This research was performed to see how useful dynamic testing of reading and writing would be for children with and without dyslexia and to explore the relationship between dynamic testing of...Show moreThis research was performed to see how useful dynamic testing of reading and writing would be for children with and without dyslexia and to explore the relationship between dynamic testing of reading and writing and intelligence, specifically fluid and crystallised intelligence. To research this, this research had an experimental pretest-training-posttest design with two groups—dyslexic and non-dyslexic—as well as two conditions—training and no-training. The participants were children in primary school between the ages of 7 and 9. The study consisted of two sessions: a preliminary investigation and a dynamic test. The dynamic test used was the EPALE-NL. It consists of four subtests: phonemic awareness, prosodic awareness, sounds and verbs, and context words. A significant difference was found between the group that was trained and the group that was not trained, in specific for the subtest prosodic awareness, with the trained group showing more improvement in accuracy. For the performance on the posttest by the dyslexic group and non-dyslexic group, no significant difference was found between the groups. No significant relationship was found between the gain score and fluid and crystallised intelligence. Dynamic testing of reading and writing has shown potential to be used in the classroom for its previously discovered benefits, as well as its ability to teach both dyslexics and non-dyslexics of varying intelligence.Show less
Reading and writing are important skills in life. However, children with dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental learning disorder with a genetic basis, have difficulty with these skills. Dynamic assessment...Show moreReading and writing are important skills in life. However, children with dyslexia, a neurodevelopmental learning disorder with a genetic basis, have difficulty with these skills. Dynamic assessment might be a better predictor of children’s cognitive abilities and reading and writing skills than static tests. Dynamic assessment is based on the idea that learning is a social proces and uses feedback. This study investigated the effectiveness of dynamic assessment on reading and writing performance, specifically phonemic awareness, prosodic awareness and spelling, and whether there were group differences between dyslexic and non dyslexic children, and boys and girls. The participants included 91 children aged seven to nine, with 45.1% diagnosed with dyslexia. The participants were divided in an experimental condition with a pretest-training-posttest design, and a control condition with a pretestposttest-training design. It was found that the children in the experimental condition improved more over time than the children in the control condition on prosodic awareness. No group differences were found in the effectiveness of the dynamic test. These results show that the dynamic test can be an effective tool in education for increasing the reading and writing skills in children and examining their learning potential.Show less
The current study aims to investigate the relation between trauma, cognitive flexibility and potential for analogical reasoning among Syrian refugee children between 9 and 18 years old, residing no...Show moreThe current study aims to investigate the relation between trauma, cognitive flexibility and potential for analogical reasoning among Syrian refugee children between 9 and 18 years old, residing no longer than three years in the Netherlands. The sample included 33 children who were recruited among Dutch schools, using a non-probability sampling technique based on non-random criteria. A computerised dynamic test of analogical reasoning was conducted, utilizing a pre-test-training-post-test design, in which children received a graduated prompts training or practice tasks in between pre-test and post-test. Furthermore, the CPSS was conducted to screen PTSD symptoms and assess the severity and the computerised cue context reversal task was conducted to measure cognitive flexibility. It was investigated whether trained children with high PTSD symptoms would show a higher progression from pre-test to post-test than untrained children, whether severity of PTSD symptoms was related to the dynamic test score and if the level of cognitive flexibility could predict PTSD severity and instructional needs. The results indicated an overall improvement for trained and untrained children from pre-test to post-test and a slightly higher progression for trained children. Suggesting that refugee children, who experience PTSD symptoms, seem to have the ability to learn and excel but possibly depend on instructions adapted to their needs to be able to unfold their potential. In addition, it was found that increased cognitive flexibility indicates increased severity of PTSD. Suggesting that refugee children, who experience PTSD symptoms, are possibly able to compensate for deficits in cognitive flexibility which enables them to learn.Show less
