Routine Activity Theory (RAT) is a widely approved theory in the field of criminology. However, the causal mechanisms of the concept of guardianship within this theory lack experimental...Show moreRoutine Activity Theory (RAT) is a widely approved theory in the field of criminology. However, the causal mechanisms of the concept of guardianship within this theory lack experimental substantiation. The current study aims to capitalize on this research gap by testing the accuracy of RAT in practice, while also assessing the effects of offender-guardian identity similarities using Social Identity Theory (SIT) and deindividuation theory. The research question that is examined is: Does the presence of guardians inhibit cheating behavior, and is this relationship influenced by offenders’ perception of guardians as members of the in-group rather than the out-group? Participants performed an online quiz in which they could cheat. They either did the quiz alone, in the presence of in-group or out-group bystanders. In- and out-groups were manipulated through gender. Inconsistent with prior expectations, a one-way ANOVA showed no significant differences in cheating behavior between the conditions. Also, planned contrast analyses indicated no significant effects of the presence and the social identity of guardians on cheating behavior. Thus, failing to support the notion in RAT that the presence of guardians inhibits criminal behavior and negates the impact of social identity similarities between offender and bystander. However, these results could be subject to the inability to create strong group identities. Future research could therefore implement another manipulation criterion and conduct the quiz offline.Show less
The aim of this case study is to perform a multifaceted examination of L2 communication accommodation, investigating a single speaker’s syntactical, lexical and pronunciational choices, in order to...Show moreThe aim of this case study is to perform a multifaceted examination of L2 communication accommodation, investigating a single speaker’s syntactical, lexical and pronunciational choices, in order to better understand how Howard Giles’ Communication Accommodation Theory might be used to examine and explain copying behaviour in nonnative speech. The speaker at the centre of the case study is a Dutch learner of English, and she is observed in conversation with three different interlocutors: one British (interlocutor A), one Dutch (interlocutor B) and one American (interlocutor C). Among the results were three notable shifts in the speaker’s speech behaviour; two were related to pronunciation and concerned her realisation of certain vowels and the postvocalic /r/, the final one was a shift in register or choice of words. There were no instances of accommodation found in the other examined variables. This shows how for an individual, there may be some areas of speech in which communication accommodation will occur more rapidly than in others.Show less
This case study aims to understand how tourism can contribute to peace, by exploring the ways in which Israeli and Palestinian tour guides negotiate boundaries in a deeply divided society, through...Show moreThis case study aims to understand how tourism can contribute to peace, by exploring the ways in which Israeli and Palestinian tour guides negotiate boundaries in a deeply divided society, through working in MEJDI’s multiple-narrative tours. Specifically, it focusses on two types of boundaries that are negotiated: the social and spatial. The interpretive thematic content analysis of 8 semi-structured and in-depth interviews with Israeli and Palestinian tour guides reveals that social and spatial boundaries are negotiated through various processes. The most prominent in the social domain are: creation of a common in-group identity, established frequent contact and friendships, development of trust, and for most an increase in understanding and legitimization of ‘the other side’. Noticeable was that the spatial boundaries were harder to negotiate, because they have been institutionalized throughout the protracted Israeli-Palestinian conflict. The participants do cross the boundaries frequently, by guiding tours to places they usually do not visit and by re-ordering mental maps of safe and unsafe places. However, the wall/fence/checkpoints remain present and those boundaries are harder to negotiate. Ultimately, these findings are discussed and placed in relation to the ‘tourism and peace nexus’, contact hypothesis, social identity theory, theories on boundaries and boundary negotiation, and aim to contribute to the question if tourism can bridge gaps and lead to peace.Show less
