This thesis examines to what extent authoritarianism persists in Chile's intelligence and security services since democratisation in 1990. The scars left by the oppressive regime of Augusto...Show moreThis thesis examines to what extent authoritarianism persists in Chile's intelligence and security services since democratisation in 1990. The scars left by the oppressive regime of Augusto Pinochet, and the brutal practices of the DINA and the CNI, continue to impact Chile and its intelligence agencies. The intelligence agencies cannot operate effectively due to the historical legacy of authoritarianism within Chilean intelligence services, this thesis examines which indicators affect the intelligence agencies. Incorporating evidence from literature and polling data, this thesis demonstrates three major factors in how authoritarianism persists in the Chilean intelligence services. This thesis argues that the deep-rooted issues of fear, distrust, polarisation, and their consequential effects present significant obstacles for the intelligence services to function optimally. The influence of the Pinochet era on the intelligence landscape of Chile is profound, as the regime relied heavily on repressive intelligence operations. The transition to democracy marked an important turning point, but the legacy of authoritarianism continues to cast a long shadow over the intelligence services. The trauma experienced during the Pinochet era has engendered fear, a deep lack of trust and polarisation, which negatively influence intelligence services.Show less
This paper explores the research question: in which way can postmodern feminist theory explain how gender ideology is constructed in the extreme right-wing manifestos of Brenton Tarrant and Elliot...Show moreThis paper explores the research question: in which way can postmodern feminist theory explain how gender ideology is constructed in the extreme right-wing manifestos of Brenton Tarrant and Elliot Rodger? Using a postmodern feminist theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of discourse and language in shaping gender ideology, the paper uses critical discourse analysis to identify the role of gendered discourse. By coding the manifestos for feminine and masculine ideology, taking into account power relations, this paper aims to identify in which way gender ideology and far-right extremism are connected. The findings show that both Tarrant’s and Rodger’s manifestos contain language and ideas that reinforce traditional gender ideology and hierarchies. These gendered iterations are in tune with the growing attention within the far-right for traditional gender hierarchy and hegemonic masculinity. This trend warrants further attention, and this paper aims to shed light on this phenomenon.Show less
This study analyses the differences in which the Islamic State targets female and male audiences by focusing on the following question, “To what extent do the recruitment narratives used by the...Show moreThis study analyses the differences in which the Islamic State targets female and male audiences by focusing on the following question, “To what extent do the recruitment narratives used by the Islamic State differ when targeting female versus male audiences within their magazine, Dabiq?”. To answer this question of interest, this study performs a comparative Thematic Analysis of the English-language magazine Dabiq, specifically examining the “Among The Believers Are Men” and “To/From Our Sisters” sections