The Horvat Kur stone was found during the 2012 excavation season at Horvat Kur in the Galilee. It was found in secondary use in a stylobate wall of a synagogue. Many questions arose concerning this...Show moreThe Horvat Kur stone was found during the 2012 excavation season at Horvat Kur in the Galilee. It was found in secondary use in a stylobate wall of a synagogue. Many questions arose concerning this unique object. In this thesis I have tried to find answers on these questions and I have offered a first interpretation.Show less
This thesis highlights Baron W.H.J. van Westreenen van Tiellandt (1783-1848) as a collector of antiquities in early nineteenth century Holland. The professionalising of science during the...Show moreThis thesis highlights Baron W.H.J. van Westreenen van Tiellandt (1783-1848) as a collector of antiquities in early nineteenth century Holland. The professionalising of science during the Enlightenment era had a considerable impact on the study of antiquity as well. Take for example Winckelmann’s history of antique art, and the late eighteenth century Altertumswissenschaft incorporating all facets of the classical world (texts, inscriptions and material remains). The latter movement, which also found its way to Holland, strongly contributed to the genesis of the academic archaeological discipline in Leiden in 1818. Moreover, partly due to the Romantic movement in the first half of the nineteenth century and the involvement of institutionalised museums of antiquity, the rather patriotic approach to antiquity gradually took the upper hand over focussing on the splendour of the classical Mediterranean context which had dominated the antiquarian world before. The longstanding humanist tradition of studying classical remains in their native context increasingly gained adherents and was also supported by the first professor of archaeology, C.J.C. Reuvens (1793-1835). But how exactly does Van Westreenen fit as a collector in this fascinating period of shifting receptions of and approaches to antiquity? Although a bibliophile at heart, he was also charmed by classical material culture in general and more specifically, like Reuvens, those unearthed on Dutch soil. In this thesis the involvements of Van Westreenen in the study of the Roman settlement Arentsburg and the Roman fort Brittenburg are treated and compared to Reuvens’, serving as a benchmark of contemporary scientific archaeological research. This study exposes the differences and similarities in their methodology and perception of antiquity and places them in the reshaping political and cultural climate of the early nineteenth century. Finally Van Westreenen’s collecting policy is analysed diachronically, based on his handwritten Catalogue des livres, manuscrits et antiquites. This catalogue describes his acquisitions of 264 Roman antiquities between 1797 and 1835 and allows for a study of Van Westreenen’s underlying rationale of collecting antiquities.Show less
Main goal of the thesis is to investigate the role of basalt in the ceramic technology of cooking pots in the Iron Age Lehun, Mudayna and Tel Yin'am. Assessing that the physical properties of...Show moreMain goal of the thesis is to investigate the role of basalt in the ceramic technology of cooking pots in the Iron Age Lehun, Mudayna and Tel Yin'am. Assessing that the physical properties of basalt are as much suitable as those of calcite, or maybe better, I attempt to confirm and interpret the increasing use of basalt in the Iron Ages at the expense of calcite.Show less
This thesis aims at investigating the role of circumpolar shamanistic objects in several European and Russian ethnographic museums, comparing this role to that played by similar objects at North...Show moreThis thesis aims at investigating the role of circumpolar shamanistic objects in several European and Russian ethnographic museums, comparing this role to that played by similar objects at North American museums. This was accomplished through the use of relevant literary research, object research (via Museum Catalogues and TMS), and personally conducted interviews of curators, researchers, and associated members of the respective ethnographic museums under study—the National Museum of Ethnography in Leiden (NME), the Ethnologishes Museum in Berlin (EMB, the Russian Ethnographic Museum in St. Petersburg (EMS, Museum of Archaeology and Ethnography of Siberia at Tomsk State University (MAE, and the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo (MOCH).First, in order to better understand shamanistic objects from native point of view, a discussion is raised concerning the anthropological theories of animism, perspectivism, and especially personhood. The discussion shows how shamanistic objects need to be perceived as having human-like qualities similar to that of a human person. Therefore, I believe that the housing, and especially the display of shamanistic items and their contextual narratives