De Egyptische Predynastieke periode wordt in het aardewerkrepertoire onder andere gekenmerkt door versieringen, waarvan onderzoekers altijd hebben verondersteld dat het schepen betrof. Deze...Show moreDe Egyptische Predynastieke periode wordt in het aardewerkrepertoire onder andere gekenmerkt door versieringen, waarvan onderzoekers altijd hebben verondersteld dat het schepen betrof. Deze versieringen liggen ten grondslag aan veel theorieën betreft de vroeg Dynastieke religie en ideologie, en buitenlandse contacten met onder andere Mesopotamië, ondanks dat het materiaal nooit eerder kritisch onder de loep is genomen. In deze scriptie is het Predynastiek materiaal aan de hand van een door de auteur samengestelde catalogus aan de tand gevoeld om de variabiliteit van de iconografische componenten (units) vast te stellen. Hieruit blijkt dat een aantal onderzoekers er een levendige fantasie op nahoudt, de iconografie wezenlijk evolueert en ons begrip van deze decoraties momenteel nog steeds slechts van zeer oppervlakkige aard is.Show less
It is known from earlier studies that children with psychiatric disorders, like ADHD and ODD, show alterations in reward- and punishment sensitivity. Reactive and proactive aggression frequently...Show moreIt is known from earlier studies that children with psychiatric disorders, like ADHD and ODD, show alterations in reward- and punishment sensitivity. Reactive and proactive aggression frequently occur in those disorders, and therefore altered reward- and punishment sensitivity may be associated with these behaviours as well. This study investigated the relationship between reward- and punishment sensitivity and reactive and proactive aggression in a sample of 385 boys (mean age 14,5 years). In addition the effectiveness of the behavioural therapeutic program Minder Boos en Opstandig in reducing behavioural problems and improving reward- and punishment sensitivity was assessed in a sample of 12 children (mean age 10,1 years). Participants performed tasks measuring reward- and punishment sensitivity and completed questionnaires measuring behavioural problems, callous and unemotional traits and reward- and punishment sensitivity. Parents also completed questionnaires about behavioural problems and reward- and punishment sensitivity in their children. Results show a relationship between both types of aggression and sensitivity to reward. Proactive aggressive children were found to be more likely to show sensation-seeking behaviour than reactive aggressive children. No significant associations with sensitivity to punishment were found. The results show that the Minder Boos en Opstandig program is effective in reducing behavioural problems. The reduction of delinquent behaviour was found to be related to a diminished sensitivity to social reward. The results of this study may be useful for improving treatments such as the Minder Boos en Opstandig program, in which a greater emphasis on reward- and punishment sensitivity could be introduced.Show less
The US-Canadian relationship is often characterized as a 10:1 ratio, with Canada as the clearly minor partner. In issues concerning the Arctic, this looks quite different as these issues are of...Show moreThe US-Canadian relationship is often characterized as a 10:1 ratio, with Canada as the clearly minor partner. In issues concerning the Arctic, this looks quite different as these issues are of very high relevance, even identity-defining to Canada. The US, on the other hand, needs Canadian cooperation in issues like energy and continental security, where the Arctic plays an important role. This thesis seeks to analyze this relationship on the issues of territorial sovereignty, security, energy and environment and regional governance. For these topics, the importance of the end of the Cold War is assessed. The emerging image is one of deep, if unequal mutual interdependence, where neither country has clear superior force over the other.Show less
Freely available toolsets that can handle genome-wide association (GWA) studies on twin-family data and take into account imputed genotypes are growing in number. However, the documentation that...Show moreFreely available toolsets that can handle genome-wide association (GWA) studies on twin-family data and take into account imputed genotypes are growing in number. However, the documentation that comes with them (if available), does not facilitate the choice for a particular toolset. We propose a research strategy in which we compare ASSOC, EMMAX, MERLIN, PLINK and ProbABEL on feasibility and statistical accuracy for GWA studies on simulated traits. Feasibility comparison was based on install requirements, versatility on data input, command line interface, and help information. The comparison on statistical accuracy was performed on Type-I error, genomic inflation, power, and consistency and efficiency of estimated SNP-effects. We simulated 100 replicates of binary and quantitative phenotypic traits over heritability conditions of 5, 10, 20, 30, 50 and 80%, based on 3 effect-SNPs from 1557 samples from 597 nuclear twin-families from the Netherlands Twin Registry. Analyses on Type-I error and genomic inflation were performed on 7757 pruned and unlinked SNPs that represented the null hypothesis. In the current design PLINK performs best on feasibility and statistical accuracy for the binary trait. On the quantitative trait ASSOC performs best on Type-I error control, EMMAX on statistical power, and PLINK on genomic inflation. Future research is needed for larger sample sizes and larger numbers of causal SNPs to compare the performance of the toolsets on complex traits.Show less
