Durante los últimos diez años, el fenómeno del ‘body count’o los llamados falsos positivos de Colombia se ha convertido en un objeto de análisis relevante dentro de los ámbitos jurídicos,...Show moreDurante los últimos diez años, el fenómeno del ‘body count’o los llamados falsos positivos de Colombia se ha convertido en un objeto de análisis relevante dentro de los ámbitos jurídicos, académicos y periodísticos ya que hace parte de uno de los episodios más oscuros de la historia reciente en América Latina y en una de las prácticas de violencia estatal que aún hoy se trata de esclarecer. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo identificar los factores que permiten caracterizar el fenómeno de los falsos positivos como una práctica de terrorismo de Estado, haciendo énfasis en las medidas y estrategias de contrainsurgencia adoptadas desde el Estado colombiano para que estos hechos tuvieran lugar. A pesar de la considerable cantidad de producción investigativa sobre el fenómeno, una proporción importante de los análisis se aborda desde un carácter prevalentemente jurídico. Esta tesis, por lo tanto, analiza la práctica de los falsos positivos desde una mirada interdisciplinaria que integra perspectivas sociológicas, históricas y jurídicas.Show less
This thesis examines the role of social media in the Paro Nacional movement in Colombia in 2019-2020. Through a study of relevant literature, news articles, and a quantitative and qualitative...Show moreThis thesis examines the role of social media in the Paro Nacional movement in Colombia in 2019-2020. Through a study of relevant literature, news articles, and a quantitative and qualitative investigation of social media use, this analysis of social movement structures and the Paro Nacional movement leads to the identification of three functions of social media.Show less
Esta investigación utiliza un modelo de medición de la Capacidad de Estado alternativo a los comúnmente usados, la capacidad de hacer cumplir los marcos regulatorios. El enfoque del tema es la...Show moreEsta investigación utiliza un modelo de medición de la Capacidad de Estado alternativo a los comúnmente usados, la capacidad de hacer cumplir los marcos regulatorios. El enfoque del tema es la medición de la Capacidad de Estado de la República Dominicana, aplicando un modelo, fruto de la reelaboración del trabajo de Queiroz Cunha, Pereira y de Ávila Gomide (2017), al Sector Eléctrico del estado caribeño desde su privatización y capitalización en la década de los 1990. Según el modelo considerado, los aspectos que serán medidos son la Especialización, la Autonomía, y la Cohesión de las instituciones reguladoras del sector. La Especialización es la preparación y la capacidad de los miembros y funcionarios de las instituciones, que tienen que ser elegidos por ser competentes; la Autonomía es la posibilidad de las instituciones de tomar e implementar decisiones en su campo sin la influencia de los gobiernos o de los otros actores; y la Cohesión es la capacidad de las instituciones para evitar redundancias y contradicciones.Show less
Costa Rica has set ambitious goals regarding climate issues. It strives to be carbon neutral in 2021, and aims to completely decarbonize their economy by 2050. The state of the transport and...Show moreCosta Rica has set ambitious goals regarding climate issues. It strives to be carbon neutral in 2021, and aims to completely decarbonize their economy by 2050. The state of the transport and infrastructure in Costa Rica are therefore a thorn in the side for both civil society and policymakers. In light of the issues in this sector the government has formulated several policies with the goal to transform the transport sector, creating a clean, efficient and safe system of transport and infrastructure. Some of these policies will be discussed in this thesis, namely the Plan de Descarbonización 2018-2050, the Plan Integral de Movilidad Urbana Sostenible, and the Plan Nacional de Transporte 2011-2035. The focus of this thesis will be on the mechanisms behind these policies. As such, some key questions that will be addressed are: how is the policymaking process designed? Who are the actors in this process? What institutions are involved and how is coordination shaped? Where lie the biggest challenges in the implementation of these policies? As it currently is, the transport sector suffers from high degrees of fragmentation, with many institutions involved and no clear leadership. It is a very interesting subject for study, as these mechanisms are the foundations on which the implementation of the policy builds. Without proper understanding of the interactions and challenges that one is faced with in this sector, effective implementation of the policies, and therefore the reaching of the climate goals becomes less feasible. . The facilitation of the implementation of the plans through institutional transformation is argued to be the absolute priority for the achievement of the goals and objectives as proposed in the policies that will be discussed in this thesis. The expectation is that the Costa Rican public administration for the transport sector