In de Nederlandse (archeologische) geschiedenis speelt het schip een belangrijke rol. Een schip staat voor het maritieme verhaal van Nederland, echter kunnen losse onderdelen van een schip, zoals...Show moreIn de Nederlandse (archeologische) geschiedenis speelt het schip een belangrijke rol. Een schip staat voor het maritieme verhaal van Nederland, echter kunnen losse onderdelen van een schip, zoals scheepshout en constructieonderdelen ook bijdragen aan dit maritieme verhaal. Deze losse vondsten worden veel in hergebruikte vorm teruggevonden in allerlei contexten en toepassingen in Nederland. Hergebruik betekent het opnieuw gebruiken of toepassen van voorwerpen vanuit de oude context in de nieuwe context waarbij de functie van het voorwerp veranderd. Bijvoorbeeld huidplanken van een schip (voorwerpen) worden hergebruik als onderdeel van een perceelscheiding in een gedempte 12e-eeuwse gracht. Hergebruik is ook het opnieuw gebruiken van een object waarbij de context en de functie van het object veranderd. Bijvoorbeeld een schip wordt afgezonken in de rivier de IJssel om de huidige rivierloop te verleggen. Hierbij veranderd de oude context van het object (schip gelegen in haven of werf) naar de nieuwe context (schip gelegen op de bodem van de rivier) en de oude functie (zeevarend object) krijgt een nieuwe functie (rivierverlegger of waterstaatkundig object). Als laatste kan hergebruik ook het opnieuw toepassen van voorwerpen vanuit de oude context in de nieuwe context zijn waarbij de functie van het voorwerp niet veranderd. Bijvoorbeeld een dekknie (voorwerp) wordt gebruikt om de het dek te ondersteunen. De dekknie wordt vervolgens uit het wrak gehaald en in een dakconstructie van een huis geplaats ter ondersteuning van de vloer. Hierbij veranderd de oude context (wrak of schip) in de nieuwe context (dakconstructie huis), maar veranderd de functie niet (dragen van dek of vloer). Onder hergebruik worden geen scheepsreparaties opgenomen, voorwerpen die tot de inventaris van schepen behoren, halffabricaten of hout of metaal dat is omgevormd tot een ander voorwerp, zoals een beeld. Het hergebruik van scheepshout en constructie-elementen verschilt per tijd en per context. In de Romeinse Tijd wordt voornamelijk eikenhout hergebruikt. Op basis van dit onderzoek worden in de Romeinse Tijd eikenhouten scheepsdelen voornamelijk gedeeltelijk in verband toegepast in constructies. Voor de Middeleeuwen ligt de focus voornamelijk op eikenhouten planken in waterputten en de Nieuwe Tijd worden voornamelijk eikenhouten, kromvormig houten onderdelen toegepast in waterputten. Al deze contexten hadden iets met wonen en werken te maken. De meeste hergebruikte scheepselementen worden voornamelijk kwantitatief gebruikt. Dat wil zeggen er is gewerkt met wat er beschikbaar is. Hout wordt het meest hergebruikt en constructieonderdelen als klinknagels zijn vaak bevestigd aan dit scheepshout. Soms blijven ze achter in de grond wanneer het scheepshout is weggerot of verbrand. Sintels en klinknagels kunnen een aanduiding zijn voor scheepvaart en/of hergebruik, maar een andere toepassing van sintels of klinknagels in bijvoorbeeld gebouwen of deuren is ook mogelijk. Dit is nooit goed onderzocht. De vorm van het scheepshout heeft ook invloed op de toepassing van het hout in bijvoorbeeld constructies. Planken en inhouten zijn bijvoorbeeld gemaakt van een goede kwaliteit hout en erg stevig. Dit maakt ze goed toepasbaar in bijvoorbeeld funderingen, omdat stevigheid een vereiste is voor het maken van een goede fundering. De belangrijkste redenen om scheepshout her te gebruiken zijn economische redenen, zoals schaarste. Naast deze gegevens kan het onderzoek naar scheepshout en constructieonderdelen nog veel data opleveren, zoals scheepstypen die per regio of gebied hebben gevaren. Scheepshout laat vaak belangrijke veranderingen één op één terugzien in het hergebruik, zoals landschapsontwikkelingen of veranderingen in de scheepsbouw. Dit maakt het onderzoek naar hergebruik een waardevolle bron voor de Nederlandse (maritieme) archeologie.Show less
In onderhavig scriptieonderzoek wordt met een kritische blik gekeken naar de toegepaste prospectietechnieken en interpretaties van het drietal prospectieve onderzoeken in Geertjesgolf te Winssen,...Show moreIn onderhavig scriptieonderzoek wordt met een kritische blik gekeken naar de toegepaste prospectietechnieken en interpretaties van het drietal prospectieve onderzoeken in Geertjesgolf te Winssen, Moordhuizen en Angeren. Allen gelegen in het Gelderse deel van het Nederlandse rivierengebied. Tenslotte worden aanbevelingen gedaan voor toekomstige prospectieve onderzoeken binnen het rivierengebied. Aanleiding voor het onderzoek zijn de acties en gevolgen die hebben plaatsgevonden op de locaties Geertjesgolf te Winssen, Moordhuizen en Angeren, waarbij een archeologisch rijk landschap werd aangetroffen