Dit onderzoek analyseert in welke mate de totstandkoming van Estlands onafhankelijkheid in 1991 van buitenaf is beïnvloed. Aangetoond wordt dat zowel vanuit de Verenigde Staten als vanuit West...Show moreDit onderzoek analyseert in welke mate de totstandkoming van Estlands onafhankelijkheid in 1991 van buitenaf is beïnvloed. Aangetoond wordt dat zowel vanuit de Verenigde Staten als vanuit West-Europa invloeden werden uitgeoefend die de onafhankelijkheid bespoedigden. Dit werpt een nieuw perspectief op de doorgaans nationalistische historiografie over Estlands onafhankelijkheidsbeweging.Show less
In hoeverre beïnvloede de Britse publieke de Britse politiek, aangaande hun positie tegenover Duitsland? Dit onderzoek bekijkt dit aan de hand van de berichtgeving van verschillende kranten.
Hoe kan het zo zijn dat de Conservative Party in de jaren ’60 en ’70 vrijwel onverdeeld pro-EEG was, maar dat euroscepsis vandaag de dag een prominent deel is van de partijideologie? Dit onderzoek...Show moreHoe kan het zo zijn dat de Conservative Party in de jaren ’60 en ’70 vrijwel onverdeeld pro-EEG was, maar dat euroscepsis vandaag de dag een prominent deel is van de partijideologie? Dit onderzoek richt zich op de rol die Margaret Thatcher in de ontwikkeling van euroscepsis binnen haar partij speelde. Aanvankelijk was Thatcher net zo pro-EEG als haar partijgenoten, zij het enkel uit neoliberale bewegingen. Zodra Thatcher in 1988 echter inzag dat de voorzitter van de Europese Commissie, Jacques Delors, inzette op niet alleen een gezamenlijke Europese markt, maar ook op zoveel mogelijk gezamenlijk Europees politiek beleid, kreeg ze in vrij korte tijd een grote afkeer van de EEG. Met haar plots ingezette ramkoers genereerde ze zowel eurosceptische aanhang als EEG-gezinde tegenstanders binnen haar partij. John Major volgde Thatcher in 1990 op als premier en erfde een partij die erg verdeeld was geraakt over Europa. Tijdens zijn premierschap was er onder eurosceptische Conservatives, die achter de schermen door Thatcher tegen Major werden opgezet, zeer grote weerstand tegen de EMU en het Verdrag van Maastricht. Zodra dit verdrag was geratificeerd, schoot de door Thatcher gegenereerde euroscepsis ook buiten de Conservative Party wortel, met name in de Referendum Party en UKIP.Show less
Willoughby Dickinson was a Liberal MP who played an active role in the campaign for women's suffrage. He tabled the first bill of the 1906 parliament in favour of it, which he reintroduced every...Show moreWilloughby Dickinson was a Liberal MP who played an active role in the campaign for women's suffrage. He tabled the first bill of the 1906 parliament in favour of it, which he reintroduced every year until 1914. He was a founding member of the Men's League for Women's Suffrage, and was the chair of the Liberal party's own pro-suffrage group. Dickinson worked closely with the NUWSS and this paper is an exposition of his contribution to the movement's ultimate success.Show less
This study examines Jacobitism in its role as platform of protest. The use of the medium of popular songs in Broadside Ballads to transfer political propaganda is presented through an Edinburgh...Show moreThis study examines Jacobitism in its role as platform of protest. The use of the medium of popular songs in Broadside Ballads to transfer political propaganda is presented through an Edinburgh case-study. A total of eight Broadside Ballads is featured. These were published in the years 1715, 1716, 1745 and 1746, when Jacobitism was a prominent discourse in eighteenth century politics. The Broadsides are subjected to a mostly textual analysis on propaganda techniques such as ad hominem and demonization of the enemy. Moreover, the construction of the general political message and the use of metaphorical symbolism therein is thoroughly examined.Show less
The Irish rebellion of 1798 is pivotal in Irish history. The ideas of the French Revolution contributed greatly to the development of Irish republicanism in the 1790s, when the United Irishmen...Show moreThe Irish rebellion of 1798 is pivotal in Irish history. The ideas of the French Revolution contributed greatly to the development of Irish republicanism in the 1790s, when the United Irishmen began their struggle for an independent, republican Ireland. But the French also contributed in practical manner, by providing military aid in the form of two expeditions to Ireland in 1796 and 1798. This thesis analyses why the French Directory, the executive power during this period, decided to support the Irish, and if it fits within the framework of sister republics. The findings of the thesis suggest that the rhetoric the Directory used to justify the first expedition combined Republican ideals, such as liberating the Irish people from oppression and establishing a republican system of government, with war-strategic arguments such as using Ireland as a weapon to defeat France’s great enemy, England. However, the plan to use a guerrilla-warfare strategy, a chouannerie, in Ireland, with the aim to cause chaos and civil war, shows that Republican ideals were ultimately not the priority for the promoters of the Irish expedition, Carnot and Hoche. Before the second expedition, the political circumstances were very disadvantageous to the Irish cause, and the only way the French would help Ireland again was when they were to rise on their own. When this ultimately happened, the idea of an Irish revolution was enough to justify another expedition, and the Directory reached back to the rhetoric of the 1796 expedition. Moreover, the establishment of the Republic of Connacht shows that there was an attempt to establish a republican system, and the republican rhetoric was thus not uttered in vain. A successful invasion of Ireland might thus have led to an Irish sister-republic; however, the prominence of French interests in the event of an Irish revolution, the focus on English defeat and the chouannerie strategy show that the promotion of Republican ideals was not priority for the Directory.Show less
This thesis looks into the left movement of Germany between 1970 - 1972 and its response to left radical violence and the counter actions of the police. By using five different newspapers from the...Show moreThis thesis looks into the left movement of Germany between 1970 - 1972 and its response to left radical violence and the counter actions of the police. By using five different newspapers from the German left, namely Vorwärts, Konkret, Rote presse korrespondenze, Rote Fahne, Roter Morgen and Agit 883, this thesis tries to show the different responses and developments within the German left movement. After a short history of the development of Germany and the German left protest movement, after World War II untill 1970, this thesis will first show how the discourse within the left movement was influenced by the radicalisation of parts of the left movement. After that it will show the influence of the actions by the government and police, to counter left radical violence, on the discourse within the German left movement.Show less
