Research on urn cremations from the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (c. 1350-500 BC) found in Northwestern continental Europe has been scarce over the last decades. Especially in terms of what...Show moreResearch on urn cremations from the Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age (c. 1350-500 BC) found in Northwestern continental Europe has been scarce over the last decades. Especially in terms of what urn cremations contain, and if these contents are positioned in a certain way. This has resulted in the notion that Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age burials are simple graves, with simple funerary practices. However, this research reveals a variety of choices was made throughout the funerary process, which makes these funerary practices increasingly more complex than assumed. To study these past funerary practices, this research examined the choices made in terms of what Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age urn cremations contain, and the position of these contents. This was achieved through a literature study of sites in the Netherlands, Belgium, France and Germany, and by conducting a case study on a Late Bronze Age/Early Iron Age urn cremation from Venlo-Zaarderheiken (Limburg, the Netherlands). The latter allowed the examination of the contents and their position inside this urn cremation in detail. As a result, a variety of choices and actions concerning the contents and their position inside these urn cremations became visible through this dataset. This indicated funerary practices were more elaborate than thought; cremated human remains were carefully collected from the pyre remains, after which they were occasionally positioned inside the urn. Pyre remains were generally not added, in contrast to grave goods which often accompanied the dead on the pyre during cremation as well. Before the final deposition, the cremated human remains were covered with ceramics or stone slabs to prevent contamination with soil or to protect them from (accidental) digging activities. Thus, this research yielded a lot of new information on Late Bronze Age and Early Iron Age funerary practices in Northwestern continental Europe, which proves these practices were more elaborate than initially thought.Show less
Herakles, a well-known figure from Greek Mythology, is well-beloved by the modern media, in their many recreations of his great tales in the form of movies, comic books, and various other platforms...Show moreHerakles, a well-known figure from Greek Mythology, is well-beloved by the modern media, in their many recreations of his great tales in the form of movies, comic books, and various other platforms of visual media. The legend, a symbol of human behaviour, but also a demi-god hero, boasts various qualities that reflect the human nature quite well, and yet he maintains a pedestal of godliness in his great acts and heroics. The legend of Herakles has been reused and reshaped since the dawn of its conception in the form of the oral traditions of the ancient Greek society. Before the well-known tales were written down or put into picture, or on the ‘big screen’ as we see them today, the legend of Herakles – and the many other Greek heroes of myth – were passed on by word of mouth. Through oral traditions, the ancient Greeks passed on the tales of great heroes, such as Achilles, Perseus, and, of course, Herakles. In this time, and countless time over the years that followed, the many tales – and subsequently, many versions of Herakles – were subject to variation and change. The result of this is evident in the written mythology present in the modern age. There is no singular version of the tale of Herakles, and instead, many different stories which present different views of the myth, and of the character. However, there are certain elements specific to Herakles that are recognisable in all recurring versions of him – be it in the stories or visual representations. These elements are parts of his appearance and are common and well-known elements to his visual depiction. The lion-skin cloak and the olive-wood club – in addition to the tall, muscular stature – are traits that are most often present in the visual depictions of Herakles in different forms of media. The variation in this visual depiction is the primary focus of this thesis. In different regions and different times, the visual depictions of Herakles have been subject to change, however, the set features that allow the viewer to recognise him as Herakles are continuously present in those depictions – from the Greek plates to modern movies. Regardless of the changes the story seems to endure, the visual representation of Herakles appears to hold a level of consistency throughout time.Show less