Introduction. Regarding the link between interparental relationships and children’s social emotional development, much attention has been drawn to the effects of interparental conflict and violence...Show moreIntroduction. Regarding the link between interparental relationships and children’s social emotional development, much attention has been drawn to the effects of interparental conflict and violence. This paper attempts to contribute to a thorough understanding of the importance of intra-familial patterns by focusing on the role of marital relationship satisfaction and child-rearing agreement in the development of prosocial behavior in young children. Based on Social Learning Theory (Crain, 1980) both relationship components were hypothesized to directly affect prosocial behavior. Attachment Theory (Bowlby, 1988) explained the hypothesized indirect influence of the marital relationship through parental sensitivity. Method. A selective group of 80 Dutch couples (mothers and fathers) with two children of around twelve months (youngest child) and between two-and-a-half and three-and-a-half years of age (oldest child) filled in questionnaires about the level of contentment with their marital relationship (Maudsley Marital Questionnaire, Arrindel, Boelens, & Lambert, 1983), the level of experienced child-rearing agreement (Child-Rearing Disagreements Scale, Jouriles, 1991), and their oldest child’s tendency towards prosocial behavior (My Child Questionnaire, Kochanska, DeVet, Goldman, Murray, & Putnam, 1994). Parental sensitivity was measured through semi-structured observations and coded by means of the Emotional Availability Scales (Easterbrooks & Biringen, 2005). Results. Girls were found to display more prosocial behavior as fathers were less satisfied with their interparental relationship. For boys, maternal relationship satisfaction was found to have the strongest effect after including the level of interparental concordance on this topic; in case of high interparental concordance, maternal child-rearing agreement positively predicted prosocial behavior and in case of low concordance, mothers’ rearing agreement appeared to be a negative predictor. Discussion. These findings indicate that the quality of the interparental relationship may affect boys’ and girls’ social emotional development differently and that mother-son and father-daughter relationships may have a differential impact on the growth of prosocial behavior in young children. Future research must pay considerate attention to the potential mediating and/or moderating variables that help clarify why mothers and fathers may have different effects on boys and girls under diverse circumstances.Show less
The present study examined the physical growth, cognitive development and time use of 23 children between 12 and 35 months, residing in a babyhome in Tanzania, East Africa. The outcomes of the...Show moreThe present study examined the physical growth, cognitive development and time use of 23 children between 12 and 35 months, residing in a babyhome in Tanzania, East Africa. The outcomes of the physical assessments of weight, height and head circumference were compared with the growth standards of the World Health Organization. The cognitive performance on the Bayley Scales of Infant Development was compared with the norm scores of the test. Time use was examined by spot observations and had the objective of getting insight on how the children spent their time and how many social interactions they have. Relations between the outcome variables have also been investigated. The results of the study showed that children residing in the Tanzanian babyhome lag behind in physical growth (weight, height and head circumference) and cognitive development. We found that the babies (aged 11.8 – 13.7 months) were on average more delayed in their physical growth compared with the toddlers (aged 15.2 – 34.1 months). Regarding time use we found that for all ages combined, the children spent on average 53.4% of the time they were awake, alone (without any interactions). Babies (63.7%) spent significantly more time alone than toddlers (48.5%). It was also demonstrated that the time children spent alone, was associated with the physical growth. Children who spent more time alone, were more delayed in height.Show less
