This Master thesis on archaeology and cultural heritage management of the Caribbean and Amazonia was written at the University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology. The special emphasis in this...Show moreThis Master thesis on archaeology and cultural heritage management of the Caribbean and Amazonia was written at the University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology. The special emphasis in this research is on finding out which role the Amerindian past and archaeology play in a Surinamese image of the past. The research design in the first place needed to reveal the past perception of individual people with a Surinamese Caribbean background. The interviewees who participated in this research however were Surinamese migrants who are living since many years in the Netherlands. The approach taken to reveal the past emphasis of individuals from the Surinamese community was through holding semi structured open interviews. The Surinamese community in the context of this research consists of groups of people that share their experience and memory on Suriname within communication, both in the Netherlands and their mother-country. It is within this community that an image of the Surinamese past is being constructed. A key note to the research is that the past is a present construct. From this point of departure multiple pasts do exist. People in their own diversity, within different environments, have to deal with personal socio-cultural realities. This implicates that a meaningful past for Surinamese people needs to be constructed from their individual and community perspectives. This research applied insights from memory theory, archaeological theory, heritage theory and a more anthropological example to show that such a construct asks for people’s balanced historical involvement and community concern. Community concern demands reciprocal involvement that should accomplish mutual understanding. The goal of this thesis is to show that archaeology can be a tool in accomplishing shared understanding and concern from doing research after past happenings and cultural environments. The thesis further advocates engaged archaeology as a tool to create shared understanding. Engaged archaeology does not only imply that an archaeologist should listen to society and people’s concern in order to find topics for research. It even more asks for stimulating participation of people in past interrogation and creating an open critical attitude towards personal perceptions and those of others. The role of the archaeologist in this process of past communication is one of being an example to people with respect to care about archaeological heritage and involvement in both the past and people’s present environment. As an archaeological professional, who executes a profession that primarily is concerned with people, the archaeologist’s task is to facilitate involvement and provide society with critical questions on people’s past supposition. The practice of archaeology in itself needs to be a research environment where people communicate their understandings and from this realize a more inclusive community of involved people that show interest in their surroundings and each other. There can be worked towards a more stable future from contemporary knowledge or understanding about the past. Besides the interview technique, in order to find out more on people’s past concern this research aimed for application of methods from the social sciences. These were methods like discourse analysis and grounded theory. From the interrogation a better understanding of contemporary Surinamese community was accomplished. It made clear that Amerindians in Suriname in general were perceived as being unchanged. From a Western colonial perspective they did not bring about much development and their culture was regarded primitive. Their political, economic and cultural significance was neglected within the culturally diverse and divided Surinamese colonial community. From contemporary and continuous political and societal shifts reorientation on those people who are indigenous to Suriname as well as on other groups in society however is needed in order to create communality. The recommendation to Surinamese society is that ongoing conceptualization on the past and people in society, is necessary in order to accomplish a stable community.Show less
Skeletal and dental growth and development is investigated in 39 perinate and infant skeletons aged between 32 weeks gestation to 42 weeks after birth in order to determine the accuracy of three...Show moreSkeletal and dental growth and development is investigated in 39 perinate and infant skeletons aged between 32 weeks gestation to 42 weeks after birth in order to determine the accuracy of three ageing methods and to assess possible periods of increased stress in the sample. The skeletal remains belong to a recently excavated, partly documented cemetery, from Middenbeemster, a rural village in the Netherlands, dating mainly to the nineteenth century. Three ageing methods were chosen to be evaluated, the accuracy of which had not been systematically investigated: 1) the deciduous Demirjian stages by Liversidge and Molleson (2004); 2) the dental height regression equations by Liversidge and colleagues (1993), and; 3) skeletal age estimation using 26 measurements form 18 different bones utilising six different standards (Black and Scheuer 