Textile had a major ceremonial role in the Inca empire, and is therefore often researched in Andean archaeology. However, the focus is often on either the production process of the cloth, or on the...Show moreTextile had a major ceremonial role in the Inca empire, and is therefore often researched in Andean archaeology. However, the focus is often on either the production process of the cloth, or on the symbolic value. These approaches are rarely combined. This research focusses on the clothing of five Inca Capacocha mummies: The three individuals from mount Llullaillaco, the young boy from mount El Plomo, and the female adolescent from mount Ampato. The connection between the technology and the meaning of the woven garments is investigated through literature analysis. Technology and style meet in the structure of the textile, as the design is embedded in and part of the woven fabric itself, and the completeness of the structure can be considered a stylistic feature. The two aspects also meet in what the designs depict. These are abstract patterns that represent symmetry, repetitions, contrasts and inversions, all concepts that are found back in Inca socio-political systems, ideology, and the actual structure of woven cloth. Finally, technology meets symbology in the artisans, the people who infuse the raw material with meaning through the process of production. Their social identity and their investment of labour and time gives the textile its value and prestigious status. Treating textile as the unity that it is, brings us one step closer to understanding the people involved in the production and consumption of these goods. When approached holistically, textile holds the potential to inform us on culturally specific ideas, preferences, and values within a society, through the messages that it carries within both its structure and symbols.Show less
The Xiongnu have long been disregarded, thinking that they played no active part within world history. This thesis aims to shed light on Xiongnu trade and its cultural impact on their culture by...Show moreThe Xiongnu have long been disregarded, thinking that they played no active part within world history. This thesis aims to shed light on Xiongnu trade and its cultural impact on their culture by means of three detailed case studies, which are placed against a theoretical background that involves globalization theory. These case studies focus on one material group (textile, metal or lacquerware) and a burial mound from a different cemetery each (Noyon Uul, Gol Mod 2, Tsaraam Valley), in order to approach the following big questions: To which degree was trade present between the Xiongnu and other cultures and how that is reflected in their material culture? How large an influence are the Chinese dynasties on Xiongnu culture? Did the local Xiongnu culture remain standing despite influences from the outside? The first case study, following a chapter discussing globalization theory and its application itself, examines textile finds from mound 22 of Noyon Uul. The designs, materials and dyes will be analysed, resulting in data that reveals foreign origin of whole objects or some of the raw materials. The second case study comprises of an analysis of the metal finds found within mound 1 of the Gol Mod 2 cemetery. These metal finds all stem from Han style chariots, though the production techniques of the metal (iron and bronze) show that these chariot components were likely locally made by Xiongnu peoples instead. Lastly, the third case study concerns a lacquer box retrieved from mound 7 of the Tsaraam Valley. This lacquer box bears a Chinese inscription and shows other signs of being a product made with diplomatic purposes in mind as well. The chapter following the case studies discusses what implications the findings of the case studies actually have in regard to globalisation and trade. The textiles and the metal finds reveal that foreign elements have been adopted and sometimes have been adapted to fit Xiongnu culture better. The lacquer box reinforces the idea that the Xiongnu received goods from the Chinese in accordance with treaties between the two empires. Though the overall scale of this research is rather small, it provides a nice picture of how dynamic trade on the steppes likely has been, which contrasts the old notion that the Xiongnu were passive barbarians that slowly Sinicized.Show less
In this thesis, the composite burial of unit 52 of the site of El Carril, Dominican Republic, has been analyzed for deviancy from the general mortuary behavior in the Late Ceramic Caribbean....Show moreIn this thesis, the composite burial of unit 52 of the site of El Carril, Dominican Republic, has been analyzed for deviancy from the general mortuary behavior in the Late Ceramic Caribbean. Firstly, the general pattern of mortuary behavior in the Caribbean during the Late Ceramic Age had to be established. The variables that were taken into the analysis were: the location of the grave(s), the position of the individual(s), the occurrence of grave goods, whether it was a primary or secondary burial and the general ritual behavior. This research has concluded that the location of burials was often underneath houses, in caves, underneath central plazas or in mounds. The main position the individuals were placed in was either on their side, back, or in a seated position with the legs tightly flexed towards the upper body. Less occurring positions included the extended supine position and prone position. Grave goods seemed to be present at many sites, but they were in general infrequent. The most common burials were primary burials, the secondary burials occurred at a lower frequency. Lastly, the other burial rituals included individuals being placed inside ceramic vessels, underneath big stones or with cremated remains of another person. The composite burial of unit 52 at El Carril contained burial F35-03 and F35-01. F35-03, a juvenile individual, was positioned in a fairly uncommon burial position in this area at that period, called the frog position, lying on its back with the legs pulled up towards the torso. Furthermore, the skull and other long bones of the juvenile, who had an estimated age of 5 to 6 years old, were missing. This