This thesis has conducted an analysis of economic policy by the Harding administration during the 1920-1921 depression. Free market economists have pointed to this episode in American history as...Show moreThis thesis has conducted an analysis of economic policy by the Harding administration during the 1920-1921 depression. Free market economists have pointed to this episode in American history as proof of the beneficial effects of laissez-faire fiscal and monetary policy during economic crises. This thesis has examined whether federal fiscal and monetary policy was in fact laissez-faire and what impact this had on economic recovery. First of all, trade policy was protectionist, though the Emergency Tariff was found to be too insignificant to impact the conclusions of this study. Taxation policy was decidedly laissez-faire as there were significant reductions in income-tax rates, the end of the Excess Profits tax and multiple smaller regressive taxes were lowered or scrapped. This thesis has found that taxation measures positively impacted economic recovery indirectly through the phenomenon of ‘regime certainty’. Furthermore, federal government spending was reduced substantially without negatively impacting economic growth. Government policy on wages, prices and unemployment was decidedly non-interventionist, resulting in substantially lower wages and prices. Finally, the Federal Reserve refrained from implementing any significant monetary stimulus, both through discount rate lowering or open market operations and the money supply decreased strongly throughout the crisis and economic recovery.Show less
The Bandkeramik culture came to the Netherlands as a complete package. This new culture settled itself at the Graetheide plateau in the south of the Netherlands on the fertile loess grounds. Geleen...Show moreThe Bandkeramik culture came to the Netherlands as a complete package. This new culture settled itself at the Graetheide plateau in the south of the Netherlands on the fertile loess grounds. Geleen-Janskamperveld is one of these Bandkeramik settlements. All aspects of the Bandkeramik culture are very similar between the different settlements so models are very suitable to analyzee the Bandkeramik culture. One of these aspects which has different models, is the settlement structure. The Hofplatz model is used for centuries as the main model for the Bandkeramik culture. Within this model clusters of houses represent successive houses and thus continuity on a single location. There is still some disagreement whether one or several houses were in use at one time within such a cluster. Rück proposed a different model in which the settlement is structured along lines. He also proposed a different reconstruction of the houses and he assumes a longer use-life for the individual houses: up till a 100 years instead of the 25 years which is used most. Within this research a use-wear study of the flint artefacts found at Geleen-Janskamperveld is executed with the hope of finding some specialization between different houses. This information could help with finding which of these models is best suitable for this excavation. Some use-wear study was already done in the past. The results of the previous study are used for this new research. The predominant contact material found at Geleen-Janskamperveld is hide, followed by cereal harvesting tools. This is in line with other Bandkeramik sites in the Netherlands which were studied in the same way. Other contact materials like wood, reed, bark, meat, bone, clay, mineral materials and the mysterious contact materials which produces ‘polish 10’ and ‘polish 23’ were also recognised. Unfortunately no real specialization was found between the different houses of Geleen-Janskamperveld. The rest of the analysis therefore is based on the literature. Rück proposed new models for different aspects of the settlement. He argues that houses were built on poles instead of on the ground. His main argument, steep slopes on which the houses were built in Bandkeramik times, is not valid for the Dutch LBK. His argument about the duration of a house generation is more plausible. The old arguments for a house generation are a bit outdated. Houses probably would have last longer. A visual analysis is executed to find possible settlement structures at Geleen-Janskamperveld. This resulted in several maps which clearly show that the model of Rück is not plausible for this excavation. No real alignments are apparent. A model in which clusters of several houses success each other is more plausible. This is supported by other features such as ditches.Show less
