Research master thesis | Literary Studies (research) (MA)
open access
This thesis explores the field of photography and studies its relationship with and its influence on the meaning and interpretation of privacy. The latter has been widely discussed in recent years...Show moreThis thesis explores the field of photography and studies its relationship with and its influence on the meaning and interpretation of privacy. The latter has been widely discussed in recent years because of the presumed lack thereof in our contemporary digitalized, globalized and 'free' world. Privacy is considered to be pivotal to our identity and being in this world. In this thesis I will argue that privacy is innately individual and can be considered as a personal desire to protect and demarcate everything that we do not know yet. It is a desire not to be a victim of everything that is happening in the world around oneself. In our contemporary world privacy is increasingly 'rational' and no longer concerned with physical access to something or somebody. Photography has the ambiguous task to lay bare the things we do not already know, and to be the threat to our privacy.Show less
Research master thesis | Literary Studies (research) (MA)
closed access
This thesis examines the relationship between Nietzschean Aesthetics and the writings signed under the names of Pessoa's major heteronyms. It analyzes Nietzsche and Pessoa's treatment of philosophy...Show moreThis thesis examines the relationship between Nietzschean Aesthetics and the writings signed under the names of Pessoa's major heteronyms. It analyzes Nietzsche and Pessoa's treatment of philosophy and the aesthetic and dramatic manner in which they write it. I argue that common to the texts by both writers, particularly in Pessoa's case, his tentatively titled 'Fictions of the Interlude', lies a tension between aesthetic, if not ironic, distancing and earnest formative discourse.Show less
Research master thesis | Literary Studies (research) (MA)
open access
When confronted with laws that ignore, reinforce or legitimise violence, the possibility to judge seems to be put into question, since there are no rules to rely upon to avert that violence. On the...Show moreWhen confronted with laws that ignore, reinforce or legitimise violence, the possibility to judge seems to be put into question, since there are no rules to rely upon to avert that violence. On the other hand, judgment is crucial since it might be a way to counter such circumstances of corrupt law and stop ongoing injustice. This paradoxical issue is prominent in the case study of this thesis, the documentary film "The Act of Killing" (Joshua Oppenheimer, 2012). Dealing with the mass killings of Indonesia in 1965/66, the film opens a case that has been concealed since its occurrence and never taken to court. This is despite the events being characterised as ‘crimes against humanity’ by human rights organisations. I propose that by documenting how the perpetrators of the killings re-enact their deeds by means of stage-play, the film poses a theatrical trial that at the same time evokes, eludes and performs judgment or evaluation of the killings. Drawing back on theory by Hannah Arendt and Gilles Deleuze, I argue that the film stimulates political judgment that is informed by the tension between critical distance and affect, which may be a productive method for citizens to deal with mass atrocities and present corruption. Moreover, exceeding the realms of structured societies, the film as a work of art performs an ‘immanent evaluation’ that acknowledges victims and perpetrators equally and challenges clear boundaries in favour of a continuous becoming of bodies. As such it allows us to productively and reparatively rethink the notion of judgment outside the confinements of law as ambiguous and ongoing process.Show less
Research master thesis | Literary Studies (research) (MA)
open access
What makes it possible to turn science, a field that is supposedly grounded in fact and objectivity, into a topic that untrained readers can engage with and enjoy? Connecting science with art,...Show moreWhat makes it possible to turn science, a field that is supposedly grounded in fact and objectivity, into a topic that untrained readers can engage with and enjoy? Connecting science with art, popular science writing relies heavily on the evocation of affect as a rhetorical strategy. In works that are written for children, and not intended as textbooks, creating an affective bond with the work is necessary in order to entice a child to voluntarily engage with the object outside the classroom. I have investigated Nick Arnold and Tony De Saulles’s Horrible Science series (1997-present) as a case study, as the long-lasting international success of these works indicates the effectiveness of their rhetorical strategies. The ways in which the authors attempt to evoke an affective response ranges from the direct evocation of positive affects such as enthusiasm, to employing negative affect such as disgust. Such affective responses are an effective way to mark reading the book as different from engaging with knowledge in the classroom, which in its turn is marked as tedious and dull. The affect theories of Silvan Tomkins in psychology and Gilles Deleuze in philosophy might at first sight look dissimilar, but both make the distinction between positive and negative affects a centrepiece of their theories: Deleuze calls this ‘joy’ and ‘sadness’. The Horrible Science series problematises this distinction, as it employs the evocation of negative affects to strengthen the bond with the reader, a method that at first sight seems to be counterintuitive. Therefore, I will look at what defines whether an affect is considered positive or negative, and to what extent it is a rhetorically effective strategy to evoke what at first sight seems to be a negative affective response in the young reader.Show less
Research master thesis | Literary Studies (research) (MA)
open access
Digital games provide a fruitful comparison to ideologies due to their resemblance to ideologies as an organizing structures entered into; as well as due to their serving as a systematic test case...Show moreDigital games provide a fruitful comparison to ideologies due to their resemblance to ideologies as an organizing structures entered into; as well as due to their serving as a systematic test case for alternatively organized (ideological) worlds. They do so perhaps more than linear narrative media, as game-play presents both fictional worlds, systems and spect-actors whom are present as participatory agents. By addressing the structural parallels between ideology and digital games as organizations of quasi-natural conventions, I argue in this thesis that games have the capacity to model, propose and reflect on ideologies. Comparing roughly twenty years of scholarship on ideological play, ludology, narratology, game design, proceduralism and play-centred studies, I argue that games dynamically present stylized simulations of a possible world, occurring to the subject of play in a here-and-now that at once grants autonomy while doing so in a paradoxically rigid structure of affordances, constraints and desires. That subject of play, meanwhile, is split between played subject (the presented avatar and the game’s content); the playing subject as demanded by the ludic power structure of rules; and the interpreting subject that is tasked to understand and inform the process of game-play. Through close analyses of Cart Life, the Stanley Parable and Spec Ops: the Line I argue for game-play as a dialectical process, beyond academic scholarship that posits either games as procedural systems of interpellation or play as mythical unrestrained creativity. An understanding of game-play as dialectical process akin to the relation between subjects and ideological power structures furthermore demands a recognition of the critical potential of game-play. Through theatrical techniques of enstrangement, game-play may reveal uncritical familiarity with the quasi-natural conventions of ideology – be they generic, social or political.Show less
Research master thesis | Literary Studies (research) (MA)
open access
This thesis attempts to link certain aspects of literary analysis, i.e. character development and rising/falling action, to the phenomenon of the literary epiphany. After providing a general...Show moreThis thesis attempts to link certain aspects of literary analysis, i.e. character development and rising/falling action, to the phenomenon of the literary epiphany. After providing a general definition of epiphany and listing various types of literary epiphany, the thesis focuses on one specific type: the epiphany which comes after a prolonged period of mounting tension culminating in a personal crisis. A new working model is introduced: a logical progression of states of mind or being, moving towards an epiphany which has a lasting effect on the character. Though the visionary moment may be spontaneous, it does not occur haphazardly but rather is the result of a series of consecutive events which lead up to the point of epiphany. This progression can be perceived as an upward spiral representing a mental development towards a wider consciousness, a better understanding of the self and the other, and a greater degree of self-realization or self-actualization. In discussing the phenomenon of the epiphany, some indispensable links are made to the field of psychology, without straying too far from the literary implications. Thus, the literary notions of rising and falling action and character development are tied in to a dynamic rather than a static epiphanic model. It is noted that epiphanies are not an end in themselves, but rather an inherent part of the transitions in life. The thesis explores some of the theoretical background to the literary epiphany, as discussed by Morris Beja, Ashton Nichols, Robert Langbaum, Philipp Wolf, Christel van Boheemen-Saaf, and Wim Tigges. It also attempts to counter Paul Maltby’s postmodern critique and deconstruction of the epiphanic literary tradition. To support the thesis, the various stages in the progression toward epiphany are illustrated with developments in two works of primary literature: James Joyce’s A Portrait of the Artist as a Young Man, and Jack Kerouac’s On the Road. Far more succinctly, the proposed model is tested on key developments in three other novels: Kerouac’s The Dharma Bums, Pirsig’s Zen and the Art of Motorcycle Maintenance, and Walker’s The Color Purple. This thesis expresses a professed belief in the mental and moral evolution in man, based on a deep conviction that “truth will out” and that mankind is, in a moral sense, upwardly mobile. Character development is, in this model at least, a development for the better.Show less