1996; Fazekas and Kósa 1978; Maresh 1955; Molleson and Cox 1993; Saunders et al. 1993; Scheuer and McLaughlin-Black 1994). Accuracy of the methods is tested on a subsample of ten individuals for whom age at death is known from the Beemster district archives, and the results are further evaluated using the entire sample. Results from individuals of known age indicate high levels of accuracy for skeletal age and dental height with mean difference to chronological age of only -0.4 and +0.6 weeks, respectively. The deciduous developmental stages significantly overestimate chronological age by +5.5 weeks. These observed trends are confirmed in the entire sample were age was compared to the sample mean. In neonatal remains, skeletal age is most accurate regardless the standards used, but for post-neonates only the Maresh (1955) standard provides accurate results (+1.9 weeks). Dental developmental stages are more accurate in individuals less than two months (+2.4 weeks), increasing in older individuals to +5.2 weeks. Dental height gave an outstanding performance with consistent high levels of accuracy in neonatal (+1.6 weeks) and post-neonatal remains (+0.15 weeks), making it the preferred method for age estimation in the infant category. The mortality pattern followed a normal declining curve with the greatest percentage of individuals dying during the neonatal period. Skeletal development lagged behind dental development by about one month in almost 70% of the individuals, showing a trend of an increasing amount of delay with age. But differences in age between skeletal and dental development were not unambiguously pointing to a stress induced delay and more research is needed to clarify the observed trends. This thesis provides new information on the accuracy of dental and skeletal ageing methods of infant remains and should guide our application of these methods in future research of north-west European skeletal samples.Show less
This thesis studies the impact of shared heritage practices on local, non-Western, communities by means of a comparison between the Dutch Shared Cultural Heritage (GCE-) policy and the UNESCO 1972...Show moreThis thesis studies the impact of shared heritage practices on local, non-Western, communities by means of a comparison between the Dutch Shared Cultural Heritage (GCE-) policy and the UNESCO 1972 World Heritage Convention. Specific emphasis is put on the local views regarding these practices, in an attempt to move beyond the Western and neocolonial discourse that has dominated the field for the past decades. Through the execution of an in depth literature study on the history and rationale of both the GCE-policy and the UNESCO Convention, and through the assessment of a never before published comprehensive study on the functioning and effects on the local communities of the GCE-policy, and the execution of an original study on the local views of (designation of) World Heritage Sites through the case study of Stone Town of Zanzibar, Tanzania, it can be said that in order for the shared heritage policies and practices to become more successful, they need to start taking local communities into account. At the moment the cooperation in most cases only runs through local authorities or one or two local heritage specialists, but the rest of the community is not truly taken into account. As such, their ideas, wishes, and most importantly needs are not implemented in the projects and heritage practices, which as a result struggle to survive without the initiating party’s continuous efforts and money. The Dutch and UNESCO strife to make the local communities see the intrinsic value of the heritage concerned, that they feel is so important themselves, but fail to see that all parties value specific heritage differently or for very differing reasons. For the partner countries, the main incentive to join the shared heritage practices is an economic one. Instead of judging this, both UNESCO and the Dutch heritage organizations should appreciate that this is the reality that their local counterpart organizations have to deal with, and as such they should carefully listen to the local demands in order to come to a mutually agreed solution to any problems regarding the heritage. Only if local communities are taken into account in the implementation of shared heritage projects and policies, can they become sustainable and self-sufficient. What is important in shared heritage practices are not shared values regarding the heritage, but a shared understanding of all the disparate values concerned.Show less
The aim of this research is to define how oral history can be used as a source of information for archaeological research, and how it can be complementary to an approach in which the local...Show moreThe aim of this research is to define how oral history can be used as a source of information for archaeological research, and how it can be complementary to an approach in which the local community is included. By using the information for practical as well as ethical research engagements through an extensive analysis of the local perspective by looking at historicity and multivocality, it is shown that much more can be achieved with oral history research when the local perspective is thoroughly understood and precisely described. Therefore, Oral history as part of archaeological research is placed in between archaeological ethnography and community archaeology. Analysis