An economic crisis can influence people´s behavior in various ways. One area that is significantly impacted is grocery shopping, as people adapt their shopping habits to the economic situation....Show moreAn economic crisis can influence people´s behavior in various ways. One area that is significantly impacted is grocery shopping, as people adapt their shopping habits to the economic situation. Therefore, this thesis aims at answering the research questions: How do the effects of the 2023 Economic Crisis filter down into the grocery shopping habits of international students (20-25 y/o) in the Hague, The Netherlands?. Through ethnographic research methods, namely in-depth interviews and supermarket follow-along observations, this study analyses data collected from 10 international students. This inquiry found that there was a difference in the perception and definition of an economic crisis, especially between European and non-European students. The most notable changes reported of the participants grocery shopping habits were the increase in price checking and comparison and looking out for sales. Apart from that, the participants registered a decrease in the enjoyment of shopping for groceries and food in general. This study adds to the growing body of ethnography in crisis literature and examines how everyday live is affected by the economic crisis. This is relevant to understand, especially for governments and policy makers, to ensure food and financial security during a crisis.Show less
Abstract This dissertation analyses chat robot Wout as an Artificial Intelligence driven chatbot implemented in the Dutch police force in the public sector. The purpose of this study is to provide...Show moreAbstract This dissertation analyses chat robot Wout as an Artificial Intelligence driven chatbot implemented in the Dutch police force in the public sector. The purpose of this study is to provide an assessment of chat robots in the Dutch public sector supported by a private entity. The current developments of Artificial Intelligence are providing a wide array of opportunities for chat robots to be implemented. The application of these technologies, however, is associated with challenges and limitations. The research consists of a literature review, a case study, an interview study, and a qualitative study on the application of Artificial Intelligence in the Dutch public, analysing policy documents, media reports, and empirical studies. This thesis could be considered a steppingstone for public-private partnerships facilitating Artificial Intelligence implementation in the public sector by addressing the Dutch Police Force, the current Wout product owner, and the Wout users.Show less
Since 9/11 and the migration crisis which followed after the Arab spring migration has been increasingly securitised within Europe. Meaning that polarisation and discrimination have increased...Show moreSince 9/11 and the migration crisis which followed after the Arab spring migration has been increasingly securitised within Europe. Meaning that polarisation and discrimination have increased against migrants and that migration into a country has been seen as a threat to the host country and its population. Instead of securitising boundaries it is important to understand what causes radicalisation amongst migrants and whether measures can be taken to decrease this radicalisation. Understanding radicalisation processes amongst migrants can not only help migrants but also the host countries’ population. Thus the research question that will be answered is: whether addressing root causes of radicalisation can be an alternative to securitising boundaries. To do so, a root cause model has been used which looks at causes of radicalisation on both a macro and micro level, this root cause model is supplemented by a SWOT analysis. By using a SWOT analysis, specific strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can be identified regarding root causes of radicalisation. While much research has been done on the root causes of radicalisation amongst migrants, most of the times these are treated as individual causes, by using a SWOT analysis the root causes can be mapped upon which relevant strategies can be developed which hope to reduce the radicalisation of migrants. The SWOT analysis will evaluate separate root causes of radicalisation while mapping them in the SWOT matrix, once this is done strategies will be proposed which aim to emphasize strengths, reduce weaknesses, create opportunities or reduce threats. Hopefully with this research better strategies can be employed in addressing the root causes of radicalisation amongst migrants while also providing an alternative to securitising migration which can increase discrimination and polarisation regarding migrants within a country.Show less