practice is often connected to the veneration of ancestors. On top of this individual, the burial F35-01 was discovered. This adult, a probable female with an estimated age of 20, was lying half on its side, half on the front of the body. This meant that the skull and upper part of the body were in a prone position, a burial position that is very low occurring in the Caribbean in this period. Furthermore, the prone position is nowadays often associated with a deviant burial treatment, which is also evident in the notion that this adult did not receive a similar treatment as the juvenile and one other burial at El Carril (F85-01). Lastly, the skull of the adult exhibited a fronto-occipital modification. The composite burial of unit 52 can be concluded to be deviant from the general mortuary behavior in the Caribbean during the Late Ceramic Age. This is 57 because bones were extracted from the juvenile, which was usually reserved for more ‘special’ people and has not been documented that often for non-adults. This is in contrast to the burial treatment of the adult, who appears to have gotten no special treatment at all. Furthermore, the positions of the individuals are non- normative, or at least low occurring. Lastly, the absence of grave goods is in great contrast with other contemporary sites on the island.Show less
In sommige publicaties betreffende Den Haag in de Late Middeleeuwen en Nieuwe Tijd wordt de tegenstelling van de rijkdom van de bewoners op zand en armoede van bewoners op veen vermeld. In deze...Show moreIn sommige publicaties betreffende Den Haag in de Late Middeleeuwen en Nieuwe Tijd wordt de tegenstelling van de rijkdom van de bewoners op zand en armoede van bewoners op veen vermeld. In deze scriptie wordt onderzocht in hoeverre deze ‘zandrijk’ en ‘veenarm’ tegenstelling gereflecteerd wordt door de spreiding en het materiaal van watervoorzieningen in het stadscentrum van Den Haag. Dit wordt gedaan door kwantitatief onderzoek en statistische tests op een database van 218 watervoorzieningen in Den Haag in de Late Middeleeuwen en de Nieuwe Tijd. Hierbij worden beschreven: de verdeling van het aantal watervoorzieningen tussen veen en zand, het verloop van het aantal watervoorzieningen door de tijd, mogelijke verklaringen daarvoor, het verloop van het aantal watervoorzieningen in veen en zand door de tijd, de verdeling van het aantal waterputten tussen de gebruikte materialen, de verdeling van het aantal waterputten tussen de gebruikte materialen per grondsoort door de tijd heen en de bezwaren tegen de betrouwbaarheid van het onderzoek. Als de historische verwachting dat minvermogenden in Den Haag op veengronden woonden en welgestelden op zand correct is, is te verwachten dat er in veen geen of minder en goedkopere (houten) putten en kelders aanwezig zijn en in zandgronden meer, duurdere ((bak)stenen) waterputten en -kelders. Dit is echter niet het geval. Alleen het relatief grote aantal kelders op zand, het relatief grote deel volsteenputten op zand en het relatief grotere deel (bak)stenen schachten in zand, stroken met de onderzoeksstelling. Het aanwezig zijn van watervoorzieningen op veen, én relatief meer watervoorzieningen op veen, de sterke invloed van tijdsperiode op het aantal watervoorzieningen, en het aanwezig zijn van relatief meer houten kragen op zand dan op veen stroken niet met de onderzoeksstelling. De onderzoeksstelling wordt dus slechts voor een deel ondersteund door de resultaten en voor een deel tegengesproken. Mogelijke verklaringen hiervoor zijn dat zijn dat het beeld is dat de data geeft verstoord is en dat de historische verwachting klopt, watervoorzieningen geen welvaart aangeven, dat de manier waarop watervoorzieningen status en welvaart aangeven genuanceerder is, of dat welgestelden moeten worden onderverdeeld in meer lagen. [English version] In some publications considering The Hague (Den Haag) in the late middle ages and the modern period there mention of an opinon of the opposite between the wealth of inhabitants of and the poverty of inhabitants of peat. To which extent this ‘sand rich’ and ‘peat poor’ opposition is reflected by the distribution and the material of water sources (cisterns and wells) in the city centre of The Hague is researched in this thesis. This has been done by quantitative research and statistical tests on a database of 218 water sources in The Hague in the late middle ages and the modern period. Here a description is given of distribution of the number of water sources between peat and sand, the distribution of the number of water sources through time, possible explanations for it, the distribution of the number of water sources in sand and peat through time, de distribution of the number of wells between the used materials, the distribution of the number of wells between the used materials and between sand and peat through time, and the objections against the reliability of the research. If the historical expectation that the unwealthy in The Hague lived on peat and the wealthy on sand is correct, it is to be expected that there are no or less and cheaper (wooden) wells and no or less cisterns in peat and more, more expensive (brick/stone) wells and more cisterns sand. This is not the case however, Only the relatively large number of cisterns on sand, the relatively large share of completely brick/stone wells on sand and the relatively large number of brick/stone shaft linings in sand are in accordance with the research hypothesis. The presence of water sources in peat, and the presence of relatively more water sources in peat, the strong influnce of time period on the number of water sources, and the presence of relatively more wooden above ground structures on sand than on peat are not in accordance with the research hypothesis. The research hypothesis is therefore only partly supported by the results and partly contradicted. Possible explanations are that the image the data give is distorted and the historical expectation is correct, water sources don’t indicate wealth, the way in which water sources indicate status is more nuanced, or that the wealthy should be divided into more layers.Show less