of oral history data supports knowledge of the local display of historicization and thus helps to understand the information as deriving from a local perspective, which improves its usefulness for archaeological research. By looking at the presentation of historicity through specific characteristics of oral history storylines, a new framework of reference is presented for further research on combining oral history and archaeology. When the perspective of the local community is understood, information from oral history interviews can be included in the archaeological research as part of a multivocal interpretation of the past. Including voices of the local community and therefore adjusting archaeological research to their perspective and valuation of heritage promotes the active involvement and inclusion of the local community.Show less
This thesis will seek to critically consider the theoretical concept of archaeological waste. The discussion of waste from an archaeological perspective was initially carried out during the...Show moreThis thesis will seek to critically consider the theoretical concept of archaeological waste. The discussion of waste from an archaeological perspective was initially carried out during the nineteen seventies and eighties. Since that time little emphasis has been placed on the study of waste, and how it should be defined. This thesis will revisit many of those ideas in order to determine if they are still relevant to modern archaeological practices. It will also include a study of structural spatial deposition and the potential meanings attached to this action. This information will be used to determine whether there was structural or systematic deposition of waste material in prehistoric communities in the United Kingdom. Focus and emphasis will be placed on evidence uncovered from house ditches, postholes and their associated material from Bronze Age settlement at the sites of Trethellan Farm in Newquay in Cornwall, and the Bronze Age settlement of Ormesby St Michael in Norfolk.Show less
This research will discuss the different types of fractures that occur in a sample of the Dutch Middenbeemster collection from the Post-medieval graveyard and determine their prevalence rate. The...Show moreThis research will discuss the different types of fractures that occur in a sample of the Dutch Middenbeemster collection from the Post-medieval graveyard and determine their prevalence rate. The fracture types may possibly provide information regarding the lifestyle of the individuals. The characteristics of antemortem skeletal trauma will also be reviewed. Signs of healing indicate the trauma occurred at least a week before death and is called antemortem trauma. The various types of fractures and their cause(s), whether direct or indirect trauma injury, will be explained further. What the prevalence rate and the fracture patterns can say about the lifestyle of the Middenbeemster population will be addressed as well in order to provide some more insight into the lives and activities of the inhabitants of Middenbeemster that were interred in the cemetery of the ‘Keyserkerk’ in primarily the mid-nineteenth century.Show less
This thesis aims to investigate and analyse the ways in which Ancient Maya sculpture at Yaxchilan may have been perceived in the past. Contemporary Maya worldview has been used comparatively to...Show moreThis thesis aims to investigate and analyse the ways in which Ancient Maya sculpture at Yaxchilan may have been perceived in the past. Contemporary Maya worldview has been used comparatively to understand how different peoples can interpret and understand material culture, such as the stelas of Yaxchilan. The author has used knowledge and information gained through his own time spent in Mesoamerica in 2011, and especially ethnographic data collected on the contemporary Maya by a variety of scholars in the 20th Century to analyse this sculpture in a way that not been attempted before. Additionally, the role and value of ethnographical data is also discussed at some length.Show less
Archaeologists nowadays are beginning to recognise the importance of community engagement in archaeological work. For the past decades, archaeologists have put their efforts in involving the public...Show moreArchaeologists nowadays are beginning to recognise the importance of community engagement in archaeological work. For the past decades, archaeologists have put their efforts in involving the public into archaeological work. Despite the efforts made by archaeologists to involve the public, archaeologists do not seem to fully understand the needs and wishes of the public. This thesis analysed four different public surveys and one case study in Oss to acquire information on the public opinion on archaeology. Three different perspectives from three different groups are presented: the public, volunteers and professional archaeologists. The results of surveys analysis suggest that the public is well aware of the importance of archaeology and they want to participate in archaeology, but there are not enough opportunities to participate in archaeology and information on archaeology for the public. Some archaeologists fear that the quality of archaeology will decrease if the public is involved, but the results of public surveys and case study show that involving the public can bring positive effects on archaeology and enrich the content of archaeology. There is a need to provide information and opportunities for the public to enter the world of archaeology; archaeologists should not hesitate in taking any action to involve the public in archaeology. More efforts should be made in communicating with the public, including sharing information and offering opportunities to the public to involve in archaeological work. Nowadays, the public’s interests on archaeology is very important and crucial, not only because of ethical reason, but also if archaeology can gain more attentions from the public, and make the public be aware of their heritage, the public will be a very good helper for protecting and preserving the heritage. In the future, it is will be nice to see archaeologists to work with the public in actions of discovering and protecting the past.Show less