Violent extremism has impacted Pakistan since its establishment in 1947. However since 2014, a rise of extremism can be highlighted due to an increase of attacks on civilians. As a response, the...Show moreViolent extremism has impacted Pakistan since its establishment in 1947. However since 2014, a rise of extremism can be highlighted due to an increase of attacks on civilians. As a response, the Pakistani government has shifted the focus away from using violence, to formulating various policy documents. Current academic literature is non-western and solely uses policy documents to analyse CVE. Through a discourse analysis, this paper uses interviews with former and current senior officials, and Pakistani policy documents to analyse overarching themes and differences on the evolution of CVE policies. Accordingly, the research question that this paper seeks to answer is: ‘What is the evolution of Pakistan’s counter-violent extremism policies and how has this affected the country's approach to addressing the threat of extremism?’ The findings indicate that there has been no real revolution since the formulation of the first policy document as they all resemble each other, and that there has been a lack of implementation. Moreover, interviews revealed that extremism is deeply engrained within its society due to the strong link between religion and governmental institutions. These challenges explain the difficulties that hinder the country’s CVE efforts. Limitation of this study includes the sample size and the online setting of the interviews, therefore future research should conduct increase the amount of interviews on the ground.Show less
Abstract This paper focuses on the impact of democratic decay on the intelligence services in Ecuador. It assesses what specific events led to organizational and legislative changes within the...Show moreAbstract This paper focuses on the impact of democratic decay on the intelligence services in Ecuador. It assesses what specific events led to organizational and legislative changes within the national intelligence system of Ecuador. Both changes in capabilities and practices of the intelligence services will be discussed, focusing on the period after 2007 until the present day. The creation of new intelligence agencies takes a central role in this discussion. The Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia (DNI), the Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (Senain) and the Centro de inteligencia estratégica (Cies) are thoroughly analysed and compared to one another. The organizational goals, practices and capabilities of these agencies are further discussed and synthesized within the analysis portion of this paper. The legislative frameworks within these intelligence agencies perform their duties is provided in a conceptual framework section. To look at specific events that led to changes in the Ecuadorian national intelligence system, press data collection was performed. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were collected from online news archives, Factiva and Google news archives. The Columbian raid near Angostura, the 2010 police revolt, multiple instances of fraud and instances of political espionage are discussed in this manner. Democratic decay played an important part in why these events were able to impact the intelligence services in Ecuador. These intelligence services were impacted by democratic decay in a multitude of areas, such as target selection, means of obtaining information, leadership, organizational capabilities, transparency and fiscal oversight.Show less
This thesis explores the complex topic of partnerships between private companies and public institutions in policing, focusing on the influence of power dynamics on the effectiveness of such...Show moreThis thesis explores the complex topic of partnerships between private companies and public institutions in policing, focusing on the influence of power dynamics on the effectiveness of such collaborations. A framework is utilized to help explore the topic and determine the partnership analyzed into a category. In recent times, public-private partnerships have become increasingly common as various actors seek to address various complex social challenges through the use of Public Private Partnerships (PPP). This study specifically investigates the partnership between the municipality of Almere and G4S, a private security company, in the context of municipal policing. The research aims to determine the partnership into a specifically designated category.Show less
Renters associations in the Netherlands are struggling with decreasing membership numbers and connecting with their constituency, threatening their ability to participate in- and shape policymaking...Show moreRenters associations in the Netherlands are struggling with decreasing membership numbers and connecting with their constituency, threatening their ability to participate in- and shape policymaking in a futureproof way (Raeflex, 2021; Terlingen, 2016). Yet renters organisations are expected to play a bigger part representing interests in policies regarding residential issues (Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 2022) and are perceived to have a mandate on behalf of ‘the renters’ (Terlingen 2016). In this paper, the relationship between membership involvement (x) and group accountability (y) will be investigated with a quantitative, deductive approach. It will be built on the (quantitative) frameworks by Fraussen et al., (2021) for ‘group accountability’ with dimensions of ‘information, discussion and consequence’ and Albareda (2018) for ‘member involvement’ with dimensions of ‘interaction, decision making and local chapters’. The case being investigated is five renters organisations of the housing corporation QuaWonen within the Krimpenerwaard (South-Holland). Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with the executive level of renters organisations. The research question posed is: ‘How does membership involvement affect group accountability from the perspective of the board members of renters organisations?’ Findings tentatively show that the ability of renters organisations to function as transmission belts, translating policy preferences of their members, is mainly limited by membership involvement. Members can experience barriers to involvement. Accountability is improved by involvement through by being informed, being able to discuss and asking questions.Show less
