Andalusian music is performed today all over the Mediterranean and beyond. Why? There is not one kind of music that we can characterize as being from al-Andalus. Jewish and Christian peoples had...Show moreAndalusian music is performed today all over the Mediterranean and beyond. Why? There is not one kind of music that we can characterize as being from al-Andalus. Jewish and Christian peoples had musical traditions before the arrival of the Muslims, who brought along musicians from the East. There was reciprocal influence between traditions, but likely there remained separate identities to a certain extent. From the 15th century, great numbers of Jews, Muslims, or converted people were forced in different installments to leave the Iberian Peninsula. These people brought along elements of their home culture to their new destinations. This forms the basis for most contemporary traditions of Andalusian music. These traditions and their different claims on the identity and purpose of the music, provide telling insights into the narratives on Andalusian music of today. For this reason, I discuss a handful of primary sources, discussing either performances of Andalusian music or ensembles of Andalusian music. Three main narratives emerge, the first being the Islamic Golden Age narrative. It looks back on Al-Andalus as the highpoint of Islamic civilization and culture, and Andalusian music then is instrumentalized as a nostalgic tool and symbol of the ‘ideal’ al-Andalus. The second narrative is that of local heritage. This narrative focusses on the locally cultivated traditions of Andalusian music, that have both a stark regional identity and its own claim to al-Andalus and a certain authenticity. The last main narrative observed is that centered on the European Convivencia ideal, full of nostalgia for a time of peaceful tolerance and collaboration between ‘the three religions’.Show less
In dit eindwerkstuk wordt onderzoek gedaan naar de kennismigratie van vrouwen uit Turkije. Het onderzoek geeft verklaringen voor het vormen van een vertrekintentie en het uiteindelijke besluit om...Show moreIn dit eindwerkstuk wordt onderzoek gedaan naar de kennismigratie van vrouwen uit Turkije. Het onderzoek geeft verklaringen voor het vormen van een vertrekintentie en het uiteindelijke besluit om te vertrekken. Dit wordt gedaan door allereerst naar de politieke, sociaal-economische en sociaal-culturele factoren te kijken die trigger vormen voor het ontwikkelen van vertrekintentie. Vervolgens wordt het gehele proces dat doorlopen wordt door een kennismigrant behandeld. Daarbij wordt eerst ingegaan op het onderwijssysteem, vervolgens de arbeidsmarkt en arbeidsparticipatie en uiteindelijk kennismigratie. Als laatste in Hoofdstuk 3 wordt dieper ingezoomd op de genderdimensie in kennismigratie. Naast een vragenlijst gericht naar zowel mannen als vrouwen die gemigreerd naar Nederland zijn, zijn diepte-interviews gehouden met hoogopgeleide gemigreerde vrouwen die werkzaam zijn bij een groot internationaal bank. De resultaten van dit onderzoek laten zien dat verschillende thema’s zoals onderwijs, niet hebben van een vooruitzicht en de economische ondergang of voorspellingen van economische ondergang als belangrijkste triggers worden geformuleerd door de geïnterviewden. Een nieuw thema geïntroduceerd als resultaat in de interviews is de internationale mindset en directe omgeving met voorbeelden van vertrek. Dit is gedeeltelijk te herleiden naar de westerse manier van onderwijzen, de privé-universiteiten die in de jaren 1980 geopend werden die meer georiënteerd zijn naar het westen en de sociale omgeving. Een verklaring die vrouwen geven voor vrouwen die vertrekken is de globale mindset, onderwijs en sociale omgeving die meer openheid en lef biedt aan vrouwen. Verder onderzoek is nodig om verschillen tussen kennismigranten in verschillende periodes van tijd te onderzoeken, omdat dit onderzoek geen onderscheid maakt in specifiekere periodes van kennismigratie. Dit zou voor de laatste vijf jaar (na de couppoging en de hyperinflatie) anders kunnen zijn dan de migratie daarvoor.Show less
Bu araştırmanın konusu Elif Shafak’ın en son Kıbrıs’taki anlaşmazlık hakkında olan kitabı ‘Ağaçları kayıp olan Ada’daki hatıra söylemleri olmaktadır. Yirminci asrın başlangıcında Rum ile Türk...Show moreBu araştırmanın konusu Elif Shafak’ın en son Kıbrıs’taki anlaşmazlık hakkında olan kitabı ‘Ağaçları kayıp olan Ada’daki hatıra söylemleri olmaktadır. Yirminci asrın başlangıcında Rum ile Türk Kıbrıslıların arasında gerilimlerin ortaya çıkmasıyla, şimdiki siyasi hedeflere ulaşmak için geçmişle şimdiki zaman hakkında çeşitli hikayeler oluşturulmuştur. Bu hikayeler çoğunlukla Sağ ile Sol siyasal akımlarına göre ayırt edilebilir; Sağdakiler kendi etnik grubunun katlanması gereken haksız eziyetini vurgularken ve milliyetçi düşünceleri savunurken, Soldakiler ortak eziyeti vurgular ve milliyetçiliği aşmak ister. Bu hikayeler hatıra bilimleri bölümünde ‘hatıra söylemleri’ olarak bilinir ve aynı olaylar hakkında farklı gruplar tarafından çeşitli hatıraların oluşturulmasına atfetmektedir. Shafak’ın kitabı Kıbrıs’taki anlaşmazlık hakkında olan ilk roman olduğuna göre, anlaşmazlığın edebiyattaki sunması hakkında bugüne dek hiçbir akademik araştırma yapılmamıştır. Bu nedeniyle, bu araştırmanın amacı Shafak’ın kitabında belirli bir hatıra söylemi kullanıp kullanmaması ve kullanmışsa Kıbrıs’taki anlaşmazlığın hakkında olan hatıra söylemlerine uyup uymadığını ortaya çıkarmak olmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın metodolojisi qualitative content analysis, yani kategorizasyon aracılığıyla elde edilmiş verilerin derinlemesine analiz olmaktadır. Bu yöntemin bulguları Shafak’ın Sağcı ve milliyetçi düşüncelerinin romanında tanımlaması, ama desteklememesi olmaktadır. Aksine, kitap milliyetçiliği karşılamak amacıyla çoğunlukla milliyetçiliği aşan ve hem Rum hem Türk Kıbrıslılar için ortak bir Kıbrıslı kimlik sağlamaktadır.Show less