In the Younger LBK, exchange networks start to change. Instead of long-distance networks, the trade becomes more local. The change in the raw material used for adzes in the Graetheide cluster in...Show moreIn the Younger LBK, exchange networks start to change. Instead of long-distance networks, the trade becomes more local. The change in the raw material used for adzes in the Graetheide cluster in southern Limburg (NL) illustrates this change. The material changes from the distant amphibolite rock to the more local lydite (phtanite) and grès-a-micas rocks. Why this happened is not yet clear, which is why we will be having a look at the LBK site of Nattenhoven. This site is suspected of being a production site for adzes in the Younger LBK. Newly accessible adze material from this site indeed shows that it is likely that the site was an adze production site. The lack of dateable finds such as fine-walled pottery have however made it difficult to determine the exact age of the site. As such, a connection to the changing trade networks cannot be made. Future research may however proof to be useful if exact dating is managed for the site.Show less
This BA thesis focusses on one aspect of the burial tradition of the late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age in the South of the Netherlands and adjacent Belgium (1100-500 B.C.). During this period...Show moreThis BA thesis focusses on one aspect of the burial tradition of the late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age in the South of the Netherlands and adjacent Belgium (1100-500 B.C.). During this period of time, the vast majority of the population of North-western Europe was buried in large collective cemeteries; urnfields. Therefore, this period was also known as the Urnfield Period. The deceased were cremated and buried in small burial pits, with or without urns, to which small burial mounds and ring ditches were added. Nevertheless, in different locations, there are examples of burials in which the deceased were buried in much older burial mounds (secondary burials) or changes have been made to these burial mounds (modifications). This concerns an aberrant burial practice with re-use of burial monuments from a distant past. Although this phenomenon has been named in several publications, it lacked further analysis hitherto. This research, which is based on literature review, accommodates such analysis with a further categorization, with the underlying purpose to recover patterns. To achieve the recovery of patterns several things have been researched, among which are the type of burial mounds re-used, the manner in which they were heightened, expanded and cut through, the locations within the burial mounds where the deceased were buried, the type of grave goods that were present, the type of individuals that were buried and the correlation between them. In addition, the potential motivations for this phenomenon have been discussed, to which degree this corresponds with common burials in urnfields and whether this could have been a collective tradition. This has revealed a high degree of diversity in re-use, yet there appears to be indication of specific choices, and in particular two specific patterns have been revealed. Firstly, several individuals were potentially purposefully buried eccentrically within older burial mounds, whereas others were buried in the centre, disturbing the original graves. Therefore, in some cases, one could have been aware that people from a near or distant past were buried in these burial mounds. Secondly, the practice of secondary burials almost exclusively concerned female individuals; at least in the cases with sex estimations. Because this research was focused on aberrant burial practices, the amount number of available samples was, in fact, too small for definitive conclusions. Further research could be directed at the expansion of the research area (e.g. to Germany) and, if possible, to research the (osteological) “raw data” of sites with cases of re-use.Show less
This research is based on a 200cm₃ sediment sample that has been taken from level 13II-3 sublevel b/c, an unknown volume of sediment belonging to the same sample and a 200cm₃ sediment sample that...Show moreThis research is based on a 200cm₃ sediment sample that has been taken from level 13II-3 sublevel b/c, an unknown volume of sediment belonging to the same sample and a 200cm₃ sediment sample that has been taken from level 13II-2 sublevel 3bc/c-2a5. Remains of a Palaeoloxodon antiquus have been unearthed and correspond with layer 13II-3 and 13II-2. The remains of this large herbivore that have been unearthed exist of a mandible including two molars, the atlas bone and the spheroid bone. These remains correspond with level 13II-3. Also a tusk belonging to this animal was found and this corresponds to level 13II-2. It is possible further research will reveal larger parts of the skeleton and this possibility is taken into account in this thesis. The stratigraphic layers with which these remains correspond have been sampled in close proximity to the mandible and the tusk. This method is used in an attempt to get macro-botanical data that corresponds closely to the time the Palaeoloxodon antiquus died, so the environmental reconstruction will gain us access in what flora were locally represented around the time this Palaeoloxodon antiquus died. Because different studies suggest the presence of a lake at the location the sample was taken, the expectations are to encounter different aquatic and semi-aquatic plant macrofossils.Show less
