The reseach question is ‘’How does the use of citizen involvement by CoR on the Green Deal affect the institution’s legitimacy?’. This thesis will look at different way on how to engage with...Show moreThe reseach question is ‘’How does the use of citizen involvement by CoR on the Green Deal affect the institution’s legitimacy?’. This thesis will look at different way on how to engage with citizens and how that will affect an institution’s legitimacy. A case study has been conducted on the Green deal and the European Committee of the Regions.Show less
Abstract In this study is analyzed whether the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Moreno-Ocampo (2003-2012) and Bensouda (2012-2021), consistently selected situations for...Show moreAbstract In this study is analyzed whether the Prosecutor of the International Criminal Court (ICC), Moreno-Ocampo (2003-2012) and Bensouda (2012-2021), consistently selected situations for investigation and whether the appointment of Bensouda influenced decisions of the Court in favor of African situations. Although the ICC wants to serve all parties involved, there extends a severe chance for being influenced via the Prosecutor, especially while the Prosecutor enjoys much discretion to influence the situation selection via the gravity threshold reducing the legitimacy the ICC. Both Prosecutors have been criticized for being inconsistently selecting African situations. Although the second Prosecutor was an African official, her appointment did not lead to a decrease of criticisms. Therefore this study investigates whether both Prosecutors consistently applied the selection procedures for investigation and whether the appointment of Bensouda influenced the process in favor of African situations. This is done by evaluating how both Prosecutors handled with respect to the gravity threshold; the onliest component within selection on which the Prosecutor actually can insert its influence. Thus is concluded that both Prosecutors approached gravity differently. Whereas Moreno-Ocampo defined the gravity of a given situation in terms of the number of victims, Bensouda determined the gravity of a crime in terms of its scale, nature, manner of commission and impact. This study concludes that Moreno-Ocampo policies were really consistently pointing towards the gravest crimes, whereas Bensouda’s policies were less consistent. She selected some situations that were less serious in terms of gravity than situations rejected. Although Bensouda’s policies were less consistent in character, her policies don’t follow a pattern selecting in favor of African states. This study concludes by stating that Bensouda’s policies were less consistently focused on the gravest crimes of concern, while her qualitative formulation of gravity led much room to apply discretion, but that there is no reason to assume that her policies tended in favor of African situations.Show less
Internationale organisaties spelen in toenemende mate een rol in het politieke landschap. Het aantal internationale organisaties groeit (Lall, 2017) door de jaren heen, maar weten hoe goed zij hun...Show moreInternationale organisaties spelen in toenemende mate een rol in het politieke landschap. Het aantal internationale organisaties groeit (Lall, 2017) door de jaren heen, maar weten hoe goed zij hun taak vervullen weten wij niet echt. De prestaties van internationale organisaties zijn tot nu toe redelijk onderbelicht gebleven in de wetenschappelijke wereld. Het artikel van Tallberg, Sommerer, Squatitro en Lundgren (2016) geeft een model waarmee de prestaties van internationale organisaties gemeten kunnen worden aan de hand van de beleidsoutput. De beleidsoutput wordt vervolgens getoetst met vijf variabelen: beleidsvolume, beleidsoriëntatie, beleidstype, beleidsinstrument en beleidsdoel. Deze scriptie gebruikt het dit framewerk om twee internationale organisaties te onderzoeken, de Europese Unie en de Organisatie voor Economische Samenwerking en Ontwikkeling (OESO). Hierbij wordt het milieubeleid van beide organisaties onder de loep genomen. werden drie van de vijf originele variabelen meegenomen en werden de beleidstukken van beide organisaties onderzocht door middel van inhoudsanalyse. Hieruit werden een paar dingen duidelijk. De beleidstypes die de beide organisaties kiezen zijn redelijk gelijk aan elkaar. Het regelgevende beleidstype wordt het vaakst gekozen, maar er is wel sprake van meer variatie bij de Europese Unie. Beleidsdoelen laten ook veel gelijkenissen zien. Opmerkelijk is wel dat de OESO relatief vaker beleid adviseert aan externe partijen, waarbij het vooral gaat om landen die niet volledig lid zijn van de organisatie. Het grootste verschil is te zien bij de beleidsinstrumenten. De OESO heeft geen harde beleidsinstrumenten om te gebruiken in tegenstelling tot de Europese Unie. Die gebruikte over het algemeen harde beleidsinstrumenten om zo het beleid op te leggen aan de lidstaten. Hieruit kan geconcludeerd worden dat beide organisaties hun mandaat vervullen, maar de Europese Unie beter presteert om het gewenste beleid tot uitvoering te laten komen. Aan het onderzoek zitten wel een paar beperkingen. Ten eerste zijn er veel verschillende organisaties, maar dit onderzoek kijkt maar naar twee. Verder zijn niet alle variabelen meegenomen van het originele artikel en wordt er alleen gekeken naar de beleidsoutput. Het onderzoek naar de prestaties van internationale organisaties staat nog in de kinderschoenen, dus toekomstig onderzoek is nog zeker nodig.Show less
In recent decades, the political legitimacy of International Organisations has been heavily criticised, and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is no exception. The purpose of this research...Show moreIn recent decades, the political legitimacy of International Organisations has been heavily criticised, and the United Nations Security Council (UNSC) is no exception. The purpose of this research is to determine to what extent the United Nations (UN) member states consider the current UNSC as a legitimate organisation. The following research question is therefore formulated: How has the handling of the UNSC, with regard to the Syrian Civil War, affected the political legitimacy of the UNSC through the perception of UN member states? The concept of political legitimacy is divided into three different dimensions: legal legitimacy, procedural legitimacy and performance legitimacy. To answer the research question, a qualitative content analysis was carried out, examining all adopted and vetoed resolutions regarding the Syrian Civil War. Throughout the 42 resolutions, 55 different UN member states were present to vote and make statements on the case. These votes and statements were subsequently interpreted to measure the level of legal, procedural and performance legitimacy. The results have demonstrated that, with regard to the Syrian Civil Ware, the UNSC’s legal legitimacy has equally increased and diminished, its procedural legitimacy has diminished and that its performance legitimacy has not diminished through the perception of UN member states. Based on the results of the empirical analysis, this study recommends that the UNSC should reform its veto procedure to receive more procedural legitimacy. Regarding the legal and performance legitimacy, it is recommended that the UNSC should not reform. Additionally, possible further research should focus on different cases than the Syrian Civil War to ensure a more comprehensive solution for the UNSC’s political legitimacy debate.Show less
