In today's world where globalization, sustainable development and nature conservation are front-page news, a counter-narrative is also perceived in the form of environmental destruction with...Show moreIn today's world where globalization, sustainable development and nature conservation are front-page news, a counter-narrative is also perceived in the form of environmental destruction with migratory consequences and therefore social and socio-economic disintegration in some regions of the world. This thesis investigates the relationship between mining, nature conservation and the consequences for Venezuelan indigenous populations. This study shows that the so-called "Orinoco Mining Arc" in the Amazonian territory of Venezuela (a government mining initiative that generates a rapid – and in cases illegal – source of income, with little control by the respective Government) results in the so-called ecocide, that is, extensive and serious damage to nature that refers precisely to the total environmental destruction in a given area, whether or not it is protected.Show less
Bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) are constructions where an inflected light verb from one language co-occurs with an inserted lexical verb from another language, which provides the semantic content,...Show moreBilingual compound verbs (BCVs) are constructions where an inflected light verb from one language co-occurs with an inserted lexical verb from another language, which provides the semantic content, e.g., Spanish/English hacer cook “to cook”: Spanish/Maya hacer loch “to hug”. Although previous studies, i.a., Balam (2015); Balam et al. (2020); Michalski (2017), have analyzed the (morpho)syntactic structure of hacer “to do” BCVs in Spanish/English code-switching and Maya/Spanish code-switching respectively, there is no study that offers a semantic analysis of these innovative constructions in these bilingual varieties. Endeavoring to fill this gap, the present study examines the semantic use of BCVs in Orange Walk, Belize and the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico; two linguistically and sociohistorically connected yet distinct communities where Spanish hacer BCVs have been attested (e.g., Balam, 2015; Michalski, 2017). More specifically, we analyzed which semantic domains are open to other language lexical verbs in these two bi/multilingual communities that markedly differ in terms of their frequency of use of BCVs. 903 BCVs from Balam ́s (2016a) corpus of oral production data from Northern Belize and 237 BCVs from Michalski ́s (2021) Yucatan Spanish Twitter corpus were coded using our categorization model, consisting of 3 mains semantic categories, 28 mutually exclusive categories and 5 references to identity. Results show that there are significant similarities and differences regarding the openness of semantic domains to other language lexical verbs in the two communities. In terms of similarities, subcategories “C1 School, Education, Learning-Related” and “B2 Friendships, Social Communication” evinced high levels of openness (> 7%) across the two communities. In terms of differences, the BCVs from Yucatan encapsulated a relatively high degree of cultural and linguistic references (47%) that are idiosyncratic to the Yucatecan/Mayan community. We therefore posit that Backus ́s (2001) concept of specificity and Treffers-Daller ́s (2023) listedness to be the main motivations for the insertion of Maya verbs in hacer BCVs. The Belize results demonstrate that many different semantic contexts exhibited openness to English verb insertions, reflecting the multicultural and multilingual identity of the Northern Belizean society. The high degree of openness found in “C1 School, Education, Learning-Related” (20%) and “C2 Work-Related”(13%) can be attributed to the more frequent (official) use of English in educational and professional settings, possibly resulting in higher levels of “entrenchment” in the speakers´minds (Backus, 2014).Show less
En la presente investigación se analiza el mapudungun en las redes sociales, especialmente, en Facebook. Este proyecto trata de evidenciar el hecho de que, en la actualidad, las plataformas...Show moreEn la presente investigación se analiza el mapudungun en las redes sociales, especialmente, en Facebook. Este proyecto trata de evidenciar el hecho de que, en la actualidad, las plataformas digitales mantienen una relación estrecha con el mundo exterior. Dentro de este orden de ideas, se demuestra como el mapudungun en Facebook contribuye notablemente al activismo mapuche contemporáneo. De este modo, se investigan factores relacionados con el ámbito político, social y cultural de la sociedad chilena. La realización de este trabajo no solamente significa un avance lingüístico, sino también sociopolítico, ya que se presenta información complementaria para la comprensión de los procesos políticos actuales del país. Además, es necesario mencionar que, a día de hoy, dicha cuestión aún no ha sido abordada en su totalidad. Para llevar a cabo este propósito se ofrece, inicialmente, una contextualización del estudio en la que se aborda la correlación de poderes, las estructuras hegemónicas y el conflicto mapuche, de tal forma que destaca un enfoque histórico de los hechos. Posteriormente, se concede un marco teórico y una revisión de la literatura en la que salen a la luz los conceptos más relevantes en relación al activismo digital y las vivencias mapuches en los medios de comunicación. La metodología trata de especificar y justificar el plan de acción, por lo que cada uno de los pasos tomados son clarificados. El análisis se concentra en un corpus recreado por el propio autor, de modo que la información necesaria fue recopilada por este mismo. Si bien, este corpus fue facilitado por una página de Facebook, “Kimeltuwe, materiales en mapudungun”. En este caso, se seleccionaron publicaciones de diferentes tipos, por ejemplo, imágenes, memes y gráficos. Los resultados demuestran como el ambiente del multiculturalismo neoliberal chileno, basado en una mentalidad colonial, sigue perjudicando a la población mapuche, la cual hace notar su disconformidad a través de las redes sociales. Las señales de protesta se enfocan principalmente en la construcción de la identidad mapuche, la búsqueda de la autonomía y autodeterminación de su pueblo y los procesos de territorialización.Show less