nadat de gebieden waren vrijgegeven. Ondanks dat grote delen van Geertjesgolf na deze vrijgave zijn weggegraven kon een groot gedeelte van het archeologische bodemarchief ex situ worden behouden. In het geval van Moordhuizen is zeer veel en met name bijzonder vondstmateriaal tijdens baggerwerkzaamheden verzameld. Echter is de context van het materiaal niet meer te achterhalen. Het onderzoek in Angeren daarentegen kent geen verloren archeologie. Nieuwe verwachtingsmodellen en bijbehorende prospectietechnieken tonen een haast feilloos systeem, waarmee archeologisch vindplaatsen op meerdere landschappelijk niveaus kunnen worden opgespoord. Tijdens het onderzoek veelvuldig gebruik gemaakt van literatuuronderzoek. Hierbij zijn met name (oudere) rapporten met betrekking tot het drietal onderzoeksgebieden geraadpleegd. Daarnaast is zowel analoog als digitaal kaartmateriaal bestudeerd. Het geraadpleegde kaartmateriaal had betrekking op archeologische- en landschappelijke verwachtingskaarten van de individuele onderzoeksgebieden als het Gelderse deel van het Nederlandse rivierengebied. Ten slotte heeft eigen opgedane ervaring tijdens archeologische onderzoeken in het rivierengebied als zeer belangrijke factor meegespeeld tijdens het onderzoek naar deze drietal prospectieve onderzoeken. De resultaten van onderhavig onderzoek laten zien dat relatief eenvoudige oorzaken hebben geleid tot het vrijgeven van twee van de drie onderzoeksgebieden. Een van de belangrijkste hoofdoorzaken is wellicht de misinterpretatie van komgebieden en hun onderliggende landschappen. Al vanaf de aanleg van de Betuweroute in 1995 ging men er van uit dat zij onaantrekkelijk waren voor menselijke activiteiten. Naar aanleiding van deze aanname vond in gebieden met een dergelijke bodemopbouw slechts in geringe mate archeologisch onderzoek plaats. Wanneer vervolgonderzoek wel plaats vond boorde men doorgaans slechts tot 2 a (maximaal) 3 meter, - Mv, waardoor de onderliggende landschappen vrijwel niet tot nauwelijks werden geïnterpreteerd. Daarnaast zorgde een natuurlijke factor voor verkeerde interpretaties van het landschap, namelijk de seizoenen. Doordat de rivieren in herfst en winter een relatief grote waterafvoer kennen, hadden de Maas uiterwaarden te maken met gemiddeld hoge grondwaterstanden. Als gevolg kon het opgeboorde boormonster niet tot nauwelijks worden opgehaald en beschreven. Tijdens latere onderzoeken in 2011 en 2017 werd de verkeerde interpretatie van het landschap bij Moordhuizen door middel van profieldocumentaties weer corrigeert, maar dit was immers al te laat. Groten delen waren in de jaren ervoor afgegraven en opgebaggerd. Zo ook waarschijnlijk de rijkste archeologische vindplaats van Nederland. Ondanks het grootte archeologische verlies in Geertjesgolf en Moordhuizen is een positieve leercurve op het gebied van prospectietechnieken te zien het archeologische werkveld. De landschappelijke kennis is in dermate toegenomen, waardoor archeologische vindplaatsen onder de komgebieden in groten getale tevoorschijn komen, zoals in het tracé van de verlengde Via15. Hieraan ten grondslag ligt het principediagram. Voortaan worden ingezette prospectietechnieken niet meer afgestemd op de nieuwste technieken en innovaties, maar op het type en aard van de verwachtte vindplaatsen in relatie met het landschap. Op basis van de verkregen resultaten van onderhavig onderzoek zijn aanbevelingen gegeven voor prospectief onderzoek in het rivierengebied. Eén van de hoofduitgangspunten is dat het principediagram standaard dient te worden gehandhaafd en te allen tijde dient te worden ingezet bij prospectief onderzoek in het rivierengebied. Daarnaast dient in uiterwaard- en kronkelwaarlandschappen de bodemopbouw enkel nog in kaart te worden gebracht doormiddel van profielkolommen of lengteprofielen, met een voorkeur in drogere seizoenen met een gemiddeld lage grondwaterstand. Ten slotte dienen er meer specifiek gerichte vraagstelling met betrekking het complexe rivierengebied worden opgesteld, zodat onterechte vrijgave van toekomstige onderzoeksgebieden voorkomen kan worden.Show less
Scars of War is a so-called Citizen Science project in which volunteers are part of the research team. By using LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), which are detailed height maps, height...Show moreScars of War is a so-called Citizen Science project in which volunteers are part of the research team. By using LiDAR (Light Detection And Ranging), which are detailed height maps, height differences in the landscape are clearly visible and unnatural, man-made changes can be recognized. From behind the desk, volunteers can look for traces from the World War (II) on cut-outs of this LiDAR data. The three categories that are searched for during this project are: bomb craters, trenches and ammunition depots. World War II heritage is a sensitive