The Neolithic witnessed the inception of dedicated trade networks which encompassed vast distances, over 3000 years prior to the invention of the wheel and before the domestication of traditional...Show moreThe Neolithic witnessed the inception of dedicated trade networks which encompassed vast distances, over 3000 years prior to the invention of the wheel and before the domestication of traditional beasts of burden such as horses, donkeys and camels. Communities were able to transport large quantities of material by land and water through use of a mixture of purposely created equipment and techniques. Strangely, few attempts have been made to retrace these networks of transport and attempt to postulate how material was moved from one place to another. Theoretical models of exchange are well attested, but this does not extend into practical application. This thesis will attempt to perform this application through the case study of Tell Sabi Abyad, a Late Neolithic settlement in northern Syria. The presence of bitumen and obsidian at the site have been determined to have arrived from over 300km in distance. As such, this body of research will attempt to break down such journeys and establish how they eventually arrived at a site, either by direct acquisition or otherwise. It will attempt to establish – assuming groups were indeed undertaking expeditions directly to the source – how long such a journey would have taken and by what means material was transported. The tracing of such networks of exchange provides an intriguing insight into the interconnectedness of Late Neolithic communities, and what levels of organisation existed in the facilitation of this activity.Show less
This study examines the Egyptian collection of antiquities in the National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden after the addition of Anastasi's collection and creates a comparison with the Egyptian...Show moreThis study examines the Egyptian collection of antiquities in the National Museum of Antiquities, Leiden after the addition of Anastasi's collection and creates a comparison with the Egyptian collection of antiquities in the British Museum, London, after Salt's collection was incorporated. The aim of this research is to see if a large addition to a pre-existing collection affects the original plans for the overall collection. A theoretical framework has been constructed focussing on the already existing literature around these two collectors and the respective museums. This is supported by an internship at the National Museum of Antiquities to look in further detail at the artefact catalogue and carry out further research around the subject. The expected result is that the original plans for the two collections will have been changed quite rapidly when incorporated into the respective museums. This is due to the size and object type within the new collections and their impact on the other objects within the already existing museum collection. This research aims to explore the details of these developments, and whether any similarities can be identified between the two circumstances.Show less
This study investigates the task of combining education and pedagogy in twenty first century museums. The aim of this research was to see if the educational role of the 21st century museum is...Show moreThis study investigates the task of combining education and pedagogy in twenty first century museums. The aim of this research was to see if the educational role of the 21st century museum is pedagogical. Several publications have been reviewed in order to investigate the principles of both the old and new museology, to explore the history of museum education and its coexistence with pedagogy and to know in what base museums are working now. The chronological framework that has been outlined is the twenty first century in which ‘Critical Pedagogy’ movement appears renewed and slightly different from its first appearance in twenty century by Paul Freire and Ira Shor. Could museums manage their educational mission through various pedagogic methods and could be seen also as sites of ‘Critical Pedagogy’? Some sub-questions are formed in order to make clearer the steps of the research. In those are explored the following: a) if museums use specific pedagogic methods and exploit the twenty first century’s technologies, b) what museum educators do and how they learn to teach, c) what steps are followed by a museum educator in order to design a program and d) what pedagogical path are followed by archaeological museums, what are their reflections to our century challenges and what are their practices. For