Building on social perception literature which highlights the importance of morality in human impression formation, this study examines the relationship between brand personality and consumer...Show moreBuilding on social perception literature which highlights the importance of morality in human impression formation, this study examines the relationship between brand personality and consumer purchase intention. More specifically, the study objective is to investigate the effect of brand morality and brand competence on consumer purchase intention and to discover whether these effects are moderated by product involvement. It was hypothesised that brand morality is a stronger predictor of consumer purchase intention than brand competence. Secondly, it was predicted that for low-involving products, the effect of brand morality on consumer purchase intention is stronger than the effect of brand competence, whereas for high-involving products, the opposite was expected. An experiment (N = 216) was conducted to test these predictions. The results show that brand morality is a stronger predictor of consumer purchase intention than brand competence, irrespective of product involvement. The findings highlight the importance of morality in brand perception, indicating that companies of both low- and high-involving products should emphasise their brand’s moral characteristics to increase consumer purchase intention.Show less
De journalistiek ligt de laatste tijd steeds meer onder vuur. Van buitenaf klinken geluiden dat journalisten nepnieuws verspreiden of zich voor het karretje laten spannen als een propagandamachine....Show moreDe journalistiek ligt de laatste tijd steeds meer onder vuur. Van buitenaf klinken geluiden dat journalisten nepnieuws verspreiden of zich voor het karretje laten spannen als een propagandamachine. Hierdoor neemt de druk op de journalistiek steeds meer toe, waardoor deze zich ook moet verdedigen tegen de kritiek van buitenaf. Het doel van dit onderzoek is om te achterhalen hoe Nederlandse journalisten omgaan met kritiek en haatdragende taal van buitenaf. Om hierachter te komen staat de volgende onderzoeksvraag centraal: Op wat voor manier(en) verweren Nederlandse journalisten van nieuwsmedia zich tegen kritische opmerkingen en hate speech van buitenaf? Om deze vraag te beantwoorden zijn elf journalisten van tien verschillende Nederlandse nieuwsmedia een-op-een geïnterviewd. Alle elf de journalisten zijn gevraagd naar hun visies en ervaringen op zes onderdelen: de journalistieke professie, maatschappelijke taken van de journalist, de relatie tot het publiek, de kritiek en soorten kritiek, het omgaan met de kritiek en ten slotte de effecten van de kritiek. Uit de antwoorden zijn verschillende manieren van omgaan met kritiek naar voren gekomen, waarbij meerdere journalisten aangeven dat zij de kritiek makkelijk van zich laten afglijden. Bovendien zijn meerdere journalisten bereid om te reageren op kritiek, al stopt die welwillendheid vaak wanneer er scheldwoorden aan te pas komen.Show less
By addressing the theory associated with studying nationalism from below, and approaching the case study of the German occupation of the Netherlands during WWII, this thesis expands the...Show moreBy addressing the theory associated with studying nationalism from below, and approaching the case study of the German occupation of the Netherlands during WWII, this thesis expands the methodological toolbox with which to approach the evidence problem associated with historical research on nationalism from below. By taking the Stimmungsberichte (mood reports) written by the Wehrmacht, as ledgers of everyday actions performed by the silent majority of the Dutch population, this thesis assesses the fluctuation of nationalistic sentiment in terms of the commonly used repertoires of contention. This leads to a more dynamic perception of nationalism in the Netherlands during this unique time in the history of the nation-state.Show less
More than a quarter of the Dutch society claim to have experienced discrimination. Research shows that prejudice and discrimination have many negative effects on both individuals and society. In...Show moreMore than a quarter of the Dutch society claim to have experienced discrimination. Research shows that prejudice and discrimination have many negative effects on both individuals and society. In order to avoid these negative effects, it is important to investigate the underlying mechanisms of prejudice and discrimination. According to existing literature, social categorization is a factor associated with the emergence of discrimination and prejudice. Social categorization in young children is influenced by their environment, for example by (ethnic) socialization of parents. The present study examined whether there was a difference between ethnic socialization in the majority group and the minority group. This was also examined for social categorization based on ethnicity for these two groups. In addition, it was examined whether there was a relationship between ethnic socialization of the mother and social categorization based on the ethnicity of the child. Finally, it was examined whether the ethnicity of the child was a moderator for the relationship between ethnic socialization and social categorization based on ethnicity. Mother's ethnic socialization was measured by a picture book task. Social categorization was measured by the child's segregation preference through a grouping task. The study was conducted in mother-child pairs from the majority group (White-Dutch) and the minority group (Turkish-Dutch and Afro-Dutch). Two independent t-tests showed that there were no differences. No significant difference in ethnic socialization between the majority and minority groups was found. Also, no significant difference in social categorization based on ethnicity was found between the majority and minority groups. A simple regression showed that there was no significant relationship between ethnic socialization and social categorization based on ethnicity. Finally, no significant moderation effect of ethnicity was found. For further research it is advised to extend the measurement method for ethnic socialization and social categorization, so that more detailed measurements can be done.Show less
