In this thesis research has been conducted regarding the following question: is it possible to translate the long Qur’anic surah sūrat al-Raḥmān into Dutch, whereby the following three criteria are...Show moreIn this thesis research has been conducted regarding the following question: is it possible to translate the long Qur’anic surah sūrat al-Raḥmān into Dutch, whereby the following three criteria are met: 1. the meaning is preserved 2. the oral and aural aspect is conveyed 3. the translation is presented in natural and accessible Dutch. To meet the criterion of aurality and orality the translation must meet the testible criteria of rhyme, metre, parallelism, lexical echoes, conciseness, the relation between the sound of words and the atmosphere of a verse or surah, and repetition, which are the most important linguistic structures underlying orality and aurality. Recognizability for Muslims is part of the criterion of meaning. A translation method according to these criteria has been used in the testcase and the translation process has been described. The above resulted in a translation that met the criteria of the research question.Show less
In this research, we study the oxidation process of the Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) niobium diselenide, NbSe2. TMDs are a category of van der Waals materials, of which samples are...Show moreIn this research, we study the oxidation process of the Transition Metal Dichalcogenide (TMD) niobium diselenide, NbSe2. TMDs are a category of van der Waals materials, of which samples are obtained by exfoliation. The measurements are performed with the Low Energy Electron Microscope (LEEM), which measures reflectivity at different energy, resulting in the so-called IV curves. To analyze oxidation, we have developed a new method to obtain in situ exfoliated flakes in the LEEM set-up. First, we measure in situ cleaved NbSe2 flakes (bulk). The reflectivity upon adding (pure) oxygen is followed. Additionally, the reflectivity of ex situ cleaved NbSe2 flakes is assessed. Here, an intensity boundary between flake’s edge and center is recognized. The reflectivity measurements show that the electronic structure is different across the boundary: a V-shaped reflectivity minimum appears, which sharpens over time upon oxidation. The boundary is further researched with Atomic Force Microscopy and Energy Dispersive X-ray analysis. Additionally, we perform roughness analysis and Principal Component Analysis. The latter provides an alternative method to follow the change in electronic properties over time. We propose that already degraded NbSe2 flakes are more susceptible to oxidatin damage, compared to in situ exfoliated flakes. Upon further measurements, the in situ cleaved samples do not show any degradation signs, therefore we attribute the presence of an intensity contrast with the associated IV features, to oxidized NbSe2.Show less
Migration as a theme has held a prominent position in the (European) museum world since the 1990s. An extensive theoretical debate on its representation has been evolved since then. City museums...Show moreMigration as a theme has held a prominent position in the (European) museum world since the 1990s. An extensive theoretical debate on its representation has been evolved since then. City museums have emerged as important arenas for the exploring of the migration theme. In the development of migration-themed exhibitions, a common practice involves collaborating with local migrant communities to gather narratives previously untold or underrepresented. Whether the collected (hi)stories are presented and stored through tangible or intangible means, often this collected information is “new”. Despite the enduring presence of migration as a phenomenon throughout human history, relatively little attention has been directed towards exploring it within existing historical museum collections. While some scholars recognize the potential of historical collections to contribute to inclusive migration representations, this aspect remains relatively underexplored. This study employed two primary research strategies to address this gap. Firstly, interviews were conducted with six city museum professionals. Secondly, collection research was undertaken at the Stedelijk Museum Schiedam, focusing on revisiting its historical collection. The research uncovered that revisiting historical city museum collections can yield valuable insights into migration-related histories. By posing different questions and embracing an interdisciplinary approach, previously overlooked objects can be reinterpreted to narrate migration stories. The effectiveness of this approach was demonstrated through the case study of the Stedelijk Museum Schiedam, where several migration-related objects were identified within the historical collection. These objects, including a curved draw knife, a painting, and a sketch, symbolized various migration stories to Schiedam, such as German, Polish, and Huguenot migrations. The interdisciplinary aspect was found to be essential in enriching the revisiting process. Linking historical or archaeological data to museum collections facilitated a deeper understanding of migration-related narratives. Furthermore, exposing historical museum objects to present-day impulses can offer fresh perspectives. While participative projects have been advocated as a primary method for gathering new migration stories, this research revealed a certain hesitancy, fearing the reduction of migrants' experiences to stereotypical representations. Instead, there was a preference for embedding migration within other themes, allowing for a more nuanced portrayal of individuals' lives beyond their migrant status. Overall, this research revealed that revisiting historical city museum collections can offer valuable insights into migration-related histories. Furthermore, it contributes to a more nuanced understanding of the use of participative strategies in sourcing migration objects, highlighting the importance of interdisciplinary approaches and thoughtful integration in the European city museum context.Show less