should pose as an ethical issue for ethnographic museums. Furthermore, I show that western museological practices clashes head on with native views, as seen in source community collaborations. External political pressures causes museums to collaborate with native groups, so I propose, therefore, that in order for museums to become a transparent, public educational environment, that they trend in the footsteps of the Museum of Cultural History in Oslo (MOC), make certain compromises, and repatriate shamanistic objects to native community museums if need be. In this line of thought, I propose that museologists should start an investigation and figure out, with extensive research, how native groups perceive the cultural and social implications of shamanistic objects. A possible, but necessary, outcome could be the repatriation of these ceremonial items to native community museums. I suggest that this latter enactment will enable native groups to interact with the material culture made by their ancestors and help rebuild their cultural identity. Additionally, this will also enable museums move beyond the constraints of source community collaborations and instead freely practice museology, where exhibition making can be enticing for public viewers to enjoy.Show less
In deze scriptie wordt er gekeken naar de verschillen in de aardewerkassemblages in de Romeinse periode aan de hand van drie sites. In Pompeii en Abdera wordt er specifiek naar twee huizen gekeken...Show moreIn deze scriptie wordt er gekeken naar de verschillen in de aardewerkassemblages in de Romeinse periode aan de hand van drie sites. In Pompeii en Abdera wordt er specifiek naar twee huizen gekeken en bij Colchester naar al het aardewerk gevonden op de site. Door het analyseren van het aardewerk kunnen er conclusies worden getrokken over de aardewerkassemblages van de drie sites en over de manier waarop deze sites zijn onderzocht.Show less
This thesis presents a study of the Neolithic assemblage of tools and implements from the megalithic temple complex of Tarxien, Malta. This complex was built and used by a Neolithic society between...Show moreThis thesis presents a study of the Neolithic assemblage of tools and implements from the megalithic temple complex of Tarxien, Malta. This complex was built and used by a Neolithic society between 3600-2400 BC. The Maltese archipelago boasts over 30 similar megalithic complexes, spread across the islands. For over a century, these megalith complexes have been intensively studied, but while there is a general consensus that these so-called temples held ritual or religious functions, many contradicting hypotheses about the origin of the complexes and their societal significance have been formulated by various scholars. These theories have been discussed to create a referential framework for this thesis and to emphasise how little attention has been paid to Neolithic tools and implements in earlier studies. In order to make a contribution to this debate, this study concentrated on this neglected group of artefacts: the Neolithic tools and implements from Tarxien. By means of a systematic analysis of these tools and implements this thesis was able to identify a number of activity patterns that might have played a role inside Tarxien. Based on the results achieved in the process of this thesis, it can be claimed that the temples did not only fulfill ritual and/or religious purposes, but a number of other activities can be associated with the Temple complex. Various activities, such as preparing food and the production of materials and other goods have been present at the site and it seems very likely that the complex was inhabited by a (small) group of people. Furthermore, based on the archaeological evidence examined by this study, it seems possible that the complex held a central function concerning the storage and (re)distribution of food (and/or other goods).Show less
Dit onderzoek behandeld Pleistoceen botmateriaal dat is verzameld door P.Stoel en afkomstig is uit de zandwinning-plas Cattenbroek nabij Woerden. Hierbij is uitsluitend gekeken naar botmateriaal...Show moreDit onderzoek behandeld Pleistoceen botmateriaal dat is verzameld door P.Stoel en afkomstig is uit de zandwinning-plas Cattenbroek nabij Woerden. Hierbij is uitsluitend gekeken naar botmateriaal afkomstig uit put ZLW_U. Het botmateriaal uit deze put is van belang omdat bekend is uit welke diepte het materiaal afkomstig is. Waardoor het mogelijk is om een biostratigrafische verdeling van het botmateriaal te maken. Als uitgangspunt voor dit onderzoek vormde de vraag of het mogelijk is om het onderste artefacten niveau, beter kan worden gedateerd met behulp van het zoölogisch materiaal. Waarbij er gekeken is naar de specifieke combinatie van soorten per geologische laag. De grootste clustering van het botmateriaal bevindt zich in de Formatie van Beegden 23 tot 36m –NAP. Deze laag bevat ruim 45% van het botmateriaal. De stratigrafische verdeling van het botmateriaal komt voor een groot deel overeen met de beschikbare OSL dateringen. Waarbij de soort Rangifer tarandus opvallende resultaten laat zien. Het onderste niveau de Formatie van Beegden is dankzij het voorkomen van specifieke soorten gedateerd als Holsteinien. Er heeft in dit niveau ook contaminatie plaatsgevonden met oudere lagen (Vroeg- tot Midden- Pleistoceen). Met het ontbreken van menselijke modificatie sporen op botmateriaal afkomstig uit put ZLW_U. Is het dateren van de vondstniveau vooralsnog niet mogelijk geweest.Show less
