This thesis looks at the possibility to use commercial off-the-shelf video games as an educational tool. By looking at educational video games, commercially made video games and different genres,...Show moreThis thesis looks at the possibility to use commercial off-the-shelf video games as an educational tool. By looking at educational video games, commercially made video games and different genres, this thesis hopes to provide some insight in what type of video game can be used as an educational tool.Show less
The state is a social phenomenon which first appeared only several thousand years ago. In fact, the period that states have existed for is brief in comparison with the period of stateless societies...Show moreThe state is a social phenomenon which first appeared only several thousand years ago. In fact, the period that states have existed for is brief in comparison with the period of stateless societies. Nevertheless, the theoretical debate surrounding state formation and collapse has generated a large and continuous fascination within both academic and non-academic circles. Scholars have attempted to unravel the causes and processes of state formation and collapse, which is not only essential for ancient history, archaeology, anthropology and related disciplines, but also for a more comprehensive understanding of the modern world. One might ask: why produce another work in addition to an already enormous amount of scholarship addressing these topics? Yet, it will become clear that there is no general consensus on these topics. Neither is there a theory of state formation or collapse which can be applied individually and globally through different spatial and temporal settings. This thesis is set out to create a new theory of state formation and collapse, based upon a critical assessment of the most important theories of state formation of collapse, and tested to a case study. In this way, a new approach is taken to answer the following question: “What are the causes and processes behind state formation and collapse and what are the mechanisms that facilitate the process of state formation and collapse?” This will be done for the Old Babylonian state formed by Hammurabi of Babylon (1792-1750 BCE) and which collapsed during the Late Old Babylonian Period.Show less
Deze scriptie heeft middels een casestudy de regentschappen Probolinggo en Loemadjang op Oost-Java onderzocht op welke wijze de Nederlandse civiele en militaire autoriteiten, in het eerste jaar na...Show moreDeze scriptie heeft middels een casestudy de regentschappen Probolinggo en Loemadjang op Oost-Java onderzocht op welke wijze de Nederlandse civiele en militaire autoriteiten, in het eerste jaar na de Eerste Politionele Actie, samenwerking met lokale machthebbers probeerden te bewerkstelligen. Samenwerking was hierbij geen einddoel op zich, maar een middel om indirecte controle over de bevolking te krijgen tijdens de Nederlandse counterinsurgency-campagne. De aandacht van Nederlandse autoriteiten ging uit naar twee typen lokale leiders: bestuurders en religieuze leiders. Deze scriptie brengt de middelen in kaart waarmee Nederlandse autoriteiten de Indonesische machthebbers aan zich bonden en de manieren waarop zij met het tekort aan Indonesisch personeel omgingen. Daarnaast heeft dit onderzoek de belemmerende factoren in dit samenwerkingsproces geïdentificeerd.Show less
Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb (1876-1956) was een vooraanstaand Duits beroepsmilitair in het Duitse Keizerrijk, de Weimarrepubliek en Nazi-Duitsland. Aan het einde van een lange carrière werd hij in 1940...Show moreWilhelm Ritter von Leeb (1876-1956) was een vooraanstaand Duits beroepsmilitair in het Duitse Keizerrijk, de Weimarrepubliek en Nazi-Duitsland. Aan het einde van een lange carrière werd hij in 1940 door Hitler benoemd in de hoogste militaire rang, die van generaal veldmaarschalk. Aan het begin van zijn carrière nam hij deel aan het Oost-Aziatische Expeditiekorps dat in 1900 naar China werd gestuurd om daar de Bokseropstand neer te slaan. Tijdens die expeditie hield hij een dagboek bij en liet een fotoalbum na. Dit dagboek en fotoalbum staan centraal in deze scriptie. De scriptie richt zich op twee onderwerpen: ten eerste de motieven van von Leeb om deel te nemen aan het Oost-Aziatische Expeditiekorps en ten tweede zijn beeld van China en de Chinezen. De persoonlijke motieven en opvattingen van von Leeb worden afgezet tegen de geopolitieke achtergrond van het conflict, de heersende denkbeelden over China en de Chinezen in Duitsland rond 1900 en vergelijkbare egodocumenten van andere Duitse soldaten. Op die manier wordt duidelijk in hoeverre Wilhelm Ritter von Leeb past binnen de gangbare ideeën van zijn tijd.Show less