One of the greatest remaining puzzles in physics is what particle dark matter consists of. For this project, the theory of dark pions is considered, a Hidden Valley model that extends the Standard...Show moreOne of the greatest remaining puzzles in physics is what particle dark matter consists of. For this project, the theory of dark pions is considered, a Hidden Valley model that extends the Standard Model with new, dark particles and a new force, dark QCD. A sensitivity study is performed to determine how many dark pions are expected to be in acceptance of the LHCb detector for Run 2 conditions; the LHCb is well-suited to search for particles in the considered O(1) GeV mass and O(1) - O(100) ps lifetime range. Additionally, a framework has been developed to study the dependence of the sensitivity on a number of theoretical parameters of the dark QCD model, namely the probability to form a dark vector meson instead of a dark pion, the number of colours in dark QCD, the dark QCD scale, and the Higgs mass. It is found that O(100) dark pions are in LHCb acceptance for different track categories, and that the considered the- oretical parameters do not drastically change the number of expected particles (with some small caveats), staying within a difference of about 20%. This is acceptable given the expected experimental uncertainty, showing theory inde- pendent searches for dark pions are possible.Show less
The past decades have shown a rise in skin cancer. This creates the need for prevention and efficient treatment. The most common skin cancer (melanoma) can only be treated when detected early. In...Show moreThe past decades have shown a rise in skin cancer. This creates the need for prevention and efficient treatment. The most common skin cancer (melanoma) can only be treated when detected early. In this thesis we propose a method of increasing awareness for people with a high risk of skin cancer as well as allowing for early detection. Skin cancer is hard to detect, even for experiences healthcare professionals. One of the signals of potential harm full lesions is change over time. We propose to develop an application with which changes in skin lesions can be identified early. By allowing patients to film their body with a mobile phone camera we aim to track the development of lesions. If a patient films their body regularly changes can be detected and the application can urge the patient to consult a dermatologist. In this thesis we explore the possibility of combining the frames of these films into an overview displaying the patients complete back or arm. Combining frames is called stitching. Different stitching techniques found in literature are explored and tested for effectiveness. The optimizations performed are reported and the final result is presented. The location of the different lesions on an overview of the body is needed to show the patient and the healthcare professional where potential harmful lesions are located on the body. This allows for further inspection at the dermatology department.Show less
The Eurozone crisis is an example of how democratic regimes can be threatened under emergencies, and it revealed two contributing phenomena – the state of exception and technocracy. This thesis...Show moreThe Eurozone crisis is an example of how democratic regimes can be threatened under emergencies, and it revealed two contributing phenomena – the state of exception and technocracy. This thesis aims to understand the link between the two in the context of emergency politics, through the paradox of politics. This paradox, which can be traced back to Rousseau, brings to light an aporia in democratic politics, where we need good citizens to make good laws and good laws to make good citizens. This thesis starts by analysing each phenomenon individually and the way they threaten democracy. It then interprets them through the paradox of politics as arrangements meant to resolve that paradox, but infringing upon the ideal of democracy it subscribes to (inspired by the analysis of political theorist Bonnie Honig). Finally, it analyses the link between them and the potentials for the democratization of emergency politics. The main conclusions are 1) in emergency politics, technocracy and exception display a link of mutual reinforcement that infringes upon democratic politics (empirically and conceptually), and 2) the democratization of emergency politics requires not only a deexceptionalization of emergency (as suggested by Honig), but also a process of detechnocratization of democracy.Show less
In this thesis the relative spectral energy density of stochastic primordial gravitational waves is investigated. Decoupling of Standard Model particles and neutrino free-streaming affect the...Show moreIn this thesis the relative spectral energy density of stochastic primordial gravitational waves is investigated. Decoupling of Standard Model particles and neutrino free-streaming affect the expansion history of the universe and thus leave characteristic signatures on the amplitude of the gravitational wave spectrum. Adding extra light or heavy particles damps the spectrum at frequencies before the particle decouples. Including an extra neutrino species amplifies the spectrum at larger wave numbers, but damps it at shorter wave numbers. Measuring these primordial gravitational waves reveals the thermal history of the universe. One possible non-standard thermal history is early matter domination due to the inflaton. It is shown that, in this cosmology, the end of early matter domination and beginning of the radiation era depend linearly on the reheating temperature.Show less