Het doel van deze scriptie is om de impact van de COVID-19-pandemie op het Turkse onderwijs te onderzoeken. Het Turkse onderwijs kampte al voor de pandemie met ernstige problemen, zoals...Show moreHet doel van deze scriptie is om de impact van de COVID-19-pandemie op het Turkse onderwijs te onderzoeken. Het Turkse onderwijs kampte al voor de pandemie met ernstige problemen, zoals kansenongelijkheid. Door kansenongelijkheid hadden sommige leerlingen geen toegang tot ICT-voorzieningen. Tijdens de pandemie werd er overgestapt naar het afstandsonderwijs, waardoor de verschillen in toegang tot technologie, oftewel de digitale kloof, verergerden. Alhoewel de digitale kloof impactvol was voor alle middelbare scholieren, was het mogelijk problematischer voor 12e-klassers. Zij bereidden zich namelijk voor op de toelatingstoets voor de universiteit. Er zijn echter geen onderzoeken die de gevolgen voor 12e-klassen in de context van de digitale kloof onderzoeken. Om dit (gedeeltelijk) tegemoet te komen, is een enquête gehouden. Uit de enquêteresultaten bleek dat onvoldoende technologische mogelijkheden het grootste obstakel vormde. Leerlingen konden hun lessen niet bijwonen of voortzetten door verbindingsproblemen met het netwerk/systeem, dat werd veroorzaakt door het ontbreken van een (stabiele) internetverbinding. De digitale kloof, en kansenongelijkheid, had aanzienlijk meer gevolgen voor leerlingen die in een dorp woonden, en/of naar openbare scholen gingen. Ook is geconstateerd dat door COVID-19 kansenongelijkheid is toegenomen, doordat sommige leerlingen privélessen kregen of naar een dershane gingen en anderen niet. Tot slot speelt ongelijkheid in onderwijskwaliteit tussen 12e-klassers van tijdens COVID, en 12e-klassers van voorgaande jaren.Show less
The mythical half-snake, half-woman creature named Shahmeran from the Middle East has made an appearance in a controversial artwork highlighting LGBTQ+ oppression and faithbased misogyny during the...Show moreThe mythical half-snake, half-woman creature named Shahmeran from the Middle East has made an appearance in a controversial artwork highlighting LGBTQ+ oppression and faithbased misogyny during the Boğaziçi University student protests in early 2021. Shahmeran is an old and known symbol in the region, especially in the diverse areas of south-eastern Turkey, northern Iraq and Iran. She is most probably a remainder of ancient mother goddesses, and was changed overtime to be adopted by the Islamic community with her own story with the help of early Indo-Iranian literary culture, thus making her a pre-Islamic phenomenon. Traditionally, Shahmeran is used primarily for oral storytelling, literature, and art, but also serves as an important talisman for protection against the evil eye and adversity, as well as for happiness and prosperity. The use of Shahmeran in a student protest at a famous university to highlight social issues is a significant change compared to her traditional roles in the region’s folk beliefs. In response to these events, I based my research on the use of Shahmeran as a political symbol for minority groups such as the LGBTQ+ community and the Kurds. This research was conducted by analysing existing Turkish literature, various artworks and news articles. Shahmeran is an inherently non-binary creature, with both female and male sexual characteristics, making her an important symbol for the LGBTQ+ community and gender expression in general. For Kurds, Shahmeran is used as a symbol of resistance against the Turkish state. Both minority groups in Turkey use art with her in it to express their political realities.Show less
The Turkish TV series Diriliş: Ertuğrul has received worldwide media attention for its political-ideological implementation and its international viewership. This is especially interesting since...Show moreThe Turkish TV series Diriliş: Ertuğrul has received worldwide media attention for its political-ideological implementation and its international viewership. This is especially interesting since the series responds to contemporary issues. That is why I wondered how masculinity is presented in the series. This study addresses the question to which extent Ottoman or Turkish ideas on manhood influence masculine ideals. Firstly, I will give an overview of the pre-modern Ottoman male ideal, focusing on the image of the sultan and discussing the impact of dervishes. I will continue discussing the modern ideal man in the late Ottoman Empire and the Turkish Republic. This era shows a change from Islamic masculinity to a more nationalistic interpretation; however, similarities continue to exist, mainly the dominant and militaristic masculine ideal. In the final chapter, I will discuss the presentation of masculinity in the series. The impact of masculinity is supported by the consequences of the series and the reactions of viewers. This presentation of masculinity is compared to pre-modern Ottoman and modern Ottoman/Turkish manhood, showing that Ertuğrul embodies a combination of male values both from the Ottoman-Islamic and nationalist-modern periods. The outcome shows potential for further research into modern Islamic masculinities.Show less