Dynamic testing is a tool to measure learning potential in individuals. Previous research has found that dynamic testing of analogical reasoning abilities can provide relevant information about the...Show moreDynamic testing is a tool to measure learning potential in individuals. Previous research has found that dynamic testing of analogical reasoning abilities can provide relevant information about the manner in which children of various abilities and backgrounds learn. The response of a sample of young Syrian refugees (ages 10-18) on a dynamic test of analogical reasoning was tested in a test-training-test design with two conditions (training and practice). The Child PTSD Symptom Scale was used to measure the presence of posttraumatic stress symptoms in the participants. The participants in the training group showed more progress from pre-test to post-test, however this difference was not significant. Contrary to what was hypothesized, no relation between posttraumatic stress symptoms was found and age did not seem to play a significant role in this. These findings should be interpreted with caution due to the small sample size. Further research with larger samples could confirm or reject the idea that posttraumatic stress symptoms do not seem to influence performance on a dynamic test of analogical reasoning.Show less
One of the difficulties that refugees face is the impact of exposure to traumatic events over long periods of time, which can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. This study aimed to...Show moreOne of the difficulties that refugees face is the impact of exposure to traumatic events over long periods of time, which can lead to post-traumatic stress disorder, or PTSD. This study aimed to examine the impact of PTSD on cognitive learning potential in refugee adolescents. The 13 participants (mean age = 13.15, 53.85% male) and their parents were recruited through language schools in the Zuid-Holland province in the Netherlands. Cognitive learning potential was measured with a new promising measure, the computerized dynamic test of analogical reasoning. The study was of an experimental pre-test-training-post-test design with two conditions, training and control. The participants completed exercises of analogical reasoning pre-test, then the experimental condition received graduated prompts training. Both groups completed exercises post-test. The effectiveness of the training was examined, but no significant results were found, although both the training and control groups significantly improved from pre-test to post-test. No significant relationship was found between PTSD symptoms and learning potential. Then, anxiety and cognitive empathy were investigated as mediators in the relationship between PTSD symptoms and learning potential. No significant relationships were found. Although the present study has no direct contribution to research, implications for future studies are discussed.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a newly developed dynamic screener to assess first year secondary school students’ potential for learning. Participants included 52 children ...Show moreThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a newly developed dynamic screener to assess first year secondary school students’ potential for learning. Participants included 52 children (mean age = 13.14) from different Dutch educational tracks. The dynamic screener consists of the subtests reading, mathematics, working memory, planning, divergent thinking, and inductive reasoning. Each subtest employs a test-training-test design. Based on randomized blocking, half of the children received a graduated prompts training between pre-test and post-test, while the other half did not. On some, but not all, subtests training seems to lead to an increase in performance. Additionally, some constructs measured through the dynamic screener relate to current school performance. This pilot study provides preliminary support to the use of such an instrument to gain more insight into children’s learning potential and instructional needs. Directions for future research are discussed.Show less
This study investigated the effect of a dynamic test in reading and writing compared to a static test for 87 children in elementary schools in the Netherlands (aged 7-9 years old). Static tests...Show moreThis study investigated the effect of a dynamic test in reading and writing compared to a static test for 87 children in elementary schools in the Netherlands (aged 7-9 years old). Static tests measure the knowledge a child already has at the moment of testing, while on the other hand in a dynamic test children are provided with feedback, prompts or training in order to demonstrate more of their learning potential. Dynamic tests are especially useful for children with intellectual disabilities or learning impairments. Children with and without the diagnosis of dyslexia were allocated to either the experimental or the control condition. Children in the experimental condition of this study received a training in between pretest and posttest, whereas those in the control condition received the training after the posttest. Results showed a positive effect of training on the subtests prosodic awareness, spelling sounds and verbs and context dependent spelling, meaning that the group who received the dynamic test showed more progress from pretest to posttest in these subtests than the group who received the static test. This difference in progress did not apply to the subtest phonemic awareness. No significant gender differences and differences in performance between the dyslexic and the non-dyslexic children were found.Show less