heritage and must be treated with respect. The aim of this research is therefore to gain an idea of what measures have been taken (or are necessary) to publish and/or present these war remains to the public in an ethical and responsible way. This then leads to a series of recommendations for a public presentation of the results of the Scars of War project. The Second World War is a period that has always been in the spotlight and is of interest to many people. World War II sites are not just historical locations where something happened that can be visited. They are locations where something also happens to us, as an audience, when it is visited. Heritage from the Second World War carries an extra layer of emotions and opinions and is therefore also referred to as 'Contested Heritage'. Reaching the public therefore often entails many difficulties. But nonetheless it is very important to inform the public about the subject. By keeping the public involved in archaeology and heritage from the World War II period, more support and appreciation is created. This period in history is relatively recent and so it may cause the public to feel a sense of responsibility. It is therefore often referred to as the Heritage Cycle. The public wants more than just to read or look at the results of an archaeological investigation, they want to be involved in the research. The aim of this thesis is to make a public presentation of the results of Scars of War. To this end, research has been done into the various possibilities of audience reach and how the digital world influences audience reach. Various aspects of public outreach are discussed, for example, it is made clear why public outreach is clear at all and what the influence of the public is on the heritage. During the research, a lot of comparative research was done and within the research many different cases of public outreach products and presentations were discussed in which the good and less good aspects of that specific form of public outreach are discussed. These findings are then summarized and translated into a series of recommendations for a public presentation for the Scars of War project.Show less
This master thesis analyses a group of anonymous silver pennies commonly attributed to Frisia. These coins are characterized by find location and low weight of less than 0.5 grams. Due to the fact...Show moreThis master thesis analyses a group of anonymous silver pennies commonly attributed to Frisia. These coins are characterized by find location and low weight of less than 0.5 grams. Due to the fact that they lack comprehensible legends or bear ambiguous or degenerated ones it is difficult to date them or assign them to a known mint like Stavoren or Dokkum. Traditionally they have been separated into two groups: one showing a worldly ruler, and the other showing a cleric or bishop. Previous research has laid much emphasis on the deciphering of the legends, and discerned the name of a certain Otto on several types. However, while the “worldly” types appear to date slightly earlier, there appears to have been considerable overlap between the two. This indicates that the divide between the two types may not be as historically important as once thought. The fact that the name of this Otto appears in both groups argues against it being the name of the issuing authority at the time of striking. Important in researching this series of coins is the quick increase in reported finds. Metal detectors have become widely available to the general public, and databases such as NUMIS and PAN have been set up to register these new finds. The databases mentioned are freely accessible and have proven to be valuable tools in the field of archaeology and numismatics in particular. Newly discovered types and an increasing number of find locations provide relevant information for Dutch numismatists. Included in this thesis is an overview of the largest and most important hoards containing these anonymous Frisian pennies, as well as an overview of the various types considered “Frisian”. Of those types a database has been made containing over 250 individual pieces that have appeared in digitised public collections and databases, several private collections and certain European auctions. The find locations, weights and other characteristics of these examples have been noted down when available.Show less