It is exactly 100 years ago (1911) that hundreds of Chinese migrants set foot in the Netherlands. They were seamen employed by Dutch shipping companies and came originally from Guangdong province...Show moreIt is exactly 100 years ago (1911) that hundreds of Chinese migrants set foot in the Netherlands. They were seamen employed by Dutch shipping companies and came originally from Guangdong province in China. The Chinese community has now grown into a highly diverse community of 100,000 people. It is highly diverse in terms of their place of birth, socio-economic status and immigration history. Among the Chinese immigrants originating from the New Territories in Hong Kong who re-migrated from Britain to the Netherlands in the 1950s, there was a significant lineage, i.e. the Man lineage. Currently, this lineage in the Netherlands is made up of approximately 2000 – 2500 members and in Britain over 4000 members who share the same surname ‘Man’. This thesis has sought to find out what were the causes of migration that contributed to the exodus of the Man lineage to Europe from two particular villages – namely San Tin and Chau Tau – in the New Territories in Hong Kong. The thesis has conducted a comprehensive analysis that consists of a three-level examination, namely that of the macro, meso and micro levels. As a matter of fact, the rationale behind such decisions demonstrates the interaction between structure and agency, culminating in chain migration. In other words, factors such as colonialism, the economic situation, national immigration policies and established social networks all played a role in the decision-making process, making transnational migration possible. It has also demonstrated that family structure has a strong correlation with the pattern of migration. This thesis has also identified certain major changes in relation to the Man lineage in Europe as a result of migration. First of all, there has been an upward social mobility. Second, there has been a conversion in consciousness, notably, from a diasporic consciousness to a transcultural consciousness. Finally, there has been a change in social relationship among the second and the third generation Man lineage members since, according to the survey, they do not have close ties with their their agnates established in Europe and in the New Territories or the villages of their ancestors.Show less
An assessment of attitudes to language change based on the use of 'like'. Language change is addressed in this thesis in different contexts: spoken, written and digital. In addressing this topic, I...Show moreAn assessment of attitudes to language change based on the use of 'like'. Language change is addressed in this thesis in different contexts: spoken, written and digital. In addressing this topic, I explore one particular feature, the use of the word like, as a vehicle to assess to what extent standard grammatical rules are observed in different usage environments.Show less
The purpose of this dissertation is to report on the plant macro-remains found at Happisburgh Site 1, Section 1, L7, from levels 0-10 cm, 20-30 cm, 50-60 cm and 60-70 cm, and two samples from...Show moreThe purpose of this dissertation is to report on the plant macro-remains found at Happisburgh Site 1, Section 1, L7, from levels 0-10 cm, 20-30 cm, 50-60 cm and 60-70 cm, and two samples from Section 1, L9. The plant remains that were identified and analysed from these levels will aid in the overall palaeoenvironmental reconstruction of the site, allowing for a better undertanding of the conditions that the Pleistocene hominids were facing in Britain during Happisburgh's occupation. Understanding the Pleistocene environmental conditions in NW Europe is fundamental to our interpretation of the dispersal of hominids across Eurasia, since until very recently it was presumed that colonisation of Europe before 500 Ka did not occur at latitudes beyond 45o N, as demonstrated by the lack of archaeological evidence in these regions (Parfitt et al. 2010:229).Show less
This thesis introduces the successive lumping procedure (SLP) to compute the steady state probabilities for a class of Markov Chains with large state spaces. In this procedure we introduce one or...Show moreThis thesis introduces the successive lumping procedure (SLP) to compute the steady state probabilities for a class of Markov Chains with large state spaces. In this procedure we introduce one or multiple successive lumping states processes. Also, this thesis studies the classical reorder quantity, order point (Q, r) continuous review stochastic inventory model. This model has been extensively studied in the literature and its use in practice is widespread. Using the SLP efficient calculations can be done for this model when there are Bernoulli arrivals, a mixture of backorders, lost sales and a random lead time. In addition, this work extends previous research in this area by providing efficient algorithms for the computation of the optimal (Q∗ , r∗ ) values when there are Poisson arrivals, a multi-breakpoint discount pricing structure and a fixed lead time.Show less