Children construct their conceptions of gender at an early age. At about 24 months, they begin to define themselves as either a “boy” or a “girl” (Kohlberg, 1966). About one percent of children do...Show moreChildren construct their conceptions of gender at an early age. At about 24 months, they begin to define themselves as either a “boy” or a “girl” (Kohlberg, 1966). About one percent of children do not feel at home in their birth genders to varying degrees and in different ways. What are the effects of parental emotions and parental gender stereotype concerning the parents and the social transitioning that children are undergoing to conform to their preferred gender? The current research investigated to what extent children’s social transition status mediates the relationship between the psychosocial functioning of children and their parents’ emotional response to gender(variance) and gender stereotyping. The results showed that children undergoing a complete social transition differ significantly from children undergoing an incomplete social transition, but only in terms of their parents’ emotional response to gender(variance). Second, the research considered whether the psychosocial functioning of children can be predicted based upon their parents’ emotional response toward gender(variance) and their gender stereotyping. The study also investigated whether children’s social transition status mediates a possible correlation. The results showed that the parents’ gender stereotyping rather than the children’s social transition status determines the psychosocial functioning of transitioning children. To support these children as much as possible in their search for identity, it is important that research examine the short- and long-term factors that influence psychosocial functioning in the development of children. It is especially important to follow children longer to investigate whether the various variables change over time and, if so, how they change.Show less
Motivation within the educational system has been a subject with a wide range of attention for many years. Still, there are no clear guidelines teachers can use to contribute to the intrinsic...Show moreMotivation within the educational system has been a subject with a wide range of attention for many years. Still, there are no clear guidelines teachers can use to contribute to the intrinsic motivation of their students. The goal of this literature review was to provide concrete guidelines that teachers can use to contribute to the intrinsic motivation of their primary school students. This was done firstly by identifying concrete actions that teachers can use to contribute to the intrinsic motivation of their students, according to the selfdetermination theory. Secondly literature research focused on how big the effect sizes matching with these concrete actions were. A systematic search yielded five studies that were eligible. However there were studies included in the study that had a different student population than primary school students, which were highschool- and university students. The results indicated that there were no huge differences in the outcomes of the studies with different student populations. Results of the concrete actions teachers can use to contribute to their students' intrinsic motivation can be categorised by the basic needs of the selfdetermination theory. When it comes to autonomy, this research indicates that teachers should give their students valuable choices during their learning process. The bond or relationship can be improved by showing affection, respect and by being understanding. The research also indicates that teachers should try to match teaching with the personal interest of the students. When it comes to competence, research indicates that teachers should offer activities to their students that match their current competence. Communication, expectations and positive feedback are also key, when it comes to competence, according to the literature research.Show less