In June of 1673, the French king Louis XIV, The Sun King, lay siege on the Dutch city of Maastricht and conquered it in only 13 days as part of his campaign in the Franco-Dutch war. After that,...Show moreIn June of 1673, the French king Louis XIV, The Sun King, lay siege on the Dutch city of Maastricht and conquered it in only 13 days as part of his campaign in the Franco-Dutch war. After that, during the French occupation of Maastricht between 1673 and 1678, famous military engineer Sebastién le Prestre de Vauban made alterations to the fortifications of Maastricht. The events leading up to the siege, the siege itself and the aftermath of the siege are most intensively studied by historical sources. This results in the fact that the current state of spatial knowledge about these events is limited. This study aims to expand on the current state of knowledge about the preparations, execution and aftermath of the siege of Maastricht in 1673 by including cartographic and archaeological sources. By comparing these three types of sources, and investigating whether they confirm, complement or contradict each other, the current state of knowledge on the topic is expanded.Show less
Samenvatting Twee veelvoorkomende aardewerkcategorieën in Nederland zijn Low Lands Ware (LLW) en Bataafs Grijs Waar (BGW). Er zijn overeenkomsten tussen de twee: reducerend gebakken LLW en BGW zijn...Show moreSamenvatting Twee veelvoorkomende aardewerkcategorieën in Nederland zijn Low Lands Ware (LLW) en Bataafs Grijs Waar (BGW). Er zijn overeenkomsten tussen de twee: reducerend gebakken LLW en BGW zijn allebei grijs, werden regionaal geproduceerd maar zijn afgeleid van Romeins vormen, en werden gebruikt als voorraadpotten. Een opmerkelijk verschil tussen de twee aardewerkcategorieën is de distributie. In de Romeinse tijd waren het huidige Zuid-Holland en het westen van Noord-Brabant gelegen in een civitas genaamd Cananefatium. Het oostelijke rivierengebied en het oosten van Noord-Brabant waren gelegen in de civitas Batavorum. Bestaand onderzoek concludeert dat LLW voorkomt in zowel Cananefatium als Batavorum terwijl BGW enkel voorkomt in Batavorum. De kaarten van de distributiegebieden uit huidig onderzoek geven echter enkel weer waar LLW en BGW is aangetroffen met een stip. Er is verder geen informatie bekend over wat er precies is aangetroffen. Ook is het niet bekend wat de oorzaak is achter deze verschillen in distributie. In dit onderzoek is eerst de distributiegebieden van LLW en BGW in kaart gebracht met kwantitatieve data om een completer beeld te krijgen over de distributie. Vervolgens is gekeken of het Romeinse landschap en de transportroutes van invloed zijn geweest op deze distributie. Hiervoor is het onderzoek van Van Lanen (2017) gebruikt waarin hij door middel van het netwerkfrictiemodel (NFM) een relatie heeft gevonden tussen het landschap, de ligging van nederzettingen, en de infrastructuur. Het onderzoekskader bestaat uit het huidige Zuid-Holland, Noord-Brabant, en het oostelijke rivierengebied tussen het eind eerste en derde eeuw. Voor de kwantitatieve kaarten van de distributiegebieden is data verzameld van verschillende nederzettingstypes in het onderzoeksgebied, namelijk kleine rurale nederzettingen, rurale centra, kastell-vici, militaire nederzettingen, en steden. Van die nederzettingen is de volgende kwantitatieve data verzameld: absolute aantallen fragmenten, gewicht gedeeld door opgravingsoppervlak, en minimaal aantal exemplaren (MAE). De kwantitatieve kaarten geven een veel genuanceerder beeld over de distributie van LLW en BGW hoewel de conclusie van het huidige onderzoek grotendeels overeind blijft staan. Vervolgens zijn de nieuwe distributiekaarten gecombineerd met het onderzoek van Van Lanen om te onderzoeken of er een relatie bestaat tussen het landschap, de transportroutes, de ligging van de nederzettingen, en de distributie van LLW en BGW. Eerst is er gekeken naar de relatie tussen transportroutes en de distributie en vervolgens naar de relatie tussen het landschap en de distributie. Er lijkt wel degelijk een relatie te zijn: dichterbij de transportroutes en in goed toegankelijk landschap werden meer nederzettingen en meer LLW en BGW aangetroffen. Echter, het 101 verklaart niet waarom LLW wel in Cananefatium voorkomt en BGW niet. Alleen op grond van het landschap en transportroutes zou distributie van BGW in Cananefatium mogelijk kunnen zijn. Er is daar echter vrijwel geen BGW aangetroffen.Show less
In the period from 1590 to 1600, changes took place in the State army. Prince Maurits carried out reforms together with Willem Lodewijk. They studied sources from Classical Antiquity on, amongst...Show moreIn the period from 1590 to 1600, changes took place in the State army. Prince Maurits carried out reforms together with Willem Lodewijk. They studied sources from Classical Antiquity on, amongst others, Roman military strategies and the construction of Roman army camps. They used this knowledge as a source of inspiration and they applied many elements from the Roman army to the State army. For example, think of the introduction of command language. The most important introduction was the drill of soldiers, which required a lot of training and discipline. The introduction of training and discipline ensured that the State soldiers were well trained and that they knew better what do to during a combat. The result was that the State army won more regularly and that they could win in smaller units. Discipline therefore was very important in the reformed State army and that is why this research is also referred to as a discipline revolution. It is to be expected that these organizational reforms can also be recognized in State siege camps. Before the reforms were introduced, the State army camps had no fixed form, organized structure or fixed elements. Due to the introduction of discipline and changes in war strategy, it may be expected that changes have occurred within the camps of the State army. Many studies have been carried out in recent decades about the State army and the changes in their strategy, for example. However about the life of a State soldier (such as the food supply within the army) and how the structure of State siege camps changed after the introduction of the organizational reforms has hardly been researched. In this research, State army camps (before the organizational reforms) and State and Spanish siege camps (after the organizational reforms) are examined and compared with each other. The period after the Twelve Years' Truce (1621-1648) was chosen to study the State and Spanish siege camps. As already mentioned, it may be expected that State army camps differ from the later State siege camps in the implementation of organizational reforms. In addition, Spanish siege camps will not have a fixed structure or fixed elements, because during the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) no organizational reforms took place within the Spanish army. To compare this, historical (siege) maps have been analysed and in addition the archaeology of the (so far) only two archaeologically excavated State siege camps has been analysed. Additionally, the changes in the logistics of food supplies in the State army as a result of the organizational reforms are studied as well.Show less
This research tries to examine if, and how, the Byzantine and Sasanian culinary traditions and diet were influenced by one another. The Byzantine and Sasanian empires had a complicated relationship...Show moreThis research tries to examine if, and how, the Byzantine and Sasanian culinary traditions and diet were influenced by one another. The Byzantine and Sasanian empires had a complicated relationship, with continuing wars on one end, and dependence on trade on the other. The silk road was situated on Sasanian land, and Byzantium was forced to use the Sasanian empire as a middle man. The respective agricultures produced basic produce for the whole empires, but for exotic spices and herbs, the empires were dependent on the silk road. There is not much written on the Sasanian diet, but a few products are known to have been cultivated. Some sources give information on the extravagant diet of the nobility, which includes different vegetables, grains, fruits, spices, meats and sweets. In the last decades there has been more research on the Byzantine empire, which also included diet. Most information about the Byzantine diet comes from dietary handbooks and descriptions, most of which are written about Constantinople. It is possible that these sources are more about an ideal diet, than based on reality. The sources describe many different fruits, vegetables, spices, meats, fish and grains. This conveys the image of an extravagant and varied diet, but the results bone isotope analysis in Greece show dietary deficiencies. It seems that at least between the capitol and the province, there is a difference of availability of food. Comparing the two diets, there are some similarities, mostly when it comes to spices. Because there is not as much data on the Sasanian diet, there are more products that are known to have been present in Byzantium and not the Sasanian empire, than the other way around. When comparing both diets to the current Iranian diet, there seems to be a continuation of some of the Sasanian traditions. There also seem to be some similarities between the Byzantine diet and the current Iranian diet. To get a clear picture of the diet of the average citizen of the empires, not only the elite, more research is needed. For example, isotope analyses of different regions of the empire.Show less
