue un rôle important dans son interprétation. C’est-à-dire, les questions-reprise de polarité inversée (une matrice positive, un tag négatif ou vice-versa) indiquent un certain degré de doute de la part du locuteur, tandis que celles de polarité constante n’expriment aucun sentiment de doute. Nous avons proposé que oui ?, qui ne figure que dans les contextes de polarité constante, exprime la domination du locuteur par rapport à son interlocuteur. Cette domination se manifeste par des injonctions, des questions rhétoriques et des questions présuppositionnelles. Finalement, nous avons formulé l’hypothèse que hein ? n’exprime ni le doute ni la domination, ce qui le distingue des autres tags que nous avons discutés.Show less
The presence of indigenous heritage elements in all the various domains is a hardly avoidable fact in the Canary Islands. The ideological discourses from moderated nationalism to pro-independence...Show moreThe presence of indigenous heritage elements in all the various domains is a hardly avoidable fact in the Canary Islands. The ideological discourses from moderated nationalism to pro-independence perspectives, justify the attention towards “the noble indigenous past”. These political discourses help preserve traditional customs and celebrations in a process referred to as “folklorization”. This is mainly accomplished by turning the indigenous past into museums and ethnographic parks. Similarly,the Canarian moderate nationalism has become the main political force in the archipelago in the recent history of the Spanish democracy. While being for over 20 years in power, the nationalistic party Coalición Canaria has been able to build an identity discourse based on what Estévez called the indigenous patrimonization. The government has been offering funds to support the scientific research, the patrimony management and the encyclopaedic volumes on “Canarian themes” with didactic purposes, all of which have elicited an emotional legitimacy of the above-mentioned concepts. The patrimony management could also be considered as an important political and economical tool used to the re-creation, regulation and conservation of certain patrimonial elements of a culture that often occurs to the detriment of others. The experts’ view serves mostly as a filter through which material items of cultural patrimony are interpreted and regarded as valuable, while others are not. From the perspective of globalization, the protection of the historical patrimony can be interpreted as a resistance against the homogenization of social behaviors and consumption. However, tourists rather than the locals are the biggest consumers of this historical cultural patrimony. Thus, one could argue that it could have been created with the intention to satisfy the tourists’ demands (Estévez, 2004:16). On the one hand, a large part of the scientific community takes a stance against the indigenous heritage commercialization and its consumption by tourists and locals, based on the idea that such processes could undermine the intrinsic value of the indigenous heritage. On the other hand, the artists and their audiences continue to appreciate the value that is to be found in the indigenous imagination, as expressed in social situations when the audiences enjoy music and pottery inspired by the primal cultures of the first inhabitants of the Canaries. The concept of “folklorization” is tightly related to the general social interest of giving to the past a decisive role in the population’s destiny. This tendency provides the Canarian citizens a sense of feeling members of the same community/family and helps sculpt personality. In regard to the past generations, one can only use their remains to draw assumptions about the way they lived, but it is impossible to know exactly how they were and felt. In that sense, the museums assist in re-constructing the history according to scientific, political and ideological assumptions depending on the given historical period (Estévez, 2004:13). A consensual concern seems to exist in regard to preserving the traditions and conserving the cultural patrimony of the Canaries. However, the patrimony is selected through today’s lens. Hence, its preservation is linked to the current demands and uses of such cultural patrimony. In many cases, Estévez argues, the measures applied to classify what could be defined as patrimony, correspond to cost related and opportunistic criteria rather than scientific ones. Indeed there are many instances in the Canary Islands where the archaeology and patrimony management were interrelated with political purposes. In the present, a museum is meant to play a social function based on grounds of cultural democratization. Therefore, while visiting a museum, one expects a reflective and interactive exchange of contrasted scientific information provided to the public to draw their personal conclusions. However, when the explanations provided are too simple, obsolete or ideologically manipulated, the visitors are left with a feeling of confusion. This leads us to the argumentation that the proliferation of archaeological and ethnographical sites across the archipelago has not always been based on historical and archaeological motives, aiming to acquire a better understanding of the indigenous heritage of the Canaries. On the contrary, in most cases such proliferation has been based on economic profits, with tourists and also locals consuming their own patrimony at the cost of falsifying the history.Show less
Een onderzoek naar de wijze waarop de kapitein de discipline onder de bemanning handhaafde op de slavenschepen van de Middelburgse Commercie Compagnie in de tweede helft van de achttiende eeuw.
In this thesis the concept of queerness is examined further through the body performance art of contemporary performance artists Ron Athey and Kris Grey. Both artists use queerness as an...Show moreIn this thesis the concept of queerness is examined further through the body performance art of contemporary performance artists Ron Athey and Kris Grey. Both artists use queerness as an alternative strategy to the everyday heterosexual normative space they live in and as a strategy to free their bodies from individual stigma and trauma.Show less
Kunnen geweld en geweldloosheid in een burgerrechtenbeweging naast en met elkaar opereren in een strijd om gelijkheid en vrijheid? Kan het één het ander aanvullen of accepteren als aanvulling...Show moreKunnen geweld en geweldloosheid in een burgerrechtenbeweging naast en met elkaar opereren in een strijd om gelijkheid en vrijheid? Kan het één het ander aanvullen of accepteren als aanvulling zonder zichzelf of juist de ander schade toe te brengen? In deze thesis worden dit soort vragen door middel van een analyse van het leven van burgerrechtenactivist Robert F. Williams onderzocht. Bovenstaande vragen leidden tot de volgende hoofdvraag in deze thesis: “In hoeverre waren de strategie en de methoden die werden bepleit en gebruikt door Robert Franklin Williams verenigbaar met de idealen, methoden en strategie van de geweldloze Afro-Amerikaanse burgerrechtenbeweging?”Show less
