Developmental Topographical Disorientation (DTD) is a phenomenon that has been relatively scarcely studied in the literature. DTD is defined as a lifelong inability to orient in even extremely...Show moreDevelopmental Topographical Disorientation (DTD) is a phenomenon that has been relatively scarcely studied in the literature. DTD is defined as a lifelong inability to orient in even extremely familiar surroundings despite the absence of any acquired brain damage or neurological disorder. Criteria have been proposed to diagnose DTD, but more discrete and objective criteria are needed to create a better understanding of DTD. By examining a self-identified target group of 13 DTD participants, we aimed to understand personal perceptions and barriers of people with DTD and to explore whether there is a possible link between DTD and aphantasia. We conducted comprehensive interviews followed by questionnaires, experimental navigation and drawing tasks. Navigation ability was tested by assessing route knowledge, landmark recognition, path overview knowledge, and location knowledge. The results showed that individual DTD participants showed varied levels of navigational performance, but as a group, they generally have more difficulty with specific aspects of navigation. DTD participants were better at remembering landmarks but had more difficulty with route knowledge, path overview knowledge and location knowledge compared to the general population. In addition, they scored lower on navigation self-assessments compared to the general population, but reported less spatial anxiety than people who get lost due to brain injury. The study found no significant correlation between DTD and aphantasia. In conclusion, the study identified a distinct navigation profile for individuals with DTD, characterized by weaknesses in route knowledge, path overview knowledge, and location knowledge, while landmark recognition is a strength. No overlap was found between DTD and aphantasia. The Wayfinding Questionnaire appears to be an appropriate screening tool to help distinguish DTD from disorientation caused by brain injury. Lastly, the Leiden Navigation Task has proven effective in detecting the DTD profile and can be used as a screening tool in future research.Show less