This research analysed the migration policy and humanitarian implications regarding Venezuelan immigrants arriving in Colombia and Peru. The central question guiding the study is: what are the...Show moreThis research analysed the migration policy and humanitarian implications regarding Venezuelan immigrants arriving in Colombia and Peru. The central question guiding the study is: what are the humanitarian implications of Venezuelan immigrants of migration policies in Colombia and Peru since the 2015 economic crisis in Venezuela? The research has been carried out through the analysis of academic literature, media articles, government documents from migration departments, law and migration journals, and finally reports from international organizations involved in migration. The increase in the Venezuelan migratory flow and the successive problems that have arisen due to the margins of interpretation in the initial migration policy led to a lack of protection among Venezuelan migrants. However, the application of the new exceptional measures destined for the Venezuelan migrants has a more humanitarian element, but with a protectionist design. This again led to lack of protection and irregular immigration status, but on a lesser scale.Show less
This study investigates the manifestation of Islamophobia in Argentina’s capital of Buenos Aires and its effect on the Muslim communities. By looking at the historical context of migration and the...Show moreThis study investigates the manifestation of Islamophobia in Argentina’s capital of Buenos Aires and its effect on the Muslim communities. By looking at the historical context of migration and the current visibility of the community, this study demonstrates that Islamophobia is only limited experienced by the Muslim communities in the city due to a generally low level of islamophobia and high degree of efficient integration. Comparatively analysing the case of Buenos Aires to other case studies from predominantly catholic countries with an Islamic minority, this study finds that the current tendency of Islamophobia does not affect the integration of Muslims in the society of Buenos Aires. Furthermore, the Argentinean national identity and the Islamic religious identity co-exist and are currently not threatened by Islamophobia.Show less
Peru faces problems in evenly distributing its water sources amongst regions and stakeholders, resulting in a lack of access to water near the coast and in the Andes. These problems of scarcity are...Show morePeru faces problems in evenly distributing its water sources amongst regions and stakeholders, resulting in a lack of access to water near the coast and in the Andes. These problems of scarcity are worsened by a growing Peruvian population and processes of urbanization, while water resources are distributed unevenly between Peru's three main geographical regions: 'la costa', 'la selva' and 'la sierra'. In order to combat these problems, the Peruvian government proposed and implemented a new water law in 2009: la Ley de los Recursos Hídricos 29338. This thesis evaluates the results of this water law and uses the active mining region of Cajamarca as a case study to evaluate the law. We find that the new water law provides a basis for a better integrated organization of water management through new institutions and organizations. However, its contents are ambiguous and leave room for neoliberal interpretations, which consolidates the power of the agro and mining sectors in the distribution of water sources in Peru.Show less
This research analyses how effective have been the counterterrorism measurements and security policies of the Peruvian governments of the twenty-first century to combat the increasing violent...Show moreThis research analyses how effective have been the counterterrorism measurements and security policies of the Peruvian governments of the twenty-first century to combat the increasing violent activities and insecurity in Peru organised by Sendero Luminoso. Political violence by insurgent armed groups has been a major problem which many Latin American governments have had to deal with since the Cold War, and Peru has not been an exception with the significant presence of Sendero Luminoso between 1980 and 2000. However, since the turn of the twenty-first century, several Peruvian regimes and installed security forces, the national police, intelligence services and even civilians express concern that the brutal and violent past due to political violence must not be repeated. The research is performed on the basis of an analysis of the counterterrorism measurements and its strategies, and the security policies installed by the Peruvian governments of 2001 until 2018 as a reaction on the violent activities of Sendero Luminoso in the named period and to maintain security in the country.Show less