In West-Europa leidde de introductie van kruitvuurwapens in de vijftiende eeuw tot een aantal grote veranderingen in de oorlogvoering. Deze veranderingen hadden nog steeds een uitwerking tijdens de...Show moreIn West-Europa leidde de introductie van kruitvuurwapens in de vijftiende eeuw tot een aantal grote veranderingen in de oorlogvoering. Deze veranderingen hadden nog steeds een uitwerking tijdens de Nederlandse Opstand. Dit leidde tot de nodige problemen voor de Nederlandse garnizoenssteden: niet alleen moesten de vestingwerken uitgebreid en gemoderniseerd worden, maar ook de garnizoenen werden steeds groter. Naast hogere kosten bracht dit ook veel praktische problemen met zich mee rondom de huisvesting en bevoorrading van garnizoenssoldaten, de medische zorg en de ordehandhaving. De Republiek en de Habsburgse overheden in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden zochten dan ook naar allerlei oplossingen voor deze nieuwe problemen. In mijn scriptie neem ik Breda in de periode 1581-1637 als casus voor deze ontwikkelingen. Breda was een middelgrote stad met een aanzienlijk garnizoen die vaak in de frontlinie lag. Daardoor zijn deze problemen en de eventuele oplossingen goed zichtbaar. Hierbij neem ik ook de verhoudingen tussen de verschillende bestuurslagen in beschouwing: het stadsbestuur, de militaire gouverneur en de landelijke overheid speelden ieder een eigen rol, met heel uiteenlopende belangen en mogelijkheden. Zo krijgen we meteen een mooi inkijkje in het besluitvormingsproces van de vroegmoderne staten.Show less
In 1837, Louis-Philippe of Orléans, ‘King of the French’, opened the Musée de l’Histoire de France in Versailles, a museum that celebrated the history of France. Louis-Philippe had come to power...Show moreIn 1837, Louis-Philippe of Orléans, ‘King of the French’, opened the Musée de l’Histoire de France in Versailles, a museum that celebrated the history of France. Louis-Philippe had come to power after the July Revolution of 1830, which had overthrown the reign of the Bourbon kings. A part of the Musée was dedicated to the Crusades, the Christian military expeditions in the Middle East during the Middle Ages: the Salles des Croisades. This thesis discusses how the history of the Crusades was constructed in the Salles, and how this construction is explained by the political and cultural context of the July Monarchy (1830-1848). In the Musée, the history of France was displayed in hundreds of history paintings. The July Monarchy was a constitutional monarchy, and presented itself as a ‘golden mean’ between popular power and royal absolutism. By displaying the history of France as a united whole in the Musée, the regime hoped to heal the wounds of fifty years of political division. In the Salles, Louis-Philippe equated French identity with Christianity, by depicting the roots of the French nation in the Crusades. The king had three political reasons for promoting the Christian identity of France: reconciliation, ideological justification and legitimation. Firstly, the construction of the history of the Crusades in the Salles was similar to a conservative vision of medieval history, in which the Christian religion was the guiding principle. By affirming the validity of this vision in the Salles, Louis-Philippe sought reconciliation with those who wanted a return to the ancien régime. Moreover, Christianity was depicted as a nationally unifying force, which corresponded with the king’s wish to reconcile political divisions. Secondly, an appeal to France’s obligations as a Christian nation, through making a historical parallel with the deeds of Saint Louis, ideologically justified the conquest of Algeria. Lastly, a focus on Christianity gave the July Monarchy a firm foundation in history, thereby making it less radical and less revolutionary. The potency of Crusading imagery is explained by several cultural trends. This thesis discusses a number of important cultural contexts, such as the rise of Romanticism, the politicized nature of history, the changing practice of history painting, attitudes towards the Middle Ages, the place of the Crusades in historiography, the French reactions to the Greek War of Independence, and the mythical image of Saint Louis.Show less
In this thesis the undiscussed role of the Dutch Red Cross amublance in the Second Italo-Abyssinian war is disuccused. Furthermore it analyses the Dutch perspective on this war and explains why it...Show moreIn this thesis the undiscussed role of the Dutch Red Cross amublance in the Second Italo-Abyssinian war is disuccused. Furthermore it analyses the Dutch perspective on this war and explains why it should be seen as one of the precursors of World War II.Show less
This thesis explores the relationship between the Khojas, the Aga Khan and the British on the island of Zanzibar during the period 1899-1912 on the basis of a dispute between the Isma'ili Khoja...Show moreThis thesis explores the relationship between the Khojas, the Aga Khan and the British on the island of Zanzibar during the period 1899-1912 on the basis of a dispute between the Isma'ili Khoja community and the British authorities on the island regarding the Mnazi Moja grounds. This micro-history demonstrates the dual position of the Aga Khan as a religious leader as well as a British political informant.Show less