To examine the relationship between alexithymia and digital problem behaviour, a systematic review was conducted. Problematic internet use, problematic use of social media and problematic gaming...Show moreTo examine the relationship between alexithymia and digital problem behaviour, a systematic review was conducted. Problematic internet use, problematic use of social media and problematic gaming behaviour are included as types of digital problem behaviour. The main research question is: How is alexithymia related to problematic use of internet, social media and videogames? To examine the relationship, a systematic research was conducted. After having executed the research 266 articles were selected. However, after excluding all of the identical articles only 167 were left. Out of the 167 studied, 23 studies were included. Studies were excluded if they were not labelled as empirical, written in another language than English or Dutch; and lastly, if they had a clinical sample besides alexithymia. The selected studies were double coded on the methodological features: chosen study design, sample size, and used research instruments. Combining all 23 studies a total of 41.274 participants was established. The median of all these studies was 429 participants. From the 23 studies, 14 were about problematic internet use, 3 about problematic use of social media and 6 about problematic gaming behaviour. 20 of the 23 studies found a positive significant relationship between alexithymia and problematic internet use, problematic use of social media and problematic gaming behaviour. However, the reliability of the results is questionable. Due to the fact that the cross-sectional design and sample size of all studies do not allow to draw strong conclusions. Furthermore, the use of only self-report does not contribute to the quality of the studies. Follow-up research of better quality will be necessary to draw valid conclusions about the relationship between alexithymia and digital problem behaviour.Show less
With the adoption of the European Union Global Strategy in 2016 the EU renewed its quest for attaining strategic autonomy. However, the EU document did not specify what would constitute European...Show moreWith the adoption of the European Union Global Strategy in 2016 the EU renewed its quest for attaining strategic autonomy. However, the EU document did not specify what would constitute European strategic autonomy (ESA), so, as is the case with the EU’s external policies, the national perspectives of Member States are its obvious basis. Historically, the Netherlands has been an obstructionist when it came to European security and defence integration due to its Atlanticist position, begging the question: how is European strategic autonomy represented in Dutch politics? To understand the Dutch perspective and positioning regarding ESA, this thesis drew from the field of Critical Geopolitics, conducting an interpretive-explanatory research employing discourse analysis by analysing statements made by party representatives in the Tweede Kamer during the period of 2016-2021. Three distinct schools of thought underpinning the representations of ESA in the Dutch debate. The Sovereigntists are Eurosceptics who present ESA as an attempt to establish a European army and a threat to national sovereignty. The Europeanists actively champion ESA and envision it as an emancipatory project to make the EU able to act independently of the US because it is an increasingly unreliable ally. The Atlanticists present ESA as an opportunity to take responsibility within NATO and improve burden-sharing with the US. This thesis found that the Dutch debate regarding European security policy has substantially Europeanised. While the Atlanticists are still cautious, they no longer take an active obstructionist position, instead adopting Europeanist talking-points from the 90s. Considering this Europeanist momentum, there is potential for the Netherlands to become an active and serious promotor of ambitious European security commitments.Show less
This thesis looks at the role of Japan during the negotiations of a large-scale free trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region, namely the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP)....Show moreThis thesis looks at the role of Japan during the negotiations of a large-scale free trade agreement in the Asia-Pacific region, namely the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Previously, academic discourse such as the pivotal state theory by Solís and Katada has focused on role of Japan during mega-FTAs. However, most of this research has been focused on Japan during CPTPP negotiations. This thesis looks at Japan’s role within RCEP, as it is the first mega-FTA with China. How does Japan’s influence compare to China during RCEP negotiations? By way of methodological triangulation, this thesis will measure the influence of Japan. While there are limitations, Japan was able to influence some regulations, especially regarding tariff reduction, intellectual property and e-commerce. That being said, while Japan hoped to include India within RCEP, India withdrew in the last stage of negotiations. This is because that Japan’s position within negotiations was hampered among others by its interventionist agricultural lobby. As Japan’s influence within RCEP was limited, it remains an unlikely pivotal state while China’s influence grows. With its analysis, this thesis will contribute to a broader academic discourse on the pivotal state theory, as well as the developments of mega-FTA negotiations in general.Show less