the last question were used the case study of the Archaeological Museum of Delphi, in Greece in which the author had her internship and two more of museums in the Netherlands as comparison. The qualitative survey was the methodology that was applied during the research. Specifically, have been applied qualitative questionnaires to visitors of Delphi Museum and semi-structured interviews to highly ranked employees such as museum curators, head of collections, museum educators, etc. of different museums both in Greece and the museums in Netherlands. The questionnaire results are analyzed using descriptive statistics such as average, percentages, mode and median to assess whether museums serve both purposes. The interviews are transcribed and the answers are grouped according to their topic. The results of both questionnaires and interviews are discussed. Finally, the outcome of this study is quite positive and very promising for the future. Museums in twenty first century try hard to be seen as sites of ‘Critical Pedagogy’ and to educate their visitors in a pedagogic way. Archaeological museums try to confront contemporary challenges and use pedagogy in order to commune their holy ancient secrets and precepts to the people.Show less
Around the 12th century AD in Japan, a cultural transition takes place on the northern island of Hokkaido: Okhotsk culture and Satsumon culture (approx. 6th to 12th century AD) come to an end as...Show moreAround the 12th century AD in Japan, a cultural transition takes place on the northern island of Hokkaido: Okhotsk culture and Satsumon culture (approx. 6th to 12th century AD) come to an end as Ainu culture emerges. The Okhotsk people, focused strongly on exploitation of marine resources, originated on the island of Sakhalin and migrated south to Hokkaido and along its northeastern coast. The Satsumon people on the other hand, lived mostly in riverine settlements on the southern half and inland of Hokkaido. They practiced agriculture of wheat, barley and millet, as well as salmon fishing. This cultural transition is not yet well understood. I will focus on the role of Okhotsk culture in this process. How did interaction and exchange of Okhotsk people with Satsumon culture impact its decline and the transition to proto-Ainu culture on Hokkaido? To investigate this issue, Peer Polity Interaction theory is applied. Within this framework, eight different types of interaction are defined: competition, competitive emulation, warfare, transmission of innovation, symbolic entrainment, ceremonial exchange of valuables, flow of commodities, and language and ethnicity. This theory avoids insinuating dominance of one group over the other, and allows for the incorporation not just of material culture but also symbolic aspects. Using the English sources available, 32 Okhotsk sites have been examined for evidence of interaction and exchange with Satsumon culture according to these categories. The existing theories about the decline of Okhotsk culture involving migration, trade and warfare have been analyzed, and then reevaluated based on the results of the Peer Polity Interaction approach. Evidence of Satsumon pottery at Okhotsk sites, iron goods and import of bear cubs all points to a larger reliance on trade and exchange than previously assumed, to the detriment of Okhotsk production. This increased interaction allowed for symbolic entrainment to occur, leading to a more widespread adoption of an early form of the bear sending ceremony. This ritual is known ethnographically from later Ainu culture, but not Satsumon culture which is said to be its main ancestor. This research aims to contribute to our understanding of interaction between marine hunter-gatherers and agricultural people.Show less
Determining the sex of subadults is seen as important for osteology and social studies. Within osteology several methods exist to determine the sex of subadults, but all these methods are under...Show moreDetermining the sex of subadults is seen as important for osteology and social studies. Within osteology several methods exist to determine the sex of subadults, but all these methods are under discussion. Often, the researchers who created the methods had high accuracies, but when it was later on retested by other researchers, the accuracy rates dropped. Within this research twelve non-metric methods were tested on known-sex subadults from Middenbeemster (n = 43). The twelve non-metric methods of this research are the elevation of the auricular surface, the greater sciatic notch angle, the greater sciatic notch depth, the arch criterion, the iliac crest, the protrusion of the chin, the anterior dental arcade, the eversion of the gonion region, the complete mandible, the mentum, the mandibular angle and the orbital morphology. The accuracy rates for each method were calculated and in addition separate accuracy rates were obtained for the pelvis, the skull and the overall skeleton. All the obtained accuracy rates were low. In addition, the statistical analyses indicate that the methods cannot be used to determine the sex of subadults. These low accuracy rates might be explained through with several factors. A population difference between the Middenbeemster sample and the sample of the other researchers might explain the low accuracy rate. In addition, some researchers have proved that there is less sexual dimorphism in Dutch populations than in other populations. Disease and malnutrition can also cause low accuracy rates. And inter- and intraobserver error can also cause low accuracy rates. In addition, this research was limited by a small sample and a overrepresentation of females within the sample. A division in five age groups made clear that there might be several methods that are age-related and not sex-related. It seems that the twelve non-metric method cannot be used to determine the sex of subadults, but more research is needed to get a better understanding of these methods.Show less
