Cliëntelisme binnen de politiek is bepaald geen nieuw fenomeen. Maar wat als distributieve en emotionele uitwisseling onderdeel vormen van een diepgeworteld systeem om politieke steun te verkrijgen...Show moreCliëntelisme binnen de politiek is bepaald geen nieuw fenomeen. Maar wat als distributieve en emotionele uitwisseling onderdeel vormen van een diepgeworteld systeem om politieke steun te verkrijgen en te behouden? In deze scriptie wordt het cliëntelisme gedurende het presidentschap van Cristina Fernández de Kirchner in Argentinië geanalyseerd. Uitgaande van drie pijlers binnen de politiekvoering van CFK – jongeren, mensenrechten en arbeiders – is onderzocht of de uitwisseling tussen de politiek en de kiezer zich op distributief, dan wel op emotioneel niveau bevindt. Waar de verwachting was dat cliëntelisme op emotioneel niveau zou overheersen, blijkt uit zowel literaire als empirische analyse dat het niveau waarop cliëntelisme zich uit, per pijler varieert. Zo bevindt cliëntelisme zich bij mensenrechten zich hoofdzakelijk op emotioneel niveau, terwijl de relatie met de arbeiderstak vooral distributief van aard blijkt. In de connectie tussen de politiek en de jongeren zijn de niveaus juist evenredig. Niet voor niets is cliëntelisme een actueel onderwerp in het academisch veld – het geven van een eenduidige verificatie van het fenomeen blijft een uitdaging, wat maakt dat er nog veel ruimte is voor toekomstige analyse van dit onderwerp.Show less
In today's world where globalization, sustainable development and nature conservation are front-page news, a counter-narrative is also perceived in the form of environmental destruction with...Show moreIn today's world where globalization, sustainable development and nature conservation are front-page news, a counter-narrative is also perceived in the form of environmental destruction with migratory consequences and therefore social and socio-economic disintegration in some regions of the world. This thesis investigates the relationship between mining, nature conservation and the consequences for Venezuelan indigenous populations. This study shows that the so-called "Orinoco Mining Arc" in the Amazonian territory of Venezuela (a government mining initiative that generates a rapid – and in cases illegal – source of income, with little control by the respective Government) results in the so-called ecocide, that is, extensive and serious damage to nature that refers precisely to the total environmental destruction in a given area, whether or not it is protected.Show less
Bilingual compound verbs (BCVs) are constructions where an inflected light verb from one language co-occurs with an inserted lexical verb from another language, which provides the semantic content,...Show moreBilingual compound verbs (BCVs) are constructions where an inflected light verb from one language co-occurs with an inserted lexical verb from another language, which provides the semantic content, e.g., Spanish/English hacer cook “to cook”: Spanish/Maya hacer loch “to hug”. Although previous studies, i.a., Balam (2015); Balam et al. (2020); Michalski (2017), have analyzed the (morpho)syntactic structure of hacer “to do” BCVs in Spanish/English code-switching and Maya/Spanish code-switching respectively, there is no study that offers a semantic analysis of these innovative constructions in these bilingual varieties. Endeavoring to fill this gap, the present study examines the semantic use of BCVs in Orange Walk, Belize and the Yucatan Peninsula, Mexico; two linguistically and sociohistorically connected yet distinct communities where Spanish hacer BCVs have been attested (e.g., Balam, 2015; Michalski, 2017). More specifically, we analyzed which semantic domains are open to other language lexical verbs in these two bi/multilingual communities that markedly differ in terms of their frequency of use of BCVs. 903 BCVs from Balam ́s (2016a) corpus of oral production data from Northern Belize and 237 BCVs from Michalski ́s (2021) Yucatan Spanish Twitter corpus were coded using our categorization model, consisting of 3 mains semantic categories, 28 mutually exclusive categories and 5 references to identity. Results show that there are significant similarities and differences regarding the openness of semantic domains to other language lexical verbs in the two communities. In terms of similarities, subcategories “C1 School, Education, Learning-Related” and “B2 Friendships, Social Communication” evinced high levels of openness (> 7%) across the two communities. In terms of differences, the BCVs from Yucatan encapsulated a relatively high degree of cultural and linguistic references (47%) that are idiosyncratic to the Yucatecan/Mayan community. We therefore posit that Backus ́s (2001) concept of specificity and Treffers-Daller ́s (2023) listedness to be the main motivations for the insertion of Maya verbs in hacer BCVs. The Belize results demonstrate that many different semantic contexts exhibited openness to English verb insertions, reflecting the multicultural and multilingual identity of the Northern Belizean society. The high degree of openness found in “C1 School, Education, Learning-Related” (20%) and “C2 Work-Related”(13%) can be attributed to the more frequent (official) use of English in educational and professional settings, possibly resulting in higher levels of “entrenchment” in the speakers´minds (Backus, 2014).Show less
