The neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in prosocial behavior and social cognition. However, little is known on the influence of oxytocin on the perception of infant positive and negative...Show moreThe neuropeptide oxytocin has been implicated in prosocial behavior and social cognition. However, little is known on the influence of oxytocin on the perception of infant positive and negative characteristics. In a double-blind placebo-controlled study, 40 females (Mage = 20.11) were asked to rate characteristics of infants with high, medium and low infantile physical features before and after receiving nasal spray containing either 16 IU of oxytocin or placebo. We found an increase of adults` perception of infant positive characteristics over time. In both conditions females perceived infants with less infantile physical features as displaying significantly more positive characteristics at posttreatment compared to pretreatment. We also found that participants perceived positive characteristics of infants in the high infantile physical features category as even more positive at posttreatment compared to pretreatment, but depending on treatment. Participants who received placebo perceived infants with more infantile physical features as more positive at posttreatment than at pretreatment, but oxytocin prevented increase on positive perception. Females who received oxytocin perceived infants with high infantile physical features almost equally positive both at pretreatment and at posttreatment. We conclude that when young adults are already highly prosocial to infants with infantile physical features, oxytocin may prevent an even more positive perception of infants. Our findings indicate that the effects of oxytocin are nuanced, and its effects contingent on personal and contextual factors.Show less
The West Friesland Bronze Age marked itself within the Prehistory of the Netherlands with the well- preserved remains of houses, fields, tumuli and other features, all surrounded by ditches. They...Show moreThe West Friesland Bronze Age marked itself within the Prehistory of the Netherlands with the well- preserved remains of houses, fields, tumuli and other features, all surrounded by ditches. They not only show a well- organized society but a diligently planned water management system as well. Within this thesis the main focus is directed towards botanical remains, namely crops, of two sites - Bovenkarspel Het Valkje and Enkhuizen Kadijken. Based on the information that has been gained some of the farming activities and soil quality of the sites might be investigated. Due to poor sampling of Enkhuizen Kadijken the comparison of the features was limited to only house ditches. Because the ditch – digging behaviour is rather unique in light of other Dutch Bronze Age sites it has been decided to compare the crops material not only against other already excavated sites of West Friesland but also against sites located on the riverine and Pleistocene areas. It was conducted in order to check whether the farmers who lived in different environmental condition follow the same trend of agriculture.Show less
Er is nog geen consensus bereikt over de opbouw van executieve functies (EF) bij jonge kinderen. Dit onderzoek onderzocht daarom, met behulp van de Nederlandse versie van de BRIEF-P, de...Show moreEr is nog geen consensus bereikt over de opbouw van executieve functies (EF) bij jonge kinderen. Dit onderzoek onderzocht daarom, met behulp van de Nederlandse versie van de BRIEF-P, de ontwikkeling van executieve functies bij 731 kinderen tussen de 2 en 5 jaar oud in Nederland. De resultaten bevestigden de verwachting dat de verschillende domeinen van EF via verschillende ontwikkelingspaden verlopen. Er werden resultaten gevonden die aansluiten bij een al eerder gevonden ontwikkelingspatroon, waarbij aandachtsprocessen zich als eerste ontwikkelen gevolgd door de ontwikkeling van achtereenvolgens het werkgeheugen, inhibitie, cognitieve flexibiliteit en planning. Voor het domein werkgeheugen werd een significant leeftijdseffect gevonden, waarbij de 4/5 jarigen significant lager scoorden dan de 2/3 jarigen. Deze resultaten geven meer inzicht in de (normale en afwijkende) ontwikkeling en opbouw van EF bij kinderen tussen de 2 en 5 jaar oud in Nederland. Meer onderzoek, waarbij gebruik wordt gemaakt van verschillende meetinstrumenten, is van belang om deze resultaten te bevestigen.Show less
Zowel motivatie als cognitieve controle functies zijn nodig voor het doelgerichte handelen. Literatuur wijst op interactie tussen motivatie en cognitieve controle functies tijdens enkelvoudige...Show moreZowel motivatie als cognitieve controle functies zijn nodig voor het doelgerichte handelen. Literatuur wijst op interactie tussen motivatie en cognitieve controle functies tijdens enkelvoudige taken. Het is echter onbekend hoe motivatie en cognitieve controle functies bijdragen aan het adaptieve functioneren en daarmee welke rol zij spelen tijdens onze dagelijkse vaardigheden. Specifiek voor verschillende klinische groepen waarbij we problemen zien met de cognitieve controle functies, zoals autisme en ADHD, willen we bekijken of motivatie een aanknopingspunt kan bieden om het adaptieve functioneren te beïnvloeden. Dit onderzoek richt zich op de samenhang tussen mastery motivatie en cognitieve controle functies en het belang voor adaptief functioneren. Bij 58 kinderen van 9 tot en met 12 jaar, werden cognitieve controle functies gemeten middels neuropsychologische taken. De ouders hebben vragenlijsten ingevuld gericht op mastery motivatie en sociale vaardigheden. We vinden een negatief verband tussen cognitieve controle en doorzettingsvermogen. Daarnaast zien we dat doorzettingsvermogen compenseert voor zwakke cognitieve controle en een positieve invloed heeft op adaptief functioneren. Dit wijst op het belang van het stimuleren van motivatie bij klinische groepen met zwakke cognitieve controle functies, met als doel het adaptieve functioneren te verbeteren. Implicaties worden besproken.Show less
This thesis is written as an orientation on heritage management and archaeology in Suriname. To be able to draw conclusions on this subject, the discussion first is on theoretical insights about...Show moreThis thesis is written as an orientation on heritage management and archaeology in Suriname. To be able to draw conclusions on this subject, the discussion first is on theoretical insights about heritage management. The theoretical discussion emphasizes the western scholar perspective in heritage management as well as archaeology. This western progressivist evolutionary perspective also has its consequences for policymaking in Suriname. Decisions from the past are of influence in the present. As a result UNESCO World Heritage enlisting of the Paramaribo city centre has led to many initiatives on the level of cultural perception but also is basic to a quite heavy financial and organizational responsibility for Surinamese society. Further heritage policy making must take notion of the existing commitments but also needs orientation on what fits the market economy of the country. Both building a sense of national consciousness and responsibility for the countries vulnerable Indigenous inhabitants and their culture should be taken care of within future policy making. From the before mentioned point of view archaeology and heritage management opens new possibilities. Revitalization of archaeology within Suriname could lead to an awareness of the processes that created present day society and give greater time depth to human presence in Suriname. It has the ability to set Surinamese history stronger within the regions communal past and to create mutual understanding. To emphasize the possibilities of the discipline there should be looked at better implementation of archaeology within existing management frameworks. Also should be undertaken a better societal advertisement of archaeological work. This can only be reached by making archaeology more public within the country. In this manner valuable archaeological information will be spared and cultural perception will increase.Show less