Before Tokugawa Bakufu collapsed in the 1868, the Dutch was the only European officially permitted by both Tokugawa Japan and Qing China to establish a trading post and settlement in their most...Show moreBefore Tokugawa Bakufu collapsed in the 1868, the Dutch was the only European officially permitted by both Tokugawa Japan and Qing China to establish a trading post and settlement in their most important maritime trading centre: Nagasaki and Canton. Under a series of restrictions implemented by the local authority over maritime trade with foreign countries and interactions between the Europeans and local inhabitants, merely a little amount of local civilians had the opportunity to interact with the Dutch. There were both officially permitted and secretly conducted interactions between the Dutch and local inhabitants in the two cities. The aim of this paper is to explore these seemingly minor and unimportant interactions between the two parties, with three groups of local inhabitants in Nagasaki and Canton, namely boatmen, interpreters, and women being the main focus. In doing so, we will see how both the Dutch and local inhabitants in these two East Asian cities managed to fulfil their needs and benefit from each other under restrictions of the authority and the state power.Show less
Sinds de aanslagen van 9/11 is maritime security een buzzword in internationale diplomatiek. De term heeft echter geen betekenis en is daardoor vrijelijk te interpreteren. In dit onderzoek wordt...Show moreSinds de aanslagen van 9/11 is maritime security een buzzword in internationale diplomatiek. De term heeft echter geen betekenis en is daardoor vrijelijk te interpreteren. In dit onderzoek wordt getracht deze term te concretiseren door het functioneren van de Staten van Zeeland tussen 1467 en 1506 op maritiem vlak te bestuderen. Hieruit blijkt maritime security drieledig te zijn. Conflictpreventie, bescherming ter zee en kustverdediging zijn onderwerpen die veelal op dagvaarten van de Staten van Zeeland werden besproken. Deze onderwerpen staan in dit onderzoek centraal. Voor het eerst in meer dan vijftig jaar worden de Staten van Zeeland weer onderzocht, waarbij het belang van deze regio in de interregionale en internationale context wordt geplaatst. Dit levert nieuwe inzichten op in niet alleen de positie van het Zeeuws gewest in de late Middeleeuwen, maar ook op de impact van grote historische ontwikkelingen op regionaal niveau.Show less
Australia and New Zealand have been known for their British Child Migrants Programme (1920-1970). The Netherlands stimulated emigration after the Second World War as well. Considering overseas...Show moreAustralia and New Zealand have been known for their British Child Migrants Programme (1920-1970). The Netherlands stimulated emigration after the Second World War as well. Considering overseas demand for child migrants was high in the British context, this thesis explores the Dutch perspectives on the phenomenon of child migration. Following a governance perspective the thesis sets out to identify contributing factors and actors in order to explain the rejection of child migration from The Netherlands. The research is built on various primary sources including newspaper articles, personal publications, radio interviews and letter exchanges between governments and NGOs. These sources have identified both the Australian/New Zealand perspectives and the Dutch situation regarding children in The Netherlands during the post-war period. Ultimately establishing that the Australian and New Zealand governments were certainly interested in taking in Dutch children, but that the Dutch government were mostly apprehensive due to perceived Australian inexperience, a lack of parentless children and a lack of adoption regulations.Show less
This dissertation considers Scotland's response to the 2007 bicentenary of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, in the context of memory and museum studies. It considers to what degree...Show moreThis dissertation considers Scotland's response to the 2007 bicentenary of the abolition of the transatlantic slave trade, in the context of memory and museum studies. It considers to what degree Scotland's response was aligned to an agenda of social justice - and how Scotland is slowly 'waking up' to its slavery past during a time of revived Scottish nationalism.Show less