will require a comprehensive reform, and as it stands it lacks the capacity to push for such reform. In the first chapter of this thesis the conceptual and theoretical basis for the analysis of the transport sector will be laid. Here the concepts of the public policy process in Latin America, Neo-institutionalism, and Public-Private Partnerships will be discussed and put into perspective of how they can be used to analyse the Costa Rican transport and infrastructure sector. The second chapter will offer the contextualization of the topic of study. The chapter is organised chronologically and starts with the economic crisis of the 1980s in Costa Rica. The chapter then continues to address the state reform during the 1980s and 1990s, followed by the developments of the past twenty years. It concludes with a brief overview of the current situation and policies in the transport and infrastructure sector. The third and final chapter’s focus will be the analysis of the policies discussed using the concepts as discussed in the first chapter, looking into the mechanisms behind these policies and the actors involved in the process. The chapter starts with an analysis of the policy process, followed by an analysis of the role and functioning of the institutions involved. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the use of public-private partnerships and the challenges the public administration if faced with regarding coordination between the sectors.Show less
Since 2010, Brazil has been receiving an increase in the numbers of refugees. It is presumed that the protagonist in assisting the integration of refugees are the NGOs and not the state. NGOs are...Show moreSince 2010, Brazil has been receiving an increase in the numbers of refugees. It is presumed that the protagonist in assisting the integration of refugees are the NGOs and not the state. NGOs are known for providing aid, social services and advocacy for groups and minorities that are marginalized. Currently, there are approximately 100 NGOs supporting and representing refugees in Brazil; it is the largest refugee support network in Latin America. This study seeks to answer the question with respect to which measures have NGOs adopted to assist the integration and non-discrimination of refugees in the Brazilian labor market and whether such measures reach beyond NGOs role as a support structure by replacing the role of the state and its responsibility to provide refugees of their (human) rights. To answer this research question, eight NGOs and three professionals in the area were interviewed during a field research that took place between July and November 2020. The research shows that the NGOs have taken two categories of measures as a means to address both the refugees, and the host society and private sector with the purpose of enhancing the effect and reachability of their role in the integration and non-discrimination of refugees in the Brazilian labor market. This research found that the NGOs and the public intuitions have a vast network in respect of refugees; however, it can also vary between states. It further found that there are two different opinions among the NGOs regarding their relationship with the state.Show less
This research aims to examine the impact of the abortion rights movement on Argentinian society in the feminist struggle for the legalization of abortion and the broader demand for the recognition...Show moreThis research aims to examine the impact of the abortion rights movement on Argentinian society in the feminist struggle for the legalization of abortion and the broader demand for the recognition of sexual and reproductive rights. The findings of this research are based on several semi-structured interviews with female scholars and members of women's and/or feminist organizations carried out in the period of September-October 2020. It considers the concepts of biopolitics and feminist activism to assess the strategies, objectives, obstacles, and achievements of the abortion rights movement.Show less
ESP: A partir de dos variables - el modelo económico neoliberal y las relaciones políticas internacionales de Chile - se investigan las políticas comerciales exteriores del país entre 1973 y 2019....Show moreESP: A partir de dos variables - el modelo económico neoliberal y las relaciones políticas internacionales de Chile - se investigan las políticas comerciales exteriores del país entre 1973 y 2019. Este intervalo temporal coincide, por un lado, con el principio de la dictadura de Augusto Pinochet y, por el otro, con el estallido social de octubre del año pasado que perturbó un país que, hasta unas semanas antes, se solía definir como ""un oasis de paz"" en un continente inquieto como América Latina. Para ello, se analizan factores como un sector manufacturero debilitado y la relación de fuerzas entre grandes conglomerados industriales y PYMEs. Asimismo, se considera la excesiva dependencia de Chile de las exportaciones de recursos naturales - sobre todo cobre - y otras mercancías con muy poco valor añadido a la luz de su elaborado marco de tratados de libre comercio: a tal propósito, se observa