Met dit literatuuronderzoek wordt er getracht aan te tonen wat we kunnen vertellen over de verspreiding van qanat water management systemen in Jordanië en omgeving tussen de 3de eeuw voor Chr. en...Show moreMet dit literatuuronderzoek wordt er getracht aan te tonen wat we kunnen vertellen over de verspreiding van qanat water management systemen in Jordanië en omgeving tussen de 3de eeuw voor Chr. en de 6de eeuw na Chr. aan de hand van verschillen en/of overeenkomsten tussen deze systemen op het gebied van natuurlijke, technische en sociale aspecten. Het onderzoeksgebied omvat het huidige Zuid-Syrië, Jordanië, Israël en Noord-Saudi-Arabië. Antieke schriftelijke en archeologische bronnen die direct en indirect betrekking hebben op qanat-systemen wijzen op een tijdsperiode tussen de 3de eeuw voor Chr. en de 6de eeuw na Chr. Om tot een vergelijking en een interpretatie te komen worden natuurlijke, technische en sociale aspecten van het qanat-systeem in respectievelijk het noorden (Zuid-Syrië), het centrum (Noord-Jordanië) en het zuiden (Zuid-Jordanië, Zuid-Israël en Noord-Saudi-Arabië) van het onderzoeksgebied behandeld. Tevens zal er worden gekeken naar het aantal qanat-systemen in de verschillende gebieden. Deze studie resulteert uiteindelijk in de algemene conclusie dat het qanat water management systeem zich gedurende de Romeinse periode vanuit het welvarendere, stedelijke noorden van het onderzoeksgebied heeft verspreid naar het minder bewoonde zuiden. En hoewel er nog enige twijfel bestaat over hoe het qanat water management systeem zich precies heeft verspreid, is deze conclusie niet alleen duidelijk geworden uit de verschillen in aantal qanat-systemen binnen het onderzoeksgebied, maar vooral door de bestudeerde sociale effecten van qanat-systemen op de bevolking en het gebied waarin zij leefden.Show less
The Feathered Serpent or Quetzalcoatl represents an icon for Mesoamerican civilizations which could have been since Formative times (1200 BC - AD 250). It is visible and already extended throughout...Show moreThe Feathered Serpent or Quetzalcoatl represents an icon for Mesoamerican civilizations which could have been since Formative times (1200 BC - AD 250). It is visible and already extended throughout Mesoamerica at the moment of arrival of the Spaniards to the Mesoamerican territory. Archaeology has shown that during the transition from Epiclassic (AD 800-1000) to Postclassic times (AD 1000 – 1519), many features changed (Smith and Berdan 2000). Major Mesoamerican centers declined and were abandoned and new centers emerged and gained importance. During this transition the image of a feathered serpent suffers strong cultural and social changes (Ringle et al. 1998). It then becomes related to wind, Venus and a culture hero: Ce Acatl Topiltzin Quetzalcoatl, that ruled in a place called Tollan. In addition to this, a whole new religion developed where priests were ascribed to this cult which is reflected by the construction of pyramids that shows clear representation of feathered serpents like the Coatepantli. To this date, still many questions remain unsolved about this intriguing moment in Mesoamerican archaeology and need to be studied in more detail. This research attempt to interpreted the significance of the feathered serpent in this epoch. The Coatepantli will be taken as an case study.Show less
Metal artefacts are important for archaeology, as the archaeological information that can derive from thorough analysis of these, can be very helpful in understanding the past. Ranging from...Show moreMetal artefacts are important for archaeology, as the archaeological information that can derive from thorough analysis of these, can be very helpful in understanding the past. Ranging from creating a greater understanding of communities through bronze age depositions via the trade networks of post medieval Europe by looking at the distribution of lead cloth seals. Metal artefacts are an extremely important category of finds and must therefore never be looked down upon. It is simply unaffordable to exclude these artefacts from investigations and reports and neither can their importance for the public be neglected. However, the best way of retrieving these precious artefacts, by means of metal detection, is neglected on many excavations and if applied, metal detection only plays a minor role. In this thesis, it is hypothesized that the Dutch