The central research question of this thesis is ‘How can we define the concept of integrity for the purpose of realizing an adequate tool to normatively assess the actions of public officials in...Show moreThe central research question of this thesis is ‘How can we define the concept of integrity for the purpose of realizing an adequate tool to normatively assess the actions of public officials in both a desirable and feasible way?’. The thesis aims to: (1) demonstrate how the relevant norms, values, virtues and principles relate to integrity in a fundamental way; (2) contribute to reducing the ambiguous nature of integrity of governance; (3) advance the ongoing process of defining integrity as an ‘essentially contested concept’. First, the thesis establishes that integrity should be regarded as an ‘essentially contested concept’, according to the conditions set out by Gallie (1956). Second, the thesis develops a ‘multidimensional account of integrity of governance’, as I contend that it is possible to formulate a sufficient definition of integrity in regard to particular contexts. The multidimensional account defines integrity of governance on the basis of five aspects, which are indebted to existing philosophical accounts of integrity, and operate jointly as necessary elements to explain the wholeness of integrity of governance: (1) communityidentification (FL), which constitutes the formal limits; (2) community-constitution (ML 1) and standing for community values (ML 2) as the moral limits; and (3) the fundamental principles and moral norms and values (MC 1) and the framework of virtuous judgement (MC 2) as the moral content. Third, the thesis will exemplify how the multidimensional account accounts for several criticisms inherent in the existing philosophical theories of integrity, as well as argue that the potential objections of demandingness, disagreement, and indistinctiveness do not invalidate the multidimensional account.Show less
The thesis discusses the importance of political institutions in a democratic country and the challenges of fulfilling the criteria for a sound democratic process. Focused on the notion of...Show moreThe thesis discusses the importance of political institutions in a democratic country and the challenges of fulfilling the criteria for a sound democratic process. Focused on the notion of enlightened understanding, it emphasizes the need for democratic institutions to support the development of all democratic citizens while acknowledging intellectual differences among citizens. This thesis identifies an erosion of institutions responsible for the task of bringing about enlightened understanding. From here, this thesis delves into the recent emergence of Voting Advice Applications (VAAs) as a tool to assist voters in decision-making and discusses its potential and the potential of incorporating conversational agents within VAAs to enhance citizens' enlightened understanding. Moreover, this thesis argues for the integration of (CA)VAAs as an essential part of the institutional structure of modern democracies, given the ongoing corroding of traditional institutions. The thesis explores the concept of democracy, address potential issues, examine various institutional approaches, analyze technological advancements, and assess the implementation of (CA)VAAs.Show less
I will argue in this thesis, that those within the field of democratic theory who dismiss populism as an inherent threat to liberal democracy do so based on a number of assumptions. The first of...Show moreI will argue in this thesis, that those within the field of democratic theory who dismiss populism as an inherent threat to liberal democracy do so based on a number of assumptions. The first of these assumptions concerns how populism should be defined, some within the literature treat it as an ideology in itself, defined by its distinctly illiberal aims. Others treat it as a style of doing politics, yet argue that by dividing society between ‘us’ and ‘them’, it violates liberal commitments to pluralism. The second assumption concerns the point of liberal democracy; theorists who dismiss populism as a threat to liberal democracy frequently do so based on their commitment to a particular normative theory of democracy, which is often not made explicit in their work. The third assumption is that there is no fundamental contradiction between the liberal and democratic dimensions of liberal democracy, but rather that the two presuppose each other. This thesis will aim to challenge these assumptions in turn, illuminating the normative commitments of those who claim populism is a threat. I will begin by arguing that, based on the definition provided by Mouffe and Laclau, populism should be conceived of in hegemonic terms. Using this understanding of populism, I will challenge the assumption that populism is incompatible with commitments to pluralism. I analyse populism through the lenses of social-choice theory, representative democracy and deliberative democracy, in order to demonstrate that this perceived incompatibility is largely dependent on the theorists’ commitment to these normative theories, rather than populism itself. Lastly, I will argue against the “co-originality” thesis in favour of a conception of liberal democracy in which both its constitutive elements are in contradiction, but, as has been argued by Mouffe, this contradiction may be productive. I conclude by arguing in favour of an agonistic conception of democracy, as a means by which competing hegemonic projects, such as populism, can inhabit the same political sphere, thereby demonstrating that populism and pluralism are not necessarily incompatible.Show less