This study looks into how the Islamic State (IS) recruits both men and women by using genderspecific narratives in its online magazine Dabiq. The study focuses on the themes of the narratives and...Show moreThis study looks into how the Islamic State (IS) recruits both men and women by using genderspecific narratives in its online magazine Dabiq. The study focuses on the themes of the narratives and frequency of specific words used by IS to appeal to various gender identities by performing a content and discourse analysis of 15 Dabiq magazines. The research shows that IS targets men and women using several gender-specific narratives. The most common topics among men are violent ones, emphasising martyrdom and violence in particular. Women, on the other hand, tend to focus more on social and personal issues, with a particular focus on motherhood. The data also shows that IS uses several gender narratives to appeal to both men and women. The prevailing narrative for men reinforces traditional masculine norms by focusing on ideas of bravery, protection and heroism. Contrarily the dominant narrative for women centres on stereotypes of motherhood and caregiving, which are consistent with traditional conceptions of the roles and obligations of women. According to these findings, IS customises its recruitment techniques to consider men's and women's distinct motivations and objectives, relying on gender-specific narratives to engage people in their particular gender identities. The study clarifies the part played by gender in online radicalisation and emphasises the significance of taking gender dynamics into account in counterterrorism efforts.Show less
Geautomatiseerde overheidssystemen zijn niet geschikt voor iedere burger, waardoor kwetsbare burgers niet op toegankelijke en effectieve wijze de overheid digitaal kunnen bereiken. Hierdoor...Show moreGeautomatiseerde overheidssystemen zijn niet geschikt voor iedere burger, waardoor kwetsbare burgers niet op toegankelijke en effectieve wijze de overheid digitaal kunnen bereiken. Hierdoor vergroten hoge administratieve lasten juist de ongelijkheid in de overheidsprocessen en diensten. De overheid startte recentelijk met het landelijke initiatief ‘Informatiepunten Digitale Overheid’ waar digitale hulp wordt verleend aan burgers voor overheidszaken. Om het probleem van administratieve lasten tijdens de digitale dienstverlening in kaart te brengen, zijn de ervaringen van deze doelgroep verzameld. De centrale vraag die gesteld werd, is: hoe ervaren burgers, die gebruik maken van Informatiepunten Digitale Overheid, administratieve lasten in het gebruik van digitale overheidsdiensten? Op basis van drie categorieën lasten: leer-, nalevings- en psychologische kosten, is in kaart gebracht hoe administratieve lasten bij deze doelgroep ontstaan en ervaren. Om representatieve en variërende ervaringen te verkrijgen, zijn medewerkers van lokale informatiepunten geïnterviewd. Door de gecompliceerde procedures van de digitale dienstverlening, in combinatie met de benodigde stappen, worden frustraties en stress aangewakkerd. Er is sprake van een overloop-effect waarin leer- en nalevingskosten ook leiden tot psychologische kosten. Ook blijkt het hebben van een hogere leeftijd en een laag opleidingsniveau invloed te hebben op het uitvoerend functioneren van burgers. Deze levensfactoren brengen een lager cognitief vermogen teweeg en zorgen ervoor dat de procedurele complexiteit wordt verhoogd, resulterend in administratieve lasten (Christensen et al., 2020). De informatieverzameling en het deelnemen van overheidsprogramma’s wordt hierdoor bemoeilijkt (Chetty & Saez, 2013). Kwetsbare burgers ervaren wel degelijk administratieve lasten bij het gebruik van de publieke digitale dienstverlening, wat de toegankelijkheid en effectiviteit verhinderd.Show less
This study examines the applicability of the e-Government cloud adoption model by Liang et al. (2017) in the context of Logius, a central government organization in the Netherlands. By conducting a...Show moreThis study examines the applicability of the e-Government cloud adoption model by Liang et al. (2017) in the context of Logius, a central government organization in the Netherlands. By conducting a mixed-methods approach encompassing qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey, the study investigates the factors and mechanisms influencing public cloud adoption at Logius. The findings validate the model's relevance, despite its examination in a different context than the one it is developed in. The study identifies 17 factors, categorized into five determinants: cloud trust, technological drivers, cloud provider support, organization readiness, and environmental stimuli. It confirms that technological drivers and cloud provider support indirectly impact public cloud adoption through cloud trust, while environmental stimuli moderate the relationship between cloud trust and adoption. However, no such interrelation is found for organizational readiness. Additionally, the study extends the model by incorporating factors like trialability, internal expertise, and economic conditions.Show less