In comparison with the obelisks in Rome in the classical period, the late antique obelisks have been neglected. Therefore, this thesis will concentrate on the Egyptian obelisks in the Roman world...Show moreIn comparison with the obelisks in Rome in the classical period, the late antique obelisks have been neglected. Therefore, this thesis will concentrate on the Egyptian obelisks in the Roman world in the 3rd and 4th centuries AD in order to create a better image of the obelisks in this period. The main question of this thesis is about the definition of these late antique obelisks: Are they Egyptian or Roman? To answer this question, the symbolical and functional meaning of the late antique obelisks is described in order to say something about the use of obelisks in late antiquity. From the evidence it becomes clear that the Egyptian obelisks in late antiquity still were regarded as special monuments, which had a symbolic meaning. The majority of the late antique obelisks were placed in circuses in which they represented the sun. This practice followed the Roman tradition begun by Augustus in the 1st century BC. The relation with the sun indicates that late antique obelisks still were associated with Egypt and that the traditional meaning of the Egyptian obelisks was not forgotten. As in ancient Egypt, the late antique obelisks had multiple meanings. Eventually, the traditional Egyptian meanings were incorporated into the Roman culture in such a way that it had become impossible to define the late antique obelisks as being Egyptian or Roman. To my opinion, the late antique obelisks are neither Egyptian nor Roman, because both cultures had adopted elements from other cultures. Thus, the late antique obelisks are the result of the contact between Egypt and the Roman world, which had led to the creation of a hybrid style, of which the obelisks are a good example of.Show less
This study is concerned with chemical and macroscopic analyses of black glazed pottery from Carthage. These analyses are taken in the framework of an important production and distribution network...Show moreThis study is concerned with chemical and macroscopic analyses of black glazed pottery from Carthage. These analyses are taken in the framework of an important production and distribution network encompassing the Western Mediterranean during the Late Punic period. Carthage is known to have been a successful maritime empire during this period and is therefore given importance when approaching issues concerning the Punic Mediterranean. Emphasis is given on the most popular products for this period of time, the Attic (Greece), Pre-Campana and Campana (Italy and Sicily) black glazed wares. The sherds for this study were found in the course of archaeological excavations carried out in Carthage, Tunisia. 31 sherds were subject to a preliminary macroscopic analysis in conjunction with chemical analysis by ICP-OES. 28 elements were detected by ICP-OES: As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Cu, La, Nd, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sc, Sn, Sr, V, W, Y, Zr, Al2O3, CaO, Fe2O3, K2O, MgO, MnO, Na2O, P2O, SiO2, TiO2, ZnO. The data was subject to bivariate and multivariate statistical analysis by cluster and principal component analysis through which four separate groups where distinguished: one group of Attic origin (CD / PC group 1), one group of probable Carthaginian origin (CA/ PC group 3) and two groups of Italian/Sicilian origin; one group from Sicily and/or Italy (CC/CB2 / PC group 2) and one group closely attributed to the Italian Campana A ware (CB1/ PC group 4). Most of the groupings in this study were attributed to either a definite or a suggested provenance based on several geological, chemical and macroscopic parameters and the available, reference groups. The results of this study confirm that Carthage had a large number of black glazed imports between the Middle and the late Punic periods, originating from many regions in the Mediterranean and most closely associated with Greek, Italian and Sicilian trade regimes and their standardized Attic and Campana black glazed wares.Show less
