Esta investigación analiza la ‘guerra contra la piratería’ y la criminalización del comercio informal en México mediante un análisis de la política mexicana y los efectos que esta tiene en el mundo...Show moreEsta investigación analiza la ‘guerra contra la piratería’ y la criminalización del comercio informal en México mediante un análisis de la política mexicana y los efectos que esta tiene en el mundo globalizado. Se enfoca en la manera en que el Gobierno mexicano intenta solucionar el problema, influido por relaciones comerciales internacionales. Se analiza específicamente en qué medida el Gobierno mexicano es capaz de cumplir con los acuerdos y tratados internacionales en esta materia. Los escasos resultados en la guerra contra la piratería hacen que las empresas (inter)nacionales pierdan ingresos por su propiedad intelectual con el efecto de que México resulta menos atractivo para las inversiones y que tenga una mala reputación en el mundo empresarial internacional. Solo que esto no resulta en una posición muy desfavorable porque los países más desarrollados son dependientes de México para poder beneficiarse de sus derechos de propiedad intelectual. Por lo tanto, estos países buscan cooperar intensivamente para poder mejorar el sistema de protección de sus derechos en México.Show less
The level of mental effort when performing everyday activities depends on many factors, and it is constrained by the working memory capacity. Factors such as the type of work, the work schedule,...Show moreThe level of mental effort when performing everyday activities depends on many factors, and it is constrained by the working memory capacity. Factors such as the type of work, the work schedule, and special events like exams, deadlines, or holidays may cause temporary increases or decreases to the cognitive load of daily routines. Given the dominance of circadian clocks in human behaviours and cognitive output, is mental effort also consistently influenced by the time of day? This study explored the possibility that cognitive load fluctuates in a consistent temporal pattern that is close to diurnal cycles observed in human behaviour and cognition. The approach was based on the assumption that smartphones tapping data can act as a proxy for cognitive load levels in order to capture the daily dynamic changes unobtrusively and in vivo. The sample data was collected from 64 healthy individuals, with a duration period on average of 33 days. A spectral analysis on the time-series of the tapping sessions revealed the existence of a diurnal cycle of 24 h in both low and high cognitive load measures, with no significant differences in the cycles’ amplitude. This suggests that people distribute their mental effort consistently across the day with similar intensity between activities that require low and high cognitive resources. This finding was again confirmed at the individual level by a cross correlation analysis. Interestingly, the participants exhibit barely visible weekly cycles with relatively weak signals, which could be a reflection of the time of the study during coronavirus lockdown; hence the influence of weekday/weekend rhythm may be diminished. Further research should examine the time of day when cognitive load peaks and declines, as well as the individual differences. The information can be valuable for various domains that are concerned with learning, performance and health.Show less
The ICTY and ICTR convicted numerous acts of wartime sexual violence perpetrated on males and females. They have been considered pioneers in international criminal law due to the wealth of...Show moreThe ICTY and ICTR convicted numerous acts of wartime sexual violence perpetrated on males and females. They have been considered pioneers in international criminal law due to the wealth of jurisprudence and definitions they created. However, scholars have accused the Tribunals of ‘leaving behind the men’ through primarily focusing on female victims of sexual violence. This thesis addresses this claim and assesses how the prosecution of wartime sexual violence in both Tribunals differed depending on gender. Employing a textual analysis of ICTY and ICTR court records, it compares sexual violence cases against males and females in terms of language, framing and prosecution. The results of the analysis demonstrate that, while progress can be made for victims of both genders, male victims are disenfranchised through mischaracterization of their experiences, gender-based language, and differing prosecution of similar crimes.Show less
Throughout history, popular mass uprisings have led to many regime crises in Africa and the Middle East. The comportment of the military is of great importance as it shapes a revolt’s outcome....Show moreThroughout history, popular mass uprisings have led to many regime crises in Africa and the Middle East. The comportment of the military is of great importance as it shapes a revolt’s outcome. Coups d’état are the traditional indicator for measuring military behaviour. Various domestic and international factors affect the behaviour of the armed forces and thus, coups. This thesis looks at one of the most critical international influencers: foreign military aid. More precisely, it tries to understand how two specific U.S. Foreign Military Assistance programs, the IMET program and the FMF program, affect the behaviour of the recipient African or Middle Eastern military. Data on coup outcome and success are used to measure military behaviour. A cross-national statistical analysis is conducted in 60 countries between 2000 and 2018. The analysis finds that more education and training lead to a smaller chance for a coup to be attempted and to be successful in the recipient country. Furthermore, it finds that as U.S. financing increases, so does the likelihood of a coup. Apart from this, the results indicate a significant positive relationship between the effect of the FMF program on the chances of a coup to be successful.Show less