Trauma, cognitive flexibility, and empathy are widely studied constructs in psychology. However, inconsistent results are found regarding the aftermath of trauma. In the current study, it was...Show moreTrauma, cognitive flexibility, and empathy are widely studied constructs in psychology. However, inconsistent results are found regarding the aftermath of trauma. In the current study, it was expected that Syrian refugee children with higher severity of trauma symptoms scored significantly higher on cognitive flexibility and empathy tests than children with lower severity of trauma symptoms. To investigate these hypotheses, a quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted with a between-subjects design. The participants were asked to complete three questionnaires and two computer tasks to measure their cognitive flexibility, empathy, and trauma symptoms. Linear regression analyses showed that trauma was not a significant predictor of cognitive flexibility or empathy. If future studies could find this relationship in a larger sample, it possibly has implications for actively using cognitive flexibility and empathy as resilience factors during education for mental health professionals, therapeutic treatments of trauma, and in educational settings.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
closed access
This study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a newly developed dynamic test for phonological and prosodic awareness in children with and without dyslexia. Additionally, the impact of...Show moreThis study aimed to investigate the effectiveness of a newly developed dynamic test for phonological and prosodic awareness in children with and without dyslexia. Additionally, the impact of reading self-concept was investigated. 30 children with dyslexia and 48 without dyslexia (Mage = 10.55) were included. The study consisted of two sessions: In the first session, all children completed a reading self-concept questionnaire. In the second session, the children were randomized into an experimental or control condition for a test-training-test design. Children in the experimental condition received a dynamic training between pre-test and post-test, the control condition did not. Results indicated that trained children had improved more on prosodic awareness than non-trained children. This effect was not found for phonemic awareness. Dyslexia diagnosis did not influence improvement. Furthermore, children with dyslexia had lower reading self-concept compared to children without dyslexia. However, reading self-concept was not related to improvement during a dynamic test, and dyslexia diagnosis did not moderate this relationship.Show less
Adolescents with a mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID) tend to be more vulnerable, especially in the social domain. This causes them to present more risk-taking behaviour, use more...Show moreAdolescents with a mild to borderline intellectual disability (MBID) tend to be more vulnerable, especially in the social domain. This causes them to present more risk-taking behaviour, use more substances and show more delinquent behaviour. Consequently, they end up in the criminal circuit more than the non-MBID group. The Reputation Enhancement Theory could explain why adolescents with MBID are presenting more delinquent behaviours than those without the disorder. This research investigated whether a nonconforming reputational style in adolescents with MBID is related to risk-taking, substance use and delinquency. 352 male students of high schools participated in filling out the questionnaires. Specific factors of the Reputation Enhancement Scale (RES) were analysed to see if they predicted high scores on the Self-reported delinquency scale (SRDS), Rutgers Alcohol Problem Index (RAPI) and Adolescent Risk-taking Questionnaire, behavioural part (ARQ behaviour). Differences between MBID are non-MBID were also analysed. Results showed that for adolescents with MBID and a nonconforming reputational style, their communication to peers was related to SRDS. So, more research is needed to substantiate these primary results.Show less
Dynamic tests are suggested to provide a less biased measure of children’s cognitive capabilities than conventional, static tests. Within the current study, a computerized and groupadministered...Show moreDynamic tests are suggested to provide a less biased measure of children’s cognitive capabilities than conventional, static tests. Within the current study, a computerized and groupadministered dynamic test was used to investigate children’s learning potential for analogical reasoning. The potential influence of test anxiety on their performance was also investigated. Participants included 48 seven- and eight-year-old children within specialized classes for giftedness and talent. The study employed a pretest-training-posttest design with a graduated prompts method for feedback and hints. Half of the children received training in between pretest and post-test, and the other half did not. Results revealed that trained children improved more than untrained children in their accuracy scores. Furthermore, it was found that test anxiety negatively influenced children’s accuracy scores at pre- and post-test. Test anxiety levels also predicted both pre-test accuracy and IQ scores. In the end, it was concluded that group-administered dynamic testing has the potential to efficiently provide both teachers and practitioners with a more accurate measure of children’s learning potential.Show less
