Peer relationships are essential during early adolescence when various psycho-social changes occur. More time is spent with peers during a phase wherein sensitivity to peer acceptance and rejection...Show morePeer relationships are essential during early adolescence when various psycho-social changes occur. More time is spent with peers during a phase wherein sensitivity to peer acceptance and rejection is heightened. Engaging in prosocial behavior is a way for adolescents to form positive peer relationships. However, peer victimization may negatively impact adolescents’ abilities to engage in such prosocial behaviors. This may be based on the degree of internalizing behaviors the adolescent engages in. This study aimed to understand whether there is an association between peer victimization and prosocial behavior two years later, as well as to understand whether internalizing behaviors mediate this relationship. This subproject of the Leiden Consortium on Individual Development (L-CID) used longitudinal data from 133 participants. Of these participants, there was a mean age of M = 11.26 years (SD = 0.73), with 54.1% being girls and 48.6% being boys. A mediation analysis investigated the relationship between peer victimization at ages 10-12 years and prosocial behaviors two years later and the role of internalizing behaviors. Results found that peer victimization did not predict prosocial behavior. However, peer victimization was associated with an increase in internalizing behaviors, and internalizing was associated with a decrease in prosocial behavior, respectively. Thus, experiencing peer victimization puts an adolescent at risk for internalizing behaviors later in time. Additionally, adolescents with higher internalizing behaviors may show reduced prosocial behaviors. This implies that peer victimization may have long-term consequences on psychosocial functioning within a non-clinical Dutch sample.Show less
Major depressive disorder (depression) is a prevalent mental health condition characterized by mood disturbance, but it can also impact motor functioning. Impairments in gross motor skills, like...Show moreMajor depressive disorder (depression) is a prevalent mental health condition characterized by mood disturbance, but it can also impact motor functioning. Impairments in gross motor skills, like slower backward walking and compromised balance, are well-documented, but the effects on manual motor skills, important for precise tasks like buttoning clothes, are less studied. Therefore, this study examined whether individuals with depression perform worse on manual motor tasks compared to healthy controls (HC), and if mood changes over 4 months correlate with motor performance changes in those with depression. Manual motor functioning was measured in 20 people with depression and 22 HC (mean age = 31 years) via five tasks: steadiness, line tracking, aiming, tapping, and pin insertion. Depressive symptoms were assessed with the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale (HAMD) and Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ). Quality of life was evaluated using the World Health Organization Quality of Life (WHOQOL) questionnaire. ANCOVAs analyzed group differences, and linear regressions examined longitudinal associations using both frequentist and Bayesian approaches. Results showed that, compared to HC, participants with depression had longer error durations for line tracking, longer total durations for aiming, and fewer hits for tapping, Fs > = 4.946, ps < 0.032, ηp2s > 0.113, BFs10 > 0.050 (uncorrected). No group differences were found for other measures. Longitudinally, within the depressed group, improvements in HAMD-17 and HAMD-24 scores were significantly associated with fewer errors and shorter error durations in steadiness, βs > 0.739, ps < 0.043 BFs10 > 1.000 (uncorrected). Exploratory analyses provided anecdotal evidence for the associations between physical health improvements and decreased error duration in steadiness, β = -0.542, p = 0.044, BF10 = 1.933, and psychological health improvements and decreased task duration in line tracking, β = -0.623, p = 0.025, BF10 = 1.494. The results suggest that depression may specifically affect steadiness. Additionally, physical and psychological health factors were linked to overall manual motor functioning. Limitations include the small sample size and focus on a single subtype of depression. Some authors suggest that current diagnostic methods overlook manual motor functioning in depression, but evidence remains insufficient for clinical application. Larger studies with various depression subtypes and chronicity levels, incorporating both behavioral and fMRI measures, are needed to further investigate the theoretical foundations of manual motor impairments in depression.Show less