The intergalactic medium (IGM) contains most of the baryonic matter of the Universe and serves as a suitable environment for probing the thermal history of the Universe. The crucial moment in IGM...Show moreThe intergalactic medium (IGM) contains most of the baryonic matter of the Universe and serves as a suitable environment for probing the thermal history of the Universe. The crucial moment in IGM evolution is the Epoch of Reionization, corresponding to the transition from neutral to ionized IGM. However, due to the observational limitations, this period is still not well understood. In this thesis, we focus on constraining IGM thermal history by using Lyman-alpha forests data. This method is applicable in a wide range of temperatures, densities, and ionization fractions of cosmic gas at z about 2 − 5. Observations show that the longitudinal flux power spectrum of the Lyman-α forest exhibits a cut-off at small scales. This phenomenon is caused by thermal Doppler broadening, peculiar velocities along the line of sight (LOS), Hydrogen pressure smoothing, and warm dark matter. The first two effects act only along LOS, while the last two affect all spatial directions. To separate the one-dimensional and three-dimensional effects, we used the method of close quasar pairs, which is based on studying the correlations between Lyman-alpha forests of close quasar pairs. We used the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to analyze the differences between distributions of phase difference, which characterizes correlations between Lyman-alpha forests. The calculations were performed for various thermal histories, parameters characterizing IGM, LOS separations, and wavenumbers, and accounting for different effects (Doppler broadening and peculiar velocities). Our results indicate that this method can distinguish various thermal histories regardless of the IGM thermal state and one-dimensional effects. Moreover, at separations of the order of pressure broadening, there is a prominent feature caused by different influences of pressure smoothing at large and small scales. In addition, this simple and powerful approach has the potential to distinguish scenarios with warm dark matter.Show less
In this thesis we present an experimental realisation of a double loop type Magnetic Paul Trap. We show that a microgram heavy NdFeB permanent magnet can stably be levitated for hours at room...Show moreIn this thesis we present an experimental realisation of a double loop type Magnetic Paul Trap. We show that a microgram heavy NdFeB permanent magnet can stably be levitated for hours at room temperature in this trap. Magnetic levitation of a magnetized particle is theoretically possible with this trap by generating opposed alternating magnetic fields. We show the fabrication of a printed circuit structure capable of producing these fields, as well as the engineering behind the realisation of the trap. Both by optical and magnetic readout we characterize the motion of the trapped magnet and show that its center of mass motion frequencies $\omega_z = 2\omega_{x,y} \approx 20Hz$. We characterize the damping on these modes and find that at low pressure the quality factor is strongly limited (to $Q \approx 90$) by coupling to the environment through generation of Eddy currents.Show less
In this work, a near-zero stiffness mechanical filter is designed for use in STMs in a cryogenic environment. The filter is a Geometric anti-spring (GAS) filter which consists of a set of blades...Show moreIn this work, a near-zero stiffness mechanical filter is designed for use in STMs in a cryogenic environment. The filter is a Geometric anti-spring (GAS) filter which consists of a set of blades with a payload attached. This design allows for a low resonance frequency of 0.27 Hz and thus a low cutoff frequency in terms of filtering. First, a theoretical model is described in order to determine the relevant properties of the filter and its approximate workings. Second, the model was experimentally verified. From this, the resonance and damping of the filter were found. A limited amount of vibration measurements were also done to check if the filter is functioning as expected, however, due to instrumental limitations this was not conclusive.Show less
This project employs reinforcement learning techniques to explore novel decoding strategies for quantum error correction, particularly focusing on the toric code, to address the challenge of...Show moreThis project employs reinforcement learning techniques to explore novel decoding strategies for quantum error correction, particularly focusing on the toric code, to address the challenge of maintaining stable quantum states for fault-tolerant quantum computing. Two game frameworks are established, including a novel dynamic game framework applicable to the training and measuring of RL agents and potential application in multiagent scenarios. The RL agents use Stable Baselines 3’s Proximal Policy Optimization and show to achieve Minimum Weight Perfect Matching performance on 3 × 3 toric code lattices in both the static and dynamic game frameworks.Show less
This research covers the development and application of multiple low- noise high-bandwidth lockboxes to position the mirrors of four cascaded optical cavities using piezo actuators for frequency...Show moreThis research covers the development and application of multiple low- noise high-bandwidth lockboxes to position the mirrors of four cascaded optical cavities using piezo actuators for frequency locking with a preci- sion of 40 Hz. The design and fabrication of a custom printed circuit board that hosts two ARM-based microcontrollers for signal processing are elucidated. By measuring the impedance of the piezo actuators over a large range of frequencies, we found several electromechanical resonances ranging from a few kHz to a main resonance at 80 − 100 kHz. It was found that these resonances greatly impact the ability to lock the cavity to the laser source and thereby impose bandwidth limitation on the feedback. By avoiding excitation of such resonances by reducing the feedback bandwidth to below the first prominent resonance at 2.5 kHz, we were able to achieve a high quality lock of a single optical cavity. Using a reduced bandwidth of 250 Hz and a reduced modulation frequency of 1.9 kHz, we demonstrated the locking of four cascaded cavities and achieved an optical transmission of T ≈ 40%, limited mostly by optical alignment. Finally, we show an initial lock freeze procedure for three cascaded cavities in which 90% of the transmission during the locked state is retained for a period of 4.9 seconds, while providing no feedback on the piezos.Show less