In the past, archaeologists and Indigenous Peoples did not always co-operate well. This has changed for the better, but is that also reflected in documentaries about archaeology? Indigenous Peoples...Show moreIn the past, archaeologists and Indigenous Peoples did not always co-operate well. This has changed for the better, but is that also reflected in documentaries about archaeology? Indigenous Peoples have been mis- and underrepresented in the mainstream media. It is therefore important to show the relationship between Indigenous Peoples and archaeologists in a correct way. Thus the research question of this thesis is: How are Indigenous Peoples (re)presented in contemporary documentaries on the archaeology and heritage of Central America? This was studied by analysing three documentaries. The cinematic language was explained in chapter two in order to be able to analyse documentaries. Then ethnographic content analysis was used to set up categories and variables to collect data from the films by analysing the characters. A definition of if a character was considered Indigenous or not was set up by studying the United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples (UNDRIP), and the discussion between scholars on different definitions for Indigenous Peoples. The analysis of the data showed that from the three movies, with a total of 29 characters, only two characters could be considered Indigenous. This means that in these movies the Indigenous perspective was underrepresented. Also, some of the variables showed that these Indigenous characters were treated differently than other characters. Western filmmakers or production companies should be aware that they are not inclusive, which they should be according to UNDRIP. Western filmmakers should start collaborating with Indigenous Peoples when making movies about their history and heritage, because then Indigenous Peoples can regain control of their stories and represent themselves.Show less
The main question of this research is about which of two models about urnfields and Late Prehistoric land division fits best with the data around the sites Baarlo de Bong and Venlo-Zaarderheiken....Show moreThe main question of this research is about which of two models about urnfields and Late Prehistoric land division fits best with the data around the sites Baarlo de Bong and Venlo-Zaarderheiken. In the first model from Roymans and Fokkens (1991), it is suggested that burials were moving together with the settlements during the Middle Bronze Age (new burials at new places), whereas later burials from the Late Bronze Age (urnfield period) were formed in central locations within the landscape together with one or two families. In the other model, burial landscapes are suggested; these are zones without connection to the settlements were burials are placed in large areas stretching up to several kilometres in length (Arnoldussen and Fontijn 2006, 301). To answer the question, information was gathered from the Dutch national archaeological database known as Archis, from which information was gathered regarding the locations of former urnfields, burial mounds, Roman burials etc. This information was combined with information from the AHN; a Dutch elevation map from which small round hills could be identified as potential burial mounds around sites. The combination of the locations of supposed former burial mounds/urnfields and the hills of the elevation map can be used to make special correlations between the observations and the two archaeological sites. From this research, it could be concluded that at the site of Venlo- Zaarderheiken, there are a lot of observations of Prehistoric and Roman burials in close vicinity of the site. At Baarlo de Bong however, there are only a few observations of burials in the vicinity of the site. Because of this, Venlo-Zaarderheiken seems to be a candidate for a burial landscape, because of the many observations in close vicinity of the site, which also stretch out over a much larger area. On the other hand, both models could fit for Baarlo de Bong, because of the relatively small size of the burial site. The model of Roymans and Fokkens could not be rejected, thus both models are possible.Show less