This study delves into the landscape of teacher bullying within South Korea’s education system, examining the Child Welfare Act, the Student Human Rights Ordinance, and the Teacher Rights...Show moreThis study delves into the landscape of teacher bullying within South Korea’s education system, examining the Child Welfare Act, the Student Human Rights Ordinance, and the Teacher Rights Restoration Bill. Its primary goal is to illuminate the prevalence, root causes, and consequences of teacher bullying while proposing effective interventions to foster a healthier educational environment. Through an analysis of these legislative frameworks, including qualitative data from interviews, survey outcomes, experts’ reaction to the situation, and policy analysis, this research aims to shed light on the dynamics of teacher bullying. By identifying various forms of bullying experienced by teachers and highlighting the challenges they face, this study contributes to a better understanding of the complexities surrounding this issue. Moreover, it seeks to provide actionable insights for policymakers, teachers, and stakeholders to implement proactive measures that promote a supportive and respectful school environment, balancing teachers’ well-being and students’ well-being.Show less
Sensitive parenting is important for promoting the parent-child relationship and children’s emotional, cognitive, and social development. Parental factors related to sensitive parenting are...Show moreSensitive parenting is important for promoting the parent-child relationship and children’s emotional, cognitive, and social development. Parental factors related to sensitive parenting are depression and parental self-efficacy. The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between depression and sensitive parenting, and whether parental self-efficacy mediates this association. Participants were 17 Dutch mothers and 4 Dutch fathers of children aged 3-5 years. Parents played 5-10 minutes with their child during two measurement moments, while the researcher was present through a Microsoft Teams connection. A video of the playing was recorded. In between the two measurement moments, parents completed the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression-questionnaire (CES-D) and the Me as a Parent-questionnaire (MaaP). Afterwards, the video recordings were encoded according to the Ainsworth sensitivity scale. Only the relation between depression and sensitivity was significant, where depression was positively related to sensitivity. There was no indication found for a mediational role of parental self-efficacy in the relation between depression and sensitivity. Explanatory theories, limitations and practical implications were discussed. Future research will have to show which other factors can explain these unexpected findings.Show less
In this thesis research has been conducted regarding the following question: is it possible to translate the long Qur’anic surah sūrat al-Raḥmān into Dutch, whereby the following three criteria are...Show moreIn this thesis research has been conducted regarding the following question: is it possible to translate the long Qur’anic surah sūrat al-Raḥmān into Dutch, whereby the following three criteria are met: 1. the meaning is preserved 2. the oral and aural aspect is conveyed 3. the translation is presented in natural and accessible Dutch. To meet the criterion of aurality and orality the translation must meet the testible criteria of rhyme, metre, parallelism, lexical echoes, conciseness, the relation between the sound of words and the atmosphere of a verse or surah, and repetition, which are the most important linguistic structures underlying orality and aurality. Recognizability for Muslims is part of the criterion of meaning. A translation method according to these criteria has been used in the testcase and the translation process has been described. The above resulted in a translation that met the criteria of the research question.Show less
The stability of the country and maintaining public order and harmony have been among the top priorities of the government of the small city-state of Singapore, ever since its independence in 1965....Show moreThe stability of the country and maintaining public order and harmony have been among the top priorities of the government of the small city-state of Singapore, ever since its independence in 1965. The People’s Action Party (PAP), which has been in constant rule for over 65 years, has sought to maintain their hegemony and “protect the country” by actively limiting citizens' influence over politics and policies, mainly through the development of legal frameworks repressing dissent across different parts of society. By using theories on contentious politics, state repression, and the political opportunity structure, as well as a qualitative content analysis of Singapore’s laws on dissent, this thesis addresses the following research question: What are the strategies employed by the Singaporean government to repress and prevent dissent, and how do these strategies impact the political opportunity structure for contentious politics? Summarizing the findings, this thesis concludes that the state has built an extensive framework of restrictive laws covering all forms of society, rather than explicitly focusing on certain aspects, which has caused opportunities for dissenting citizens to employ methods of contentious political action to achieve their aims of influencing state policies to be exceptionally limited.Show less
