Emotion recognition is an important skill for individuals to acquire, leading to effective communication and smooth social interactions. While previous research has extensively studied emotion...Show moreEmotion recognition is an important skill for individuals to acquire, leading to effective communication and smooth social interactions. While previous research has extensively studied emotion recognition in childhood, many of these studies are limited by the use of non-authentic expressions produced by actors and assuming a direct correspondence between facial expressions and felt emotions, disregarding individual context. This study aimed to measure children’s emotion recognition using a more naturalistic approach by comparing self-reported and observer-reported emotions in children. In the first phase of the study, children (8 to 12 years old; N = 10) and adults (18 to 40 years old; N = 10) were filmed while watching emotion-inducing videos and self-reported their emotional experiences. In the second phase, a separate group of children (8 to 12 years old; N = 15) rated the expressed emotions of the participants from the first phase of the study. The concordance between self-reported and observer-reported emotions was examined, with a focus on whether concordance differed across emotions and the age of the stimulus actors. The results indicated that children exhibited similar accuracy in recognizing happiness, sadness, fear and disgust. Additionally, children demonstrated an own age bias, which reflects a better emotion recognition accuracy for own-age faces compared to other-age faces. These findings highlight the importance of considering self-reported emotions and the age of the stimulus actors in understanding the development of emotion recognition. Further research should explore the underlying factors that influence emotion recognition in children using a naturalistic approach.Show less
De expressie en herkenning van emoties spelen een belangrijke rol in het dagelijks leven op het gebied van sociale relaties, acties en het welzijn van een individu. Op het gebied van...Show moreDe expressie en herkenning van emoties spelen een belangrijke rol in het dagelijks leven op het gebied van sociale relaties, acties en het welzijn van een individu. Op het gebied van emotieherkenning is er veel onderzoek gedaan met geposeerde gezichten als stimuli. Deze expressies zijn vaak intenser waardoor de resultaten van de onderzoeken een vertekend beeld kunnen geven. Om een realistischer beeld te krijgen over de herkenning en expressies van emoties, zijn natuurlijke emoties bij participanten opgewekt om deze als stimuli te gebruiken. In dit onderzoek is gekeken naar de natuurlijke negatieve gezichtsexpressies van kinderen en volwassenen. Er werd verwacht dat de negatieve gezichtsuitdrukkingen van kinderen beter af te lezen zijn dan de uitdrukkingen van volwassenen, en dat volwassenen beter zijn dan kinderen in het waarnemen van negatieve gezichtsuitdrukkingen. N = 20 participanten kregen diverse video’s te zien die de negatieve emoties angst, verafschuwing en verdriet representeerden, terwijl ze gefilmd werden. Daarbij gaven participanten in een zelfrapportage aan hoe zij zich voelden tijdens het bekijken van de video’s. De opgenomen video’s werden vervolgens beoordeeld door N = 55 aparte observatoren (zowel kinderen als volwassenen). Uit de resultaten blijkt dat volwassenen beter zijn dan kinderen in het detecteren van emoties. Daarnaast is er geen significant verschil gevonden in hoeverre natuurlijke expressies van emoties beter af te lezen zijn bij kinderen of volwassenen. Concluderend gezegd verbetert emotieherkenning met de leeftijd en is dit resultaat representatief voor het dagelijks leven omdat er gebruik is gemaakt van natuurlijk opgewekte emoties.Show less
The expression of embarrassment is known to be influenced by age and the presence of others. However, questions in regards to developmental changes in the experience, the impact of an audience, and...Show moreThe expression of embarrassment is known to be influenced by age and the presence of others. However, questions in regards to developmental changes in the experience, the impact of an audience, and the relationship between facial expression and subjective experience remain understudied. In the present study, we aimed to investigate if age and the presence of an audience influence self-reported embarrassment and if there is a relationship between self-reported embarrassment and its facial expression.Show less
Little is known about the development of social emotions in children. The influence of an audience on these emotions has also rarely been investigated. This research examined the influence of an...Show moreLittle is known about the development of social emotions in children. The influence of an audience on these emotions has also rarely been investigated. This research examined the influence of an audience on the intensity of the expressions of pride and embarrassment between different age groups (3,5-5 year olds, 8-10 year olds and adults). The participants (N = 179) participated in a task that attempted to elicit pride and embarrassment. At the same time, they were filmed. Thereafter, they watched the videos of themselves back, while their face was filmed with a webcam. In one condition no audience was present and in the other condition the researchers stayed in the room. The age group between 8-10 years old expressed a more intense expression of embarrassment than the other two age groups. No difference was observed in the presence of the expression of pride between the age groups. Besides, more participants showed the expression of pride in the condition with the audience than without. This difference was not observed in the intensity of the expression of embarrassment. As a result of this research, more is known about the development of social emotions and the influence of contextual factors on this.Show less
Embarrassment is a self-conscious emotion that typically occurs when one evaluates themselves through the eyes of another. The current study examines the relationship between subjective experience...Show moreEmbarrassment is a self-conscious emotion that typically occurs when one evaluates themselves through the eyes of another. The current study examines the relationship between subjective experience of embarrassment and facial expression of embarrassment in children and adults. Specifically, it examined the differences in facial expressions of embarrassment between children (8-10-years old) and adults (18- 40-years old). It was expected that there would be a positive relationship between subjective experience and facial expression of embarrassment in both adults and children. Moreover, it was predicted that children would show more embarrassment in their facial expression than what adults would show. Participants were asked to do a social performance task, which consisted of singing a song. After they sang the song, participants were required to watch themselves. During this viewing phase, physiological measures and facial expression were recorded. Results showed no correlation between subjective experience and facial expressions of embarrassment for both children, and adults. Furthermore, there was no significant difference in facial expressions of embarrassment between children and adults. Future studies should focus on why this relationship between subjective experience and facial expression is found for basic emotions (such as anger and fear) and not for a self-conscious emotion such as embarrassment.Show less
Self-conscious emotions are necessary to optimally adapt in the social environment. Embarrassment is a self-conscious emotion and little is known about how this emotion is experienced across ages....Show moreSelf-conscious emotions are necessary to optimally adapt in the social environment. Embarrassment is a self-conscious emotion and little is known about how this emotion is experienced across ages. This study investigated any differences in the cheek temperature of young children (3.5-5-yo), older children (8-10-yo) and adults (18-40-yo), during an embarrassment-inducing task. Additionally, it was studied whether the response was influenced by the presence of an audience. To induce embarrassment, the participants were asked to sing a song while being recorded. Afterwards, the participants watched this recording while cheek temperature was measured. Participants were divided in two audience conditions. In the alone condition, participants watched the video on their own. In the audience condition, participants watched the video, while two researchers sat next to them in the same room. To examine whether there were differences in skin temperature between the age categories and audience conditions, a Two-way ANOVA was performed. It was expected that the 8 to 10-year-olds would have the greatest increase in cheek temperature, and the youngest children would have the lowest increase in skin temperature. Furthermore, it was expected that the presence of an audience would increase cheek temperature. The results of this study suggest that there are no differences in the extent to which embarrassment is experienced between the three age categories. Furthermore, audience condition did not influence the cheek temperature of the participants. Finally, age category and audience condition did not influence each other in this sample.Show less