This Bachelor thesis studies the differences in lower limb bone morphology between post medieval rural and urban populations within the Netherlands. To demonstrate these differences two human...Show moreThis Bachelor thesis studies the differences in lower limb bone morphology between post medieval rural and urban populations within the Netherlands. To demonstrate these differences two human skeletal remains collections originating from Middenbeemster (rural) and Zwolle (urban) have been compared statistically. The study presented within this thesis aims to link possible differences within lower limb bone morphology to the socioeconomic environments, where the introduction of industrialization is one of the major changes compared to late medieval socioeconomic environments is an important factor. These new changes to the areas in which these populations lived their lives, happened quite differently for both the rural and urban areas which should results if these differences are indeed visible within the human skeletal remains. Post medieval Zwolle and Middenbeemster both experienced the changes that the industrialization brought to the Netherlands differently, whereas Zwolle was industrialized whilst Middenbeemster did yet have to feel the “arrival” of industrialization, which means differences between the rural and urban areas should exist. Most differences between rural and urban areas are known from historical context. Looking at the human skeletal remains to see if there are bone morphological differences between rural and urban populations however, could shed some more light on the different socioeconomic environments present within the Netherlands. Lower limb bone morphology is a small part of this but nevertheless important because it gives an insight on the mobility patterns and the amount of mechanical loading experienced by the individuals living in both Middenbeemster and Zwolle. The study shows that industrialization, rural and urban life and class differences between and within the populations indeed have an impact on bone morphological changes within the lower limbs. This means that differences in mobility and mechanical loading are present between and within both populations.Show less
The patterns of LEH thus far recognized within the skeletal collection of Alkmaar have produced significant results regarding multiple topics: the differences in distribution of LEH patterns...Show moreThe patterns of LEH thus far recognized within the skeletal collection of Alkmaar have produced significant results regarding multiple topics: the differences in distribution of LEH patterns between men and women, the timing of LEH episodes and between the age-at-death and the prevalence of LEH. Within this dataset, there is no significant difference recognized between males and females regarding the prevalence of LEH, this stress-marker occur in the same frequency for both sexes. This however does not mean that there are no differences observed between men and women in the age distribution of LEH and the timing of the LEH episodes. The female individuals found in Alkmaar tend to suffer from malnutrition from a younger age then the males and the prevalence of LEH lasts longer, for some individuals into their early teens. Males however have a higher prevalence of LEH then females after the age of one, but there are no signs of LEH in males after six years old. Lastly, the patterns recognized when analyzing the correlation between LEH and longevity of life seems to indicate a connection between the presence of and an increase in risk of dying at a younger age. This risk seems to increase in individuals that have severe LEH where multiple markers of malnutrition episodes are present, this correlation between childhood health events and its impact on health at adulthood can be used when constructing the biological profile of individuals if investigated properly. LEH has proven to be a rich source of information that can provide a useful insight into the Alkmaar dataset, but more research into the dental records will be needed in order to properly understand and explain the significant patterns presented in this thesis.Show less
In this study of the Middle Neolithic sites of Ypenburg-locatie 4 and Schipluiden-Harnaschpolder in the western Netherlands, the mortuary practices of these sites are discussed through the study of...Show moreIn this study of the Middle Neolithic sites of Ypenburg-locatie 4 and Schipluiden-Harnaschpolder in the western Netherlands, the mortuary practices of these sites are discussed through the study of archaeothanatology. Archaeothanatology combines extensive documentation of graves and human remains with biological and taphonomical knowledge to reconstruct prehistoric approaches to death. It has shown that the dead have been treated in multiple ways at Ypenburg and Schipluiden. While the most common positioning of the dead in a tightly flexed manner suggests that the dead could have been wrapped in an organic material, the addition of multiple individuals to one grave shows that the inhabitants had an exact way of knowing where they had buried their dead. The addition of scattered human remains among settlement refuse is an indication that a different mortuary treatment existed where individual skeletal elements seem to have been displaced by either cultural or natural taphonomic processes. All of these mortuary practices are paralleled in the contemporaneous Swifterbant and Michelsberg cultures in Northwestern Europe at sites such as Urk-E4, Schokland-P14 and Gougenheim. This attests to the longstanding contacts that have existed between peoples more Mesolithic in character and fully Neolithic peoples since the introduction of the new Neolithic lifestyle circa 5500-5000 BC. As new facets of life such as agriculture, stock breeding, pottery and permanent occupation were introduced, the mortuary practices seem to have also developed from the stretched burial position on the back to the tightly flexed fetal position. Perhaps the process of neolithisation is thus also reflected in the mortuary record.Show less