This study examines primary school teachers' knowledge of mathematic teaching and learning trajectories, and didactic models, focusing on the teaching and learning trajectories of 'multi-digit...Show moreThis study examines primary school teachers' knowledge of mathematic teaching and learning trajectories, and didactic models, focusing on the teaching and learning trajectories of 'multi-digit addition and subtraction' and 'time'. The study aims to identify knowledge gaps to ensure teachers have adequate knowledge to meet their students' diverse mathematical needs. Factors like the grade level teachers teach, teaching experience, and instructional methods are also considered. The study uses a questionnaire to assess teachers' understanding, including a sequencing task for arranging arithmetic tasks and identifying didactic model phases. Results show teachers better understand the teaching and learning trajectories for 'multi-digit addition and subtraction' than for 'time' (n = 33). Grade level does not affect the knowledge of teaching and learning trajectories, but less experienced teachers sometimes show more insight. The teaching method used also relates to knowledge levels. Teachers excel at classifying assignments by one didactic model but struggle with another. Regarding knowledge acquisition, it appears that teachers gain more understanding of teaching and learning trajectories, and didactic models after completing their teacher education rather than during it.Show less
Due to the high prevalence of eating issues for young children, it is important to understand how parental factors can influence these issues. This study investigates the link between temperament...Show moreDue to the high prevalence of eating issues for young children, it is important to understand how parental factors can influence these issues. This study investigates the link between temperament and picky eating for three-year-old children, and the role of maternal parenting styles like restrictive eating and pressure to eat. The research aims to explore the mediating role of these parenting styles in the relationship between shy or anxious temperament and picky eating in young children. Participants were recruited from the 'Baby’s First Bites' study, which tracked mothers and their firstborn children until the child turned 36 months old. In this study 84 mothers completed the Early Childhood Behavior Questionnaire (ECBQ) to assess temperament, the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CEBQ) to assess picky eating, and the Infant Feeding Style Questionnaire (IFSQ) to assess feeding styles. To examine the research hypotheses, a correlation matrix was used to determine whether high levels of shy or anxious temperament correlate with elevated levels of picky eating. Additionally, to evaluate direct and indirect relationships, a mediation analysis was conducted using Hayes’ PROCESS model 4. For the correlation and the mediation, a significance level of alpha = .05 was maintained for all hypotheses. Results showed no significant associations between shy or anxious temperament and picky eating. Furthermore, maternal restrictive eating and pressure to eat do not mediate these relationships. These findings contrast with prior research, potentially due to differences in terminology, measurement tools, age of the children, and sample characteristics. Future studies should investigate the longitudinal interplay among temperament, parenting styles, and picky eating, using robust and varied measurement tools while accounting for demographic factors like location and ethnicity to minimize biases.Show less
Children with sex chromosome trisomy (SCT) are at increased risk for psychopathology, particularly within the social domain. This study investigates whether children with SCT exhibit elevated...Show moreChildren with sex chromosome trisomy (SCT) are at increased risk for psychopathology, particularly within the social domain. This study investigates whether children with SCT exhibit elevated autism traits compared to typically developing children, given the difficulties in social interaction and communication that are typical of autism spectrum disorders. The sample comprised 67 children with SCT (27 girls with XXX, 29 boys with XXY, 11 boys with XYY) and 70 typically developing children, aged 2.5 to 7.5 years. Autism traits were assessed using the Social Responsiveness Scale, Second edition (SRS-2). Statistical analyses revealed that children with SCT demonstrate more severe deficits in social responsiveness than typically developing children, scoring primarily in the subclinical range. Children with SCT scored significantly higher on all assessed autism aspects, with social awareness being the least affected compared to the control group. No differences were found across different karyotypes, suggesting a consistent elevation of autism traits across SCT genetic variants. Age had no effect on the severity of autism traits, implying stability across development. These insights enhance understanding of the specific needs and challenges of children with SCT in their social development, which is crucial for the development of effective support and intervention programs. Additionally, these findings underscore the importance of early detection and intervention for children with SCT, with autism traits serving as potential early indicators of SCT presence.Show less