Burial mounds and flat graves are the most visible aspects of burial rituals in Bronze Age West-Frisia. The burial rituals for the barrow graves and the few flat graves that are found in the region...Show moreBurial mounds and flat graves are the most visible aspects of burial rituals in Bronze Age West-Frisia. The burial rituals for the barrow graves and the few flat graves that are found in the region are furthermore to a certain extent understandable for the archaeologists. After all, many inhabitants of Western Countries also bury their dead. A third element of the West-Frisian death rituals however, includes the distribution of separate human bones through the settlement. In this thesis, research is done according to the question of how the death rituals in eastern West-Frisia looked like during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. Thereby the focus will lie on this third element of human bones in the settlement contexts. For the answering of this question, a database was made which contains all Bronze Age human remains of West-Frisia that are found so far. Of these human remains several aspects were added to the database, including sex, age, dating, etc. Then with the help of these aspects, significant patterns were looked after. Remarkable was that the majority of the human remains from this database seemed to come from the settlements more often than from the barrows and flat graves. These human bones from the settlements almost always consisted of only skull fragments or long bones. Considering this, one could ask oneself whether this should not also be considered a regular death ritual in West-Frisia.Show less
This BA thesis focusses on one aspect of the burial tradition of the late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age in the South of the Netherlands and adjacent Belgium (1100-500 B.C.). During this period...Show moreThis BA thesis focusses on one aspect of the burial tradition of the late Bronze Age and the Early Iron Age in the South of the Netherlands and adjacent Belgium (1100-500 B.C.). During this period of time, the vast majority of the population of North-western Europe was buried in large collective cemeteries; urnfields. Therefore, this period was also known as the Urnfield Period. The deceased were cremated and buried in small burial pits, with or without urns, to which small burial mounds and ring ditches were added. Nevertheless, in different locations, there are examples of burials in which the deceased were buried in much older burial mounds (secondary burials) or changes have been made to these burial mounds (modifications). This concerns an aberrant burial practice with re-use of burial monuments from a distant past. Although this phenomenon has been named in several publications, it lacked further analysis hitherto. This research, which is based on literature review, accommodates such analysis with a further categorization, with the underlying purpose to recover patterns. To achieve the recovery of patterns several things have been researched, among which are the type of burial mounds re-used, the manner in which they were heightened, expanded and cut through, the locations within the burial mounds where the deceased were buried, the type of grave goods that were present, the type of individuals that were buried and the correlation between them. In addition, the potential motivations for this phenomenon have been discussed, to which degree this corresponds with common burials in urnfields and whether this could have been a collective tradition. This has revealed a high degree of diversity in re-use, yet there appears to be indication of specific choices, and in particular two specific patterns have been revealed. Firstly, several individuals were potentially purposefully buried eccentrically within older burial mounds, whereas others were buried in the centre, disturbing the original graves. Therefore, in some cases, one could have been aware that people from a near or distant past were buried in these burial mounds. Secondly, the practice of secondary burials almost exclusively concerned female individuals; at least in the cases with sex estimations. Because this research was focused on aberrant burial practices, the amount number of available samples was, in fact, too small for definitive conclusions. Further research could be directed at the expansion of the research area (e.g. to Germany) and, if possible, to research the (osteological) “raw data” of sites with cases of re-use.Show less
The main question of this research is about which of two models about urnfields and Late Prehistoric land division fits best with the data around the sites Baarlo de Bong and Venlo-Zaarderheiken....Show moreThe main question of this research is about which of two models about urnfields and Late Prehistoric land division fits best with the data around the sites Baarlo de Bong and Venlo-Zaarderheiken. In the first model from Roymans and Fokkens (1991), it is suggested that burials were moving together with the settlements during the Middle Bronze Age (new burials at new places), whereas later burials from the Late Bronze Age (urnfield period) were formed in central locations within the landscape together with one or two families. In the other model, burial landscapes are suggested; these are zones without connection to the settlements were burials are placed in large areas stretching up to several kilometres in length (Arnoldussen and Fontijn 2006, 301). To answer the question, information was gathered from the Dutch national archaeological database known as Archis, from which information was gathered regarding the locations of former urnfields, burial mounds, Roman burials etc. This information was combined with information from the AHN; a Dutch elevation map from which small round hills could be identified as potential burial mounds around sites. The combination of the locations of supposed former burial mounds/urnfields and the hills of the elevation map can be used to make special correlations between the observations and the two archaeological sites. From this research, it could be concluded that at the site of Venlo- Zaarderheiken, there are a lot of observations of Prehistoric and Roman burials in close vicinity of the site. At Baarlo de Bong however, there are only a few observations of burials in the vicinity of the site. Because of this, Venlo-Zaarderheiken seems to be a candidate for a burial landscape, because of the many observations in close vicinity of the site, which also stretch out over a much larger area. On the other hand, both models could fit for Baarlo de Bong, because of the relatively small size of the burial site. The model of Roymans and Fokkens could not be rejected, thus both models are possible.Show less
The patterns of LEH thus far recognized within the skeletal collection of Alkmaar have produced significant results regarding multiple topics: the differences in distribution of LEH patterns...Show moreThe patterns of LEH thus far recognized within the skeletal collection of Alkmaar have produced significant results regarding multiple topics: the differences in distribution of LEH patterns between men and women, the timing of LEH episodes and between the age-at-death and the prevalence of LEH. Within this dataset, there is no significant difference recognized between males and females regarding the prevalence of LEH, this stress-marker occur in the same frequency for both sexes. This however does not mean that there are no differences observed between men and women in the age distribution of LEH and the timing of the LEH episodes. The female individuals found in Alkmaar tend to suffer from malnutrition from a younger age then the males and the prevalence of LEH lasts longer, for some individuals into their early teens. Males however have a higher prevalence of LEH then females after the age of one, but there are no signs of LEH in males after six years old. Lastly, the patterns recognized when analyzing the correlation between LEH and longevity of life seems to indicate a connection between the presence of and an increase in risk of dying at a younger age. This risk seems to increase in individuals that have severe LEH where multiple markers of malnutrition episodes are present, this correlation between childhood health events and its impact on health at adulthood can be used when constructing the biological profile of individuals if investigated properly. LEH has proven to be a rich source of information that can provide a useful insight into the Alkmaar dataset, but more research into the dental records will be needed in order to properly understand and explain the significant patterns presented in this thesis.Show less
The goal of this thesis is to shed light on relationship between the beer brewers of the Dutch city of Delft and the management of water and sewage in the period of the 13th and 18th century A.D....Show moreThe goal of this thesis is to shed light on relationship between the beer brewers of the Dutch city of Delft and the management of water and sewage in the period of the 13th and 18th century A.D. Starting from around the 13th century we see Dutch cities employing new laws to keep the internal channels and waterways clean. This was done in name of health and prosperity. Cities started to enforce new building codes which required the access to a cesspit. These cesspits would contain the human excrement until the time came to have them emptied into a specialised barge, which would deposit its cargo outside of the city, keeping the waters clean. The hypothesis is that the local brewers would use the channels as their water supply and as such it would behove them to do whatever they could to keep the channels clean. Beer brewing turned into the dominant local industry of Delft, in such a way that they influenced the local council to ensure the cleanliness of the channels. The hypothesis of this thesis is that archaeological evidence should exist that shows a connection between the era of cesspits and the rise and fall of the brewers. This is claim is explored by cataloguing a sample (67) of cesspits within the historic boundaries of the city. These cesspits were classified and dated after which they were turned into a table and a set of graphs showing the relationship