Background: Parental verbal threat information is considered to play an important role in the development of childhood anxiety. Attentional biases induced by verbal threat information may increase...Show moreBackground: Parental verbal threat information is considered to play an important role in the development of childhood anxiety. Attentional biases induced by verbal threat information may increase the risk of developing social anxiety disorder. This study aims to investigate the effect of parental verbal threat information about strangers on children’s attention to these strangers. In addition, we explored the potential moderating role of child social anxiety. Method: The sample consisted of 75 9-to-14-year-old children (M= 11.51 years; 39 girls) and their primary caregivers from the community. The children filled in a questionnaire to measure their social anxiety levels. In the lab, the children had to give two speeches about shyness and confidence in front of two different strangers. Before the social performance, the caregiver verbally communicated threat or safety information about the two strangers. The duration of the looks measured the child’s attention to each stranger during the social performance. Results: The parental verbal information did not influence the child’s attention to the stranger during the social performance. No significant moderation of this effect by the child’s social anxiety was observed. Conclusions: Parental verbal threat information about strangers does not influence children’s attention to these strangers. In addition, child social anxiety does not affect the effect of parental verbal information on children’s attention to strangers.Show less
De laatste jaren neemt het aantal uren en het aantal werknemers dat werkzaamheden buiten kantoor (telewerk) uitvoert in de publieke sector toe. De opkomst van COVID-19 heeft geresulteerd in een nog...Show moreDe laatste jaren neemt het aantal uren en het aantal werknemers dat werkzaamheden buiten kantoor (telewerk) uitvoert in de publieke sector toe. De opkomst van COVID-19 heeft geresulteerd in een nog snellere en verdere toename in telewerk. Deze toename kan problemen opleveren op het gebied van leiderschap omdat leiders moeten omschakelen naar leiden op afstand. Dit kan vervolgens resulteren in een lagere werkbevlogenheid onder werknemers. Gevolgen hiervan kunnen bestaan uit mindere prestaties en een lagere mentale gezondheid van werknemers, waardoor de kans op burn-outs toeneemt. Om in kaart te brengen of telewerk daadwerkelijk deze negatieve gevolgen met zich heeft gebracht, is er gekeken welke invloed telewerk door COVID-19 heeft gehad op het leiderschap waargenomen door werknemers in de publieke sector en de mate van werkbevlogenheid die zij ervaren. Om dit te onderzoeken zijn werknemers van de Amerikaanse overheid die werkzaamheden zoals gewoonlijk door konden zetten, vergeleken met werknemers die door COVID-19 verplicht moesten telewerken. Hiervoor is gebruik gemaakt van data uit The Office of Personnel Management Federal Employee Viewpoint Survey 2020. Uit de data-analyse is gebleken dat telewerkers tegen de verwachtingen in over het algemeen hoger scoorden op waargenomen leiderschap en werkbevlogenheid dan niet-telewerkers. De hogere score bij werkbevlogenheid is voornamelijk te danken aan de indirecte invloed die telewerk uitoefent middels waargenomen leiderschap. Waargenomen leiderschap heeft dan ook een grote positieve invloed op werkbevlogenheid. Andere aspecten van telewerken hebben wel een minimale maar negatieve invloed op de werkbevlogenheid. Het onderzoek kent wel enige beperkingen. Zo worden hoger- en lager management beide meegenomen, wat de resultaten minder toepasbaar maakt voor beide takken van management. Ook worden veel verschillende afdelingen meegenomen in het onderzoek waardoor de toepasbaarheid op individuele afdelingen niet hoog is. Vervolgonderzoek kan zich toespitsen op individuele afdelingen waardoor er voor deze afdelingen bruikbaar telewerkbeleid geschreven kan worden.Show less
In deze scriptie is er onderzoek gedaan naar de relatie tussen netwerkorganisatie MVO Nederland en expliciet MVO in de financiële sector. Uit de combinatie van deze twee variabelen ontstond de...Show moreIn deze scriptie is er onderzoek gedaan naar de relatie tussen netwerkorganisatie MVO Nederland en expliciet MVO in de financiële sector. Uit de combinatie van deze twee variabelen ontstond de volgende onderzoeksvraag: ‘Wat is het effect van deelname bij de netwerkorganisatie MVO-Nederland op de uitvoering van expliciet MVO-beleid in de financiële markt? Er is voor dit onderzoek een vergelijkend onderzoek gekozen. Hierbij werd een deductieve benadering toegepast, met daarin een meervoudige casestudy ( ABN-AMRO en Aegon). Het onderzoek is uitgevoerd aan de hand van het ‘Most Similar Systems Design’ (MSSD) en een documentanalyse. De theorieën gebruikt in dit onderzoek zijn Neo-institutionele theorie en het sociologisch institutionalisme. ABN-AMRO is aangesloten bij MVO-Nederland, Aegon is dit nietShow less
In dit onderzoek is er gekeken naar de relatie tussen de mate van overheidsinvesteringen in percentages van het GDP en het percentage vrouwen in de top van het openbaar bestuur. De dataset is...Show moreIn dit onderzoek is er gekeken naar de relatie tussen de mate van overheidsinvesteringen in percentages van het GDP en het percentage vrouwen in de top van het openbaar bestuur. De dataset is samengesteld uit de Worldbank database. De sample bestaat uit 26 OECD aangesloten landen en de data is gemeten over een tijdsperiode van 12 jaar, cohort 2006-2017. De lineaire regressie liet zien dat er een positieve correlatie is tussen de onderzochte variabelen. Dit resultaat is verder bestudeerd aan de hand van literatuuronderzoek. Hoewel dit onderzoek geen causaal verband kan aantonen, laat het wel zien dat het consistent is met de gestelde verwachtingen. Dit biedt mogelijkheden voor vervolgonderzoek.Show less