In modern clinical sources, the prevalence of infectious ear diseases is usually higher in urban environments as opposed to rural environments. Due to overcrowding, poor hygiene and high intensity...Show moreIn modern clinical sources, the prevalence of infectious ear diseases is usually higher in urban environments as opposed to rural environments. Due to overcrowding, poor hygiene and high intensity of contact with other people, infectious diseases tend to spread more easily in such environments. In this research, the research questions is: Are we able to see differences in the prevalence of infectious ear diseases between the skeletal populations from an urban and a rural site? Also, the populations are examined to which ear diseases can be identified in skeletal populations. The skeletal populations used are from Alkmaar and Middenbeemster. The population from Alkmaar originates from the 15th and 16th century, and consists of 37 usable skeletons. The population from Middenbeemster originates from mainly the 19th century and consists of 60 usable skeletons. The ear ossicles, tympanic cavities, external ears and mastoid processes are examined for pathological conditions. In total, the number of individuals affected by ear diseases was 18 in Alkmaar and 25 in Middenbeemster. Infectious diseases were found most frequently, followed by neoplasms and congenital diseases. Overall, more infectious diseases were found in Middenbeemster as opposed to Alkmaar. No significant differences in prevalence of infectious ear diseases or overall ear sickness were found. It can therefore be suggested that living environment did not affect the prevalence of infectious ear diseases and overall ear sickness in these historical populations. Possible explanations for the masking of these differences can be the osteological paradox, smoking, air pollution and socio-economic status. This research shows that ear diseases can be identified within skeletal populations from the Netherlands. Not only infectious diseases, but also congenital diseases and neoplasms are identified. This research can be a starting point for further research on ear diseases in general and infectious ear diseases specific.Show less
The cemetery of Putten had a close relation between structure and chronology. Even though the cemetery has not been completely excavated in the twenties of the 20th century, it is possible to make...Show moreThe cemetery of Putten had a close relation between structure and chronology. Even though the cemetery has not been completely excavated in the twenties of the 20th century, it is possible to make several assumptions based on the available data. A newer plan has been included in the attachment, showing not earlier published structures of the cemetery. These newly added parts offer a great help with the analysis of structure and chronology. The eldest part of the excavated cemetery can be connected to small circular structures consisting of postholes or ditches, which encircled a cremation. A possible new start of a cemetery seemed to have been made after the cremation burials were no longer in use and a transition was made to inhumation graves. This new start was located more to the east of the cemetery and consisted of rich graves. Here a distinction could be made between graves that belonged to females and males. These graves could have been encircled by either a single or double circular ditch. Finds included weaponry, pottery, brooches, etc. Around this core a younger zone was situated. These graves contained burials joined only by the combination of knives with buckles or necklaces. The amount of finds that was in the older zone has been reduced to the above combination only. A distinction between genders is no longer possible to make. No skeletal material was collected from any inhumation graves, mostly due to the poor condition they were in when they were excavated and an assumption cannot be made on finds alone. This zone and the older zone with the ‘rich’ graves also had postholes around the graves. Other elements were also situated in these two zones, such as: double graves and differently orientated graves. This disappeared over time with the circular ditches and the burial gifts. The outer zone of the excavated cemetery is a zone without any finds.Show less
Domesticity, its definition and its patterning have continually evolved and changed, to the extent that our modern perception of what constitutes a home, and our perceptions of ‘public’ and ...Show moreDomesticity, its definition and its patterning have continually evolved and changed, to the extent that our modern perception of what constitutes a home, and our perceptions of ‘public’ and ‘private’ are drastically different from what existed in ancient society. This is even more applicable for Ancient Greece and Rome, two civilizations which had a significant impact on the majority of the Old World. Despite this, few studies have undertaken an effective comparison of houses in these two civilizations, and what similarities and contrasts would have existed. This thesis will focus on this issue, specifically targeting two of the best known cities in the Hellenic and Roman periods; namely that of Pompeii and Olynthos. Architecture should, as archaeological research has shown for Greece and Rome retrospectively, reflect the values upheld in society and transmit the ethos of the wider community. For Olynthos, the idea of ‘Isonomia’ should be visible within households, the notion that all members of Greek society were of similar status and of equal importance. Conversely at Pompeii, the concept of ‘Luxuria’ – or rather social status and wealth – was important, thus a stratified system of housing disparity should be witnessed to reflect this. I will target block A vii for Olynthos and Insula of the Menander for Pompeii, two representative and well preserved areas with multiple phases of building history, to carry out this study; in this way a clusters of habitation can be compared. In doing so, this thesis will attempt to investigate the relationship between social contemporary concepts and one specific physical representation of this societies, i.e. domestic architecture.Show less
