The values the Liberal International Order (LIO) professes to uphold in theory, such as the promise of equal treatment, are not always lived up to in practice. In fact, it cannot always live up to...Show moreThe values the Liberal International Order (LIO) professes to uphold in theory, such as the promise of equal treatment, are not always lived up to in practice. In fact, it cannot always live up to this promise. The LIO’s social hierarchy prevents non-Western countries from fully acquiring the recognition they believe they are entitled to, leading them to contest the legitimacy of the LIO. For some countries, the emerging multipolar world presents an alternative option to gain international status and recognition. This thesis uses South Africa as a case study to examine how misrecognition in the LIO motivates countries to join BRICS. The results and analysis indicate that the LIO’s inability, but BRIC’s ability, to promise recognition motivated South Africa to join BRIC. Yet, in assessing the available empirical record, and whether the collective body of evidence can support making an inference that the causal relationship existed in the case of South Africa, this thesis concludes that there is only weak confirmatory evidence.Show less
This thesis aims to examine the pace of European Union enlargement towards two Western Balkan states, Montenegro and Serbia, focusing on the influence of political factors. The thesis will start...Show moreThis thesis aims to examine the pace of European Union enlargement towards two Western Balkan states, Montenegro and Serbia, focusing on the influence of political factors. The thesis will start with an introduction section aimed at providing contextual background of EU enlargement and Western Balkan region. Research question of this thesis is: "How political factors influence the pace of EU enlargement towards Montenegro and Serbia?", and will be introduced in the introduction. Theoretical framework will be supported by Sandra Lavenex's theory of EU external governance, where emphasis will be placed on the concepts of cooperation and integration. Furthermore, based on theoretical framework, two hypotheses will be introduced. Methodologically, the study will adopt qualitative methods, primarily employing process tracing techniques through case analysis and comparative case analysis. The literature review will categorize insights collected from the literature in various themes, including political dynamics and geopolitical complexities, challenges confronting democratic governance, identity dynamics and state-nation relations. Results and analysis section will provide analysis and founded results. Ultimately, this research will aim to provide an understanding of the multifaceted dynamics of EU enlargement towards Montenegro and Serbia.Show less
The consistent implementation of debt trap diplomacy by China has become an important instrument in the superpower’s quest for further worldwide dominance and power. This paper examines how the...Show moreThe consistent implementation of debt trap diplomacy by China has become an important instrument in the superpower’s quest for further worldwide dominance and power. This paper examines how the nation’s debt trap diplomacy has helped it consolidate its position within the global order by offering insights gathered from a case study of the small east African country of Djibouti. Due to its helpful marine connections and strategic location at the intersection of Africa, the Middle East and Asia, Djibouti has been a focal point in the field of geopolitics. Building ports, railroads, and military facilities are only a few examples of the infrastructure development projects that have dominated China's relationship with the nation. China's debt trap diplomacy in the region is based on the substantial loans that its government and state-owned banks have provided to fund these projects. The involvement in Djibouti is an example of China’s larger gameplan meant to increase its power and influence in the international system. The eastern power’s use of its economic might to fund infrastructure projects and give easy loans effectively confines small countries like Djibouti within its area of influence. As a result, China's position as a major actor in world events is strengthened, further eroding the conventional power structures set up by Western countries.Show less
Partijafsplitsingen, of legislative party switching, is binnen de politicologie een onderwerp waar veel onderzoek naar is gedaan. Desondanks is de context van Nederlandse gemeenteraden nog niet...Show morePartijafsplitsingen, of legislative party switching, is binnen de politicologie een onderwerp waar veel onderzoek naar is gedaan. Desondanks is de context van Nederlandse gemeenteraden nog niet eerder onderzocht, terwijl het fenomeen in de praktijk steeds vaker waargenomen wordt (Abels, 2018; Ketelaar, 2021). Deze studie beoogt een eerste aanzet te zijn voor meer inzicht in factoren en beweegredenen bij afsplitsingen binnen Nederlandse gemeenteraden. In de theoriesectie wordt allereerst de academische literatuur gecombineerd met de specifieke context van Nederlandse gemeenteraden. Hieruit volgen zes verwachtingen, die vervolgens middels een thematische analyse worden getoetst aan acht semi-gestructureerde kwalitatieve interviews met afgesplitste gemeenteraadsleden. De bevindingen suggereren dat er in bijna alle gevallen sprake is van een conflict: interpersoonlijk, ideologisch, of een combinatie van beide. De mogelijkheid tot herverkiezing noemt een enkeling als belangrijke reden, al moet hierbij een kanttekening worden geplaatst wat betreft de representativiteit van de steekproef. Het aantal voorkeursstemmen speelt voor de meeste participanten een grote rol voor de rechtvaardiging van hun keuze tot afsplitsing. Bijzondere rollen, zoals het fractievoorzitterschap, lijken weinig tot geen effect te hebben op partijveranderingen. Tenslotte laat het thema loyaliteit zien dat raadsleden vooral betrokken zijn bij personen binnen de partij, boven de partij als institutie. Daarbij wordt bij dit thema ook duidelijk hoe ingrijpend en emotioneel de gebeurtenis voor deelnemers kan zijn.Show less
Refugees occupy a unique moral and legal position in our communities. Their relationships with their host states are born out of necessity and coloured by their disenfranchisement, as refugees do...Show moreRefugees occupy a unique moral and legal position in our communities. Their relationships with their host states are born out of necessity and coloured by their disenfranchisement, as refugees do not receive democratic participation rights in the same way citizens do. Given that refugees are not allowed to vote, together with their uniquely vulnerable circumstances and the coercive character of the (immigration) laws they are expected to obey, we might wonder what kind of political obligations, if any, they have. As the literature is focused on the rights of refugees, there is insufficient discussion regarding their duties. I will here investigate the political obligations of refugees by examining whether the four main theories of political obligation, consent, gratitude, natural duty, and fair play, can be applied to refugees. I will then discuss a more limited version of political obligations, based on the fair play account specifically, as I discuss a moral basis from which we may better understand both the rights and duties of refugees. Finally, I will discuss the implications of separating such obligations from participation rights, and what this may entail for other migrants and travelers.Show less
The Sino-Russian relationship has been the topic of much interest, especially with regard to Central Asia. Much analysis studies it in terms of hard power resources, positing an axis-of-convenience...Show moreThe Sino-Russian relationship has been the topic of much interest, especially with regard to Central Asia. Much analysis studies it in terms of hard power resources, positing an axis-of-convenience. This research challenges that view by looking at an area of competing influence: educational diplomacy. The Russo-Kazakh and Sino-Kazakh relationships are chosen to compare the resources, strategies, and outcomes. Analysis of official discourse and foreign policy are synthesized with previous research and surveys on Kazakhstani perceptions, and data on students studying in China and Russia. The varying approaches of Russia and China are compared to ascertain their success in soft power projection via educational diplomacy, and how it provides insight into the balance of power in Central Asia.Show less
There has been a surge in ethnic conflicts in recent decades, coinciding with a rise in foreign development aid targeted at post-conflict reconstruction in the affected states. While extant...Show moreThere has been a surge in ethnic conflicts in recent decades, coinciding with a rise in foreign development aid targeted at post-conflict reconstruction in the affected states. While extant literature highlights contradictions in the desired outcomes of foreign aid in recipient states, fewer studies address these outcomes in post-ethnic conflict contexts. This project addresses this gap, focusing on Bosnia and Herzegovina (BiH), and argues that foreign development aid plays a crucial role in sustaining peace through its capacity to bolster democracy and stimulate economic growth, thereby mitigating ethnic tensions and fostering cooperation. Since the end of the Bosnian War in 1995, the three ethnic factions continue to co-exist within BiH, and the country is today on the path to European Union membership, making it an interesting case to study regarding the evaluation of foreign development aid’s contributions in sustaining the peace there. However, the findings of this study yield ambiguous results, shedding light on the complexities of aid's impact in such contexts. While foreign development aid has prevented another war, ethnic and political tensions still linger. The broader implications of this study inform the future of conflict prevention, peacebuilding, and foreign development aid implementation strategies.Show less
This thesis is focused on the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border of 2021 during which thousands of migrants tried to illegally enter Poland. It highlights the county’s unique response to the...Show moreThis thesis is focused on the crisis on the Polish-Belarusian border of 2021 during which thousands of migrants tried to illegally enter Poland. It highlights the county’s unique response to the crisis, including its decision not to involve Frontex, and poses a research question regarding what process led to this decision. To answer this inquiry, this thesis conducts an explaining outcome process tracing study, utilizing theories of Rational Choice and Securitization. The analysis proves the hypotheses, linking the Law and Justice party’s decision to the tension between them and the EU regarding migration policy, subsequently emphasizing independence from and growing military resources. Overall, it sheds light on the multifaceted nature of migration issues in contemporary Europe and the various political and institutional factors at play.Show less
This thesis investigates the striking disparity in the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) between Hungary and Romania, despite similar levels of alcohol consumption. With 21,2% of the total...Show moreThis thesis investigates the striking disparity in the prevalence of alcohol use disorders (AUDs) between Hungary and Romania, despite similar levels of alcohol consumption. With 21,2% of the total population having alcohol use disorders, Hungary has the highest prevalence in all of Europe, whereas in Romania it is only 2,8%. This cross-case study delves into the various environmental factors influencing AUDs, such as economic development, early drinking, family, social and cultural norms, additional elements and alcohol control policies drawing on the body of academic literature, data sources as well as empirical evidence. With the usage of the World Health Organization's (WHO) "best buy" alcohol control policies, this research employs a most similar system design to evaluate the effectiveness of these alcohol control measures in Hungary and Romania. Findings indicate that while both nations have similar regulations and restrictions regarding availability and pricing, the regulations on the advertisement and product placements on alcohol are more stringent in Romania. This thesis emphasises the necessity of international organizations in offering guidelines and policy recommendations for tackling the harmful use of alcohol and consequently alcohol use disorders.Show less
How does economic development aid affect conflict intensity in minor civil conflicts? Previous research has found that economic development aid in civil wars can effectively reduce conflict...Show moreHow does economic development aid affect conflict intensity in minor civil conflicts? Previous research has found that economic development aid in civil wars can effectively reduce conflict intensity. It does so either directly by incentivising the population to cooperate with the government or indirectly by raising the opportunity costs of joining an insurgency. I propose that the same holds for minor civil conflicts. Due to insurgent groups’ weakness vis-à-vis the government, I argue that development aid in minor conflicts will have a greater substantive effect than in civil wars. Using data on 59 aid projects in federal states across Ethiopia, Mali, and Nigeria, I show that regions receiving development aid experience less violence than those without aid projects in regions under government control. However, an increase in development projects within these regions is associated with an increase in conflict intensity. In regions under insurgent territorial control, development aid substantially increases conflict intensity.Show less
Democracy in Latin America is under extraordinary strain because of polarization. This thesis aims to investigate the drivers of party polarization, focusing on electoral volatility in 18 Latin...Show moreDemocracy in Latin America is under extraordinary strain because of polarization. This thesis aims to investigate the drivers of party polarization, focusing on electoral volatility in 18 Latin American countries from 1993-2018. Extant studies suggest that volatility influences polarization by incentivizing parties to adopt polarizing strategies to secure electoral survival. However, these studies suffer from methodological and theoretical drawbacks that I seek to overcome. By utilizing the Latin American Electoral Volatility Dataset (LAEVD), this thesis employs a more precise measure of polarization, particularly in assessing elite-driven polarization, while accounting for within-system volatility (votes transferred between existing parties), extra-system volatility (new party vote share), and additional control variables. Moreover, the theoretical underpinnings will be critically assessed and further developed, especially regarding new party entry. My results diverge from previous studies suggesting that Latin American democracies become more polarized as they age due to the entry of new (radical) parties. This reflects the persistent struggle for party systems in the region to institutionalize. As several countries have suffered pernicious consequences of polarization in recent years, avoiding democracy’s demise in Latin America requires sustainable party building to solidify electoral competition and regain citizens’ trust in democratic institutions.Show less
The central role of institutions in development is strongly established in the literature. Many countries in the developing world struggle with institutional performance. A ‘postinstitutional turn’...Show moreThe central role of institutions in development is strongly established in the literature. Many countries in the developing world struggle with institutional performance. A ‘postinstitutional turn’ in the developmental literature emphasises that the reason is political. The burgeoning field of Political Settlement Analysis contends that institutions are the product of a political settlement that reflects the power configurations and interests of powerful groups. Within Political Settlement Analysis, whether power configurations have explanatory power in explaining institutional performance is contested. This thesis tests this by investigating how power configurations affect institutional performance through a most similar system analysis of the ‘false twins’ Rwanda and Burundi. In line with theoretical expectations, the results of the analysis indicates that concentrated power configurations had a positive effects on institutional performance (Rwanda), while more dispersed power configurations did not (Burundi)Show less
This study investigates the dual developments of Rwanda’s political and economic evolutions over the last 24 years, under Kagame’s presidency. A closer look is taken at the conditions and processes...Show moreThis study investigates the dual developments of Rwanda’s political and economic evolutions over the last 24 years, under Kagame’s presidency. A closer look is taken at the conditions and processes which have led to the current state of high economic growth, while lacking democratic rights and freedoms. Expanding upon the work of previous scholars, theories on both democracies and economics are used to answer the posed research question by means of theory-testing process testing. The latter include Foreign Direct Investments (FDI). The result of this research expands upon the body of research, focused on the current, rapidly progressing developments in Africa which has gained more international attention due to its recent rapid economic developments.Show less
This study delves into the often-overlooked realm of small states' influence within international organizations (IOs), focusing on the mechanism of rhetorical action and entrapment. Grounded in...Show moreThis study delves into the often-overlooked realm of small states' influence within international organizations (IOs), focusing on the mechanism of rhetorical action and entrapment. Grounded in theoretical insights from Baldacchino and Wivel (2020), Long (2017b), and Schimmelfenning (2001), this article investigates how small states strategically navigate power dynamics within IOs, leveraging discourse to advance their interests. Specifically, it examines Uruguay's engagement within the Mercosur as a case study, aiming to shed light on the nuanced mechanisms through which small states can exert influence and shape outcomes within IOs. Uruguay's strategic alignment with Mercosur’s foundational values underscores its role as a dedicated advocate for collective benefits, enhancing its credibility within the community. By consistently encouraging reforms for the modernization and flexibilization of the IO, Uruguay leverages rhetorical entrapment to compel larger member states to align with its agenda, risking their credibility if they oppose. The effectiveness of this mechanism is empirically demonstrated in Uruguay's role in the negotiation and signing of the Free Trade Agreement (FTA) with Singapore, showcasing its capacity to stir Mercosur's policy direction and affirming the strategic use of discourse by smaller states to achieve substantial outcomes with larger regional frameworks.Show less