field archaeology does not make optimal use of the possibilities of metal detection. To prove this theory, three different areas have been chosen first: sandy soils, clay soils and urban sites. Of all three areas, a sample of three excavations has been taken to investigate how metal detection has been applied on these excavations. By eventually sampling nine excavations where metal detection has been applied, it has been investigated if archaeology is indeed behind in the field of metal detection and if recommendations need to be given. For all three areas, good and bad points have been discussed. The results for sandy soils seem to be the most dreadful, as there is much room for improvement. Especially a systematic approach is still needed on these soils. Excavations on clay soils on the other hand, seem to have incorporated a systematic approach better than on sandy soils. However, as this approach has not been applied to all aspects of the excavations, there is more to be gained from these soils as well. Lastly, the systematic way of applying metal detection on urban sites seems to have been done in a proper way. However, as on the sampled excavations, metal detectors have not been equipped with smaller coils, it seems that many artefacts might have been lost by not doing so. Thus, also on urban sites more knowledge is needed. Moreover, the reports of most excavations lack the right details regarding metal detection and are therefore in need of improvements as well. In conclusion, one can say that the hypothesis has been proven right. Solutions for this problem have been given in the form of several different recommendations, which, if followed, can change the future for Dutch field archaeology, as many more metal artefacts will certainly be retrieved. Hopefully, this thesis will lead to new insights about incorporating metal detection on excavations in the Netherlands. In the near future, perhaps more metal artefacts will therefore be unearthed and in their turn lead to new discoveries about the material culture of societies in the metal ages and beyond.Show less
Het onderzoek van deze bachelor scriptie richt zich op de iconografische voorstelling die te vinden is op de ‘Tello Obelisk’ en de verandering in interpretatie van de iconografische voorstelling...Show moreHet onderzoek van deze bachelor scriptie richt zich op de iconografische voorstelling die te vinden is op de ‘Tello Obelisk’ en de verandering in interpretatie van de iconografische voorstelling door de tijd heen. Deze Obelisk behoort tot de Chavin cultuur die rond 900-200 B.C. in Peru bestaan heeft. De interpretaties die uitgekozen zijn voor dit onderzoek zijn door Rowe (1962) en Urton (1996) geschreven. De iconografische elementen van de obelisk worden eerst op een zo objectief mogelijke manier onderverdeeld om daarna te kijken hoe Rowe en Urton dit gedaan hebben en wat voor een interpretaties ze er aan gegeven hebben. Hierna wordt in een archeologische- historische kader naar de interpretaties gekeken waarbij de paradigma’s van de leidende archeologische stromingen van belang zijn. Als laatste wordt gekeken in hoeverre Rowe en Urton beïnvloed zijn door de paradigma’s die horen bij de stromingen waar ze toe behoren.Show less
Since the development of the archaeological field there have been many excavations. Those conducted at the beginning of last century were done from a different method of research than present...Show moreSince the development of the archaeological field there have been many excavations. Those conducted at the beginning of last century were done from a different method of research than present research. Now we involve many aspects from different types of disciplines to our research. We tend to combine these ways of looking at the past with more technologically advanced techniques. The older researches often result with different conclusions due to their different approach of research. This is the issue of interest which makes us wonder whether we should question and revise old excavations. Through a case study focusing on the Sacred Cenote of Chichen Itza and the change within cenote research this issue will be shown. The different research periods at the cenote will be compared and methodology of underwater archaeological research will be looked at. Research techniques on survey and excavation underwater will be discussed and applied to underwater research at cenotes.Show less
This thesis is about the ceramics that were found during the field season excavation of May 2012 at the pre-Columbian site Aguas Buenas, Nicaragua, AD 400-1400. Aguas Buenas is situated in the...Show moreThis thesis is about the ceramics that were found during the field season excavation of May 2012 at the pre-Columbian site Aguas Buenas, Nicaragua, AD 400-1400. Aguas Buenas is situated in the Chontales province, Central Nicaragua, where there is not much archaeological research done. Linguistic and ethno historical research shows that the province was a cultural complex area in pre-Columbian times. Aguas Buenas is the largest known site in this province and so far only studies in surveys. The aim of the thesis is trying to say something about the identity of the people who build the site and regional interaction. During the field season of 2012 pottery was the most found material. The ceramics were studied using a modal analysis. The following modes were analysed: pot shape, lip shape, diameter of the pot, firing colour, colour, slip, decoration, and surface finishing. These results are compared with previous studies from Chontales and the Pacific region of Nicaragua.Show less
Essay on the use and trade of 'Intercultural Style' chlorite vessels in Southern Mesopotamia, the Arabian Gulf, the Iranian Highlands and the Harappan culture. This essay uses these unique vessels...Show moreEssay on the use and trade of 'Intercultural Style' chlorite vessels in Southern Mesopotamia, the Arabian Gulf, the Iranian Highlands and the Harappan culture. This essay uses these unique vessels to describe the intercultural connections along their respective trade-routes as well as provides a theoretical background in which to study these connections. Central in the production and distribution of the 'Intercultural Style' vessels is the small site Tepe Yahya.Show less
Vanaf half juni tot en met half juli 2012 heeft er een opgraving plaatsgevonden op de site Anse Trabaud, Martinique door de Universiteit Leiden onder leiding van Prof. dr. Corinne Hofman. Hier is...Show moreVanaf half juni tot en met half juli 2012 heeft er een opgraving plaatsgevonden op de site Anse Trabaud, Martinique door de Universiteit Leiden onder leiding van Prof. dr. Corinne Hofman. Hier is veel archeologisch materiaal uit gekomen, waaronder veel aardewerk. Aardewerk vertelt iets over de activiteiten van de mensen die daar leefden en over de eventuele veranderingen die hebben plaatsgevonden door de tijd heen. Aan de hand van de gegevens uit de database zijn er verschillende tabellen en grafieken gemaakt om te analyseren welke activiteiten er op welke locatie hebben plaatsgevonden. Door deze analyse te combineren met het stratigrafische model van Anse Trabaud, wat al eerder is samengesteld, en de C14-dateringen kunnen gebeurtenissen in ruimte en tijd worden vastgesteld. Doordat er slechts een klein gedeelte van de site is opgegraven kunnen er nog geen conclusies worden getrokken over de site-functie en zijn temporele dynamiek in zijn geheel. Wel kan er met het tot nu toe behaalde resultaat een vergelijking worden gemaakt met de interpretaties van een voorgaand onderzoek dat is verricht door Louis Allaire in 2009. Uit het onderzoek van 2012 is voortgekomen dat Anse Trabaud rond 600-1200 na Chr. continu bewoond moet zijn geweest, waarbij de voornaamste bewoning op de duinwal heeft plaatsgevonden. Dit is bevestigd door het aantal scherven, de grootte van de scherven, het aantal gedecoreerd aardewerk, de potvormen en ander vondstmateriaal, zoals de haard. Dit verschilt aanzienlijk met de interpretaties van Louis Allaire, die veronderstelde dat de bewoning op de site Anse Trabaud op verschillende locaties heeft plaatsgevonden voor korte periodes.Show less
Abstract There is a series of aspects and elements at present, whose meaning still remains a mystery. One example of these elements is the “tekenu”, a representation that appears in several tombs...Show moreAbstract There is a series of aspects and elements at present, whose meaning still remains a mystery. One example of these elements is the “tekenu”, a representation that appears in several tombs in Theban region. It is a fact that tekenu is not fully understood due to the lack of ancient written sources about it. Additionally, the absence of a monographic study in order to investigate further the existence of this enigmatic depiction impedes the complete understanding of it. The representation of tekenu has many aspects and there is no primary material in which the maximum of data be available. The previous articles are based on hypotheses and also they are dealing with a couple of representations of tekenu and not to an extensive survey of all data concerning the known representations of it in certain tombs. Thus, the primary objective of this research is the establishment of a systematic approach in order to answer the basic questions, concerning the nature of tekenu, which are the following: How many times is it represented? In what kind of rituals? In which tombs? On which walls? How does it develop from the Old/Middle Kingdom to the New Kingdom? How is it represented? Does it follow a certain type? In how many tombs does it accompanied by text? Following the above concerns, the result was the formation of a table in the first chapter which includes all the relevant information and more. The implementation of all the available information in a table maybe is the key of the beginning of a more coherent research. Also, the attempt to create a certain methodology with the depictions of tekenu inserts the reader straight to the point. Afterwards it is deemed necessary to make an iconographical analysis, according to the rituals in which the tekenu takes part. In parallel there are analytical references to some tombs, as examples, in order the tekenu to be fully understood or at least to have a more spherical knowledge about it. So, the following chapters, deal with different issues concerning the role of tekenu.Show less