como se decidió privilegiar la explotación de las ventajas comparativas del país y la influencia del sector exportador sobre estas políticas. Lo anterior significó que un amplio y duradero desarrollo económico se fue debilitando y que Chile nunca ingresó la liga de los países completamente industrializados. Para esta tesis, se llevó a cabo un trabajo de campo en Santiago de Chile entre noviembre 2019 y febrero 2020. // ENG: Two variables - the neoliberal economic model and Chile's international political relations - move this investigation around the country's foreign trade policies between 1973 and 2019. Provided time interval coincides, on the one hand, with the beginning of Augusto Pinochet's dictatorship and, on the other, with the outbreak of large-scale social protests which, in October last year, shook a country defined, until a few weeks earlier, as ""an oasis of peace"" in the eventful Latin America. Factors such as a weakened manufacturing sector, and the unbalanced relationship between large industrial groups (conglomerados) and local SMEs are addressed. Moreover, the flattening of economic development on exports of raw materials - copper in particular - and other products with no particular relevant added value is seen in the light of the establishment of a massive network of bilateral and multilateral free trade agreements whose main aims have been exploiting Chile's comparative advantages and pleasing outward-looking economic sectors. As a result, a large-scale and long-term economic progress was undermined making the country unable to join the league of those fully developed. For such thesis, a fieldwork research was conducted in Santiago de Chile between November 2019 and February 2020.Show less
This study deals with morphosyntactic variation in Paraná Dutch, an endangered heritage variety of Dutch spoken in the southern Brazilian state of Paraná. Its original objectives were (i) to...Show moreThis study deals with morphosyntactic variation in Paraná Dutch, an endangered heritage variety of Dutch spoken in the southern Brazilian state of Paraná. Its original objectives were (i) to describe divergences from Dutch as spoken in the Netherlands (NLD) as well as retained dialectal features (ii) to compare these variations to findings of other studies on Dutch as a heritage language (HL), and (iii) to relate the findings to extralinguistic features. Due to the situation of intergenerational language loss encountered during the fieldwork conducted for this study, it was deemed important to add a fourth objective, namely to assess the vitality of the heritage variety. No previous linguistic research on language variation in Dutch as a HL in Paraná exists, and this study will therefore extend our knowledge of morphosyntactic divergences and dialectal retentions in the Dutch heritage varieties. More than 22 hours of naturalistic speech data of 82 Dutch heritage speakers (HSs) in three communities – Arapoti, Carambeí and Castrolanda – was gathered between November 2018 and January 2019, and coded for morphosyntactic divergence from NLD or dialectal variation. The sample consisted of speakers of different ages (16-91), generations (first till fourth) and with varying levels of exposure to and usage of Dutch. Two models for language vitality assessment (UNESCO, EGIDS) were used to describe the endangerment of Paraná Dutch. According to the models, the heritage variety is definitively endangered (UNESCO), and threatened or shifting (EGIDS). Morphosyntactic divergences from NLD found in the speech of the participants include the overgeneralization of SVO word order, omission of determiners, variation in grammatical gender assignment, variation in nominal plural markers, pronoun drop, and variation in present verb inflection. Morphosyntactic divergences from the standard language that can be attributed to Dutch dialects or regional languages include the merger of the verbs kennen ‘to know’ and kunnen ‘can’, use of heb ‘to have’ for the 3SG.PRES, and the use of periphrastic doen ‘to do’. Of the morphosyntactic divergences found in the data, the six mentioned previously were used by a sizeable part of the sample (at least ten participants). Many of these divergences have also been attested in Dutch heritage varieties in Anglophone countries, Indonesia and in other parts of Brazil. The divergences from NLD are either due to interference from the majority language Portuguese, due to internal development in the HL, or due to a combination of the former two (multiple causation). Participants whose speech contained morphosyntactic divergences from NLD tend to be of the second generation or later and have a lower usage of and exposure to Dutch than the average of the sample. Although most of the dialectal features present in the speech of the first-generation participants have not been attested in the speech of later generations, some have been retained or even spread throughout the community. The three morphosyntactic features that originate from Dutch dialects or regional languages mentioned above have been retained and transmitted to speakers of the second generation or later.Show less