This research shows how notions of insularity and the role of islands within the maritime systems of Northern Europe were thought of and consolidated during the Early Modern period. Northern Europe...Show moreThis research shows how notions of insularity and the role of islands within the maritime systems of Northern Europe were thought of and consolidated during the Early Modern period. Northern Europe experienced transitions on economic and cultural levels. The Swedish scholar and ecclesiast in exile, Olaus Magnus, brought forth a representation concerning the Northern lands encompassing tradition, politics, heritage and Scandinavian culture into his work. Firstly by his map the 'Carta Marina' published in 1539 and later on with his chronicle the 'History of the Nordic Peoples' published in 1555. By linking Olaus' representation of islands with the historiograhpical insular discourse concerning islands resembling either isolation or connectivity, the way these islands were implemented into the maritime networks of Europe shows what purpose they fulfilled as well as how this adhered to their conceptualization. Islands before thought of as isolated can be viewed as tied into European maritime systems through Olaus Magnus' map and chronicle.Show less
In a globalizing world, where experiencing new cultures is on a lot of bucket lists, the study of cultural interaction has become very popular. In our modern day and age, we like to project this...Show moreIn a globalizing world, where experiencing new cultures is on a lot of bucket lists, the study of cultural interaction has become very popular. In our modern day and age, we like to project this etic phenomenon of our modern day globalization onto the ancient world. And not without avail, research has found that cultural interaction did indeed take place in the ancient world, although we need to keep in mind that the emic perspective might have been a bit different from our own. A lot of intercultural interaction took place in the Eastern Mediterranean during the Bronze Age. During this period ships filled with luxurious gifts and exotic merchandise were plying the seas. However, this transfer of material culture did not only occur through trade or gift exchange, but also through warfare and travelling craftsmen. The transfer of non-material culture also took place, for example through the transfer of techniques and ideas. This could also take the form of motif transference. This thesis examines the phenomenon of motif transference between the Aegean, the Near East and Egypt during the Bronze Age. Besides the acculturation between two cultures, it is also possible for cultural interaction to take place between three or more cultures. This is reflected in the art of the Bronze Age, in which some motifs were shared by the artistic traditions of the Aegean, the Near East and Egypt. The transfer in style as well as technology and iconography created a new level of hybridity that lasted until the end of the Late Bronze Age and which is often called the international style. But the objects which are considered to belong to the international style, were not the only ones displaying a common style. Throughout the Eastern Mediterranean frescoes were found with motifs from the Aegean artistic tradition, which were produced during the Middle and Late Bronze Age. They are found in geographically important cities, which were located along important trade routes. These paintings were found at Alalakh, Miletus and Hattusa in Turkey, Qatna in Syria, Tel Kabri in Israel, Tell el-Dab’a, Malkata and Amarna in Egypt and display hybrid influences in iconography as well as technology. The goal of this thesis is to determine if the much-debated international style at present has a too narrow definition, which might need to be expanded to include these frescoes. This study tries to determine whether or not the palatial art found in the Eastern Mediterranean can be seen as a part of the international style.Show less
De hoofdvraag van deze scriptie is hoe de Nederlandse publieke opinie in de pers reageerde op het verdwijnen van de paardentram begin twintigste eeuw. Het eerste hoofdstuk is historiografisch van...Show moreDe hoofdvraag van deze scriptie is hoe de Nederlandse publieke opinie in de pers reageerde op het verdwijnen van de paardentram begin twintigste eeuw. Het eerste hoofdstuk is historiografisch van aard, waarin de ontwikkeling van het openbaar vervoer, de groei van steden en de bijbehorende mentale veranderingen aan bod komen. Het tweede en derde hoofdstuk zijn gebaseerd op krantenartikelen en laten zien welke rol de tramdiscussies innamen. Hoofdstuk twee beschrijft de aanloop naar de beslissing tot een nieuw tramstelsel, hoofdstuk 3 behandelt de artikelen uit de periode waarin er definitief afscheid werd genomen van de paardentram. Het blijkt dat de overstap naar een nieuw tramstelsel in eerste instantie veel discussie met zich meebracht, maar dat uiteindelijk de noodzaak werd ingezien en de opvolger met enthousiasme werd ontvangen. Wel werden er voor de allerlaatste paardentrams in Nederland afscheidsceremonies georganiseerd, waarbij de tram uitgeleide werd gedaan naar de laatste rustplaats. De paardentram was symbool komen te staan voor een voorbij tijd, waar niet meer naar kon worden teruggekeerd.Show less