Bachelor thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (BSc)
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In deze scriptie is allereerst gekeken naar de sociaal historische context waaruit de Egyptische volksopstand van 2011 is ontstaan. Vervolgens ben ik ingegaan op de in de wetenschappelijke...Show moreIn deze scriptie is allereerst gekeken naar de sociaal historische context waaruit de Egyptische volksopstand van 2011 is ontstaan. Vervolgens ben ik ingegaan op de in de wetenschappelijke literatuur benoemde oorzaken waarom - juist nu - in het hedendaagse Egypte een opstand heeft kunnen plaatsvinden? Ik heb verduidelijkt dat de revolutie niet in een vacuüm plaatsvond, maar dat er jaren van protest aan vooraf gingen vanuit diverse segmenten van de Egyptische samenleving. Er zullen dus verschillende overlappende processen besproken worden die van belang waren rondom de totstandkoming van de revolutie. In het tweede gedeelte van de scriptie heb ik via inzichten vanuit het theoretisch kader van de scriptie duidelijk gemaakt dat de demonstranten het Tahrir-plein; een historisch geproduceerde ruimte die symbool stond voor militaire en politieke macht in Egypte, via revolutionaire en creatieve praktijken (revolutionaire kunst, liederen, leuzen, pamfletten, graffiti, toneel, muziek, etc.) hebben geclaimd en vervolgens getransformeerd, naar een betekenisvolle ruimte waar nieuwe politieke identiteiten gevormd konden worden tijdens de Egyptische revolutie van 2011. Verduidelijkt is via inzichten vanuit het theoretisch kader van Lefebvre (1991), dat demonstranten, via deze creatieve revolutionaire praktijken, het Tahrir-plein transformeerden van een ‘abstracte ruimte’; die decennia lang gedomineerd werd door de censuur, angst en repressiebeleid van onderdrukkende militaire regimes; tot een ‘representatieve ruimte’; die een duurzame massale conversatie mogelijk maakte en een indrukwekkende verandering van agency bewerkstelligde.Show less
The interactions among two or more cultures have always had a great importance for what concerns archaeology, since the influences these have had on material culture have often triggered intrinsic...Show moreThe interactions among two or more cultures have always had a great importance for what concerns archaeology, since the influences these have had on material culture have often triggered intrinsic processes within the society. As a consequence, a new tradition would have been created where it is not possible anymore to recognise what is a foreign element and what is an autochthonous one. In the case of the Japanese archipelago, the relations between the Kyūshū island, the Chinese Han empire and the southern part of the Korean Peninsula led to a material culture which shows the different natures these relations had. Furthermore, these relations triggered some socio-political processes which led to a political hierarchy which reflected especially on the development of the mortuary architecture of the mounded tombs typical of the Kofun Period (250-710 AD). This thesis aims to analyse the nature of the interactions between Kyūshū and the Korean Kingdom of Paekche, as well as the influences these interactions had on the mortuary architecture of the Late Kofun Period (475-710 AD). The phenomenon of the decorated tombs will be taken as specific case study of a shared element between the two cultures. The discussion of the data gathered specifically for this thesis, regarding 21 sample sites from Fukuoka and Kumamoto prefectures, attempts to show how through the decorated tombs it is possible to gain new information regarding the Late Kofun society in Kyūshū, and how interactions not always lead to a complete adoption of foreign element. Using literary analysis and Barnes’ (2007) similar research regarding the two previous phases of the Kofun Period, preliminary results show evidence that the interactions between Ky¬ūshū and southern Korea during the late Kofun Period were not as one-sided as is often believed. The Late Kofun decorated tombs appear to be neither merely a copy of Korean examples, nor a completely indigenous innovation, but rather a combination of the two. Where the differences in decoration show a distinct separate identity base on long previous traditions, the similarities in architecture show evidence of “Peer Polity Interaction”, a theory expounded by Renfrew (1986) and evidenced for the earlier two periods in Barnes’ (2007) research.Show less