between the cesspits, the population, the city’s population density, the number of breweries and the amount of produced beer. The history of Delft, its relationship with the brewers and the history of its waterways are explored to provide historical context. Furthermore, the cesspit eras of the Dutch cities Haarlem and Leiden are discussed to provide a comparison to Delft. The results show a connection between the end of the cesspit era and the collapse of the brewing industry. There is a regrettable lack of information about the brewing industry during the 14th and 15th century. As such it is not possible to determine if the cesspits are also linked to rise of the brewing industry. In the end it seems plausible but not certain that the breweries and the cesspits shared a connection which led to their joined demise Further research is required to verify these final results.Show less
This thesis focusses on the craftsmen of late feudal Japan that were responsible for handling dead animals and making objects from them. This subject has received little attention because of the...Show moreThis thesis focusses on the craftsmen of late feudal Japan that were responsible for handling dead animals and making objects from them. This subject has received little attention because of the ritual pollution related to dead animals in Japan from early historic times. This ritual pollution caused these craftsmen to be treated as outcasts in the late feudal period and their contemporary offspring is unofficially also still regarded as polluted. This has discouraged research inside Japan on this subject and most of the knowledge regarding this topic comes from historical and anthropological research executed by foreign researchers. A better understanding of these craftsmen will not only help fill in knowledge of their techniques and society, but knowledge about their production techniques can also help with the development of better conservation methods for artefacts made of animal remains in museums. This thesis discusses what information can be gained about these craftsmen with archaeological research by looking at textual research, excavations and the analysis of artefacts made with animal remains. The part based on textual research shows that there is a limit to the information that can be gained about these craftsmen from historical texts. Furthermore no production site of these craftsmen has been identified in excavations so far. Both the humid climate of Japan, that causes animal remains to quickly decay, as well as the taboo concerning this topic are considerable hindrances in identifying such a site. The analyses of artefacts in this paper looks at a painting, an armour and a tobacco set from late feudal Japan. These provide information regarding the required materials, trade, production and cooperation with other craftsmen that was necessary to produce such objects. The analysis was limited to visual analysis only, so much more information is expected to be gained by future in depth analyses of similar artefacts.Show less
Deze Bachelor scriptie gaat over de relatie tussen grafgoederen en de status van een persoon, er is onderzoek gedaan naar de verschillende grafgiften en bij wie deze gevonden worden.
It is always difficult to interpret archaeological objects, especially when the original users do not longer exist. The Museum Volkenkunde in Leiden thought of a way to fill in the missing gaps of...Show moreIt is always difficult to interpret archaeological objects, especially when the original users do not longer exist. The Museum Volkenkunde in Leiden thought of a way to fill in the missing gaps of knowledge of their collection of Surinamese Indian objects. By inviting eight Indians from the four biggest Indian groups of Suriname (Wayana, Trio, Kari’na and Lokono), they hoped to find new insights in these objects. These consultations took place in 2009 and 2010. This thesis handles the musical instruments. It uses the ethnomusicological model that has been presented in Alan Merriam’s Anthropology of Music (1964) in order to examine the different aspects of the material culture, as well as the social functions of music. The model examines music on three different levels: cognition, behavior and musical sound. According to the model these three levels are connected and will have an influence on one another. If the musical sound changes, this will have an influence on the way people will react to the music. In that way their cognition will change. This change then has its influence on the way people behave when hearing the music. In the same way this new way of behaving will influence the way of music making by the musician. The research questions will systematically address different facets of this model in order to give an insight to the music and it’s function in four Amerindian societies.Show less