Objectives: Free-play and social interactions during school recess are crucial for children's development. This study explored the social preferences of autistic and non-autistic children during...Show moreObjectives: Free-play and social interactions during school recess are crucial for children's development. This study explored the social preferences of autistic and non-autistic children during recess, and their impact on children’s recess enjoyment. Based on prior research, the study hypothesized that (1) both autistic and non-autistic children would interact more with in-group peers, and (2) more in-group interactions would contribute to higher recess enjoyment. Methods: Measurements were conducted on 69 children with special educational needs (19 autistic, 50 non-autistic) aged 4-14 years at a special educational primary school in the Netherlands. Radio frequency identification (RFID) proximity sensors tracked children’s number of interaction partners and total interaction time during recess. Recess enjoyment was assessed using six items from the Lunchtime Enjoyment of Activity and Play (LEAP) self-report questionnaire, completed on tablets with assistance. Interaction measures were adjusted for different group sizes and recess duration. Results: Mixed ANOVAs and post hoc tests showed that non-autistic children had significantly more non-autistic interaction partners than autistic partners (t(49) = 8,88, p < .001), whereas autistic children had a similar number of autistic and non-autistic partners (t(18) = .961, p = .175). No significant difference were found in the time spent interacting with autistic and non-autistic peers for either group (F(1, 66) = 1.09; p = .300; partial η² = .016). Regression models showed no significant relationship between in-group interactions and recess enjoyment (b = .40, t(48) = .13, p = .897 for time spent in interaction; b = 1.87, t(48) = .77, p = .443 for number of interaction partners). Conclusion: The study partially replicated previous findings of in-group social preferences among non-autistic children but found no such preference among autistic children during recess. The results highlight the differences in social patterns alongside similarities in the time spent in close interactions and enjoyment of recess in both groups. The findings have implications for professionals in designing and managing school environments that respect diverse social preferences while handling social exclusions. Limitations, future directions, and theoretical implications supporting the social model of autism are discussed.Show less
Adverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction have consistently been associated with the development of dysfunctional thinking patterns, known as Early...Show moreAdverse Childhood Experiences (ACE), such as abuse, neglect, and household dysfunction have consistently been associated with the development of dysfunctional thinking patterns, known as Early Maladaptive Schemas (EMS). This study aimed to investigate the relationship between ACE and the EMS Impaired Limits domain, while exploring the potential moderating role of sex assigned at birth in this relationship. We expected that more adverse experiences would predict more severe difficulties in controlling impulses and following rules and that sex assigned at birth would moderate this relationship. A cross-sectional design with convenience sampling was implemented, and self-report online questionnaires were completed by 131 Leiden University students, who volunteered to participate in the study. The Adverse Childhood Experiences Questionnaire (ACE-Q) and the Young Schema Questionnaire-Short Form; version 3 (YSQ-S3) were used to measure ACE and the EMS Impaired Limits domain respectively. Demographic information was collected, regarding participants’ sex assigned at birth, gender identity, country of origin, years lived in the Netherlands and cumulative GPA. The final sample consisted of 125 participants, out of which 114 were female (91.2%) and 11 (8.8%) were male. The average age of the participants was 19 years. To examine the relationship between ACE and the EMS Impaired Limits domain, linear regression analysis was conducted. The findings revealed that ACE score significantly predicted participants’ scores in the EMS Impaired Limits domain, (β = 1.66, p < .001, 95% CI [20.63, 24.02]), explaining 10.5% of the variance (R2 = 0.105). Moderation analysis to explore the role of sex assigned at birth did not yield reliable results, due to the disproportionate representation of male participants in the sample. The findings underscore the importance of ACE in understanding the development of the EMS Impaired Limits domain, highlighting the need for early and tailored interventions for individuals with a history of ACE. Future studies could further investigate additional factors influencing the development of this EMS domain, including a nuanced exploration of both sex assigned at birth and gender identity, utilizing more balanced and representative samples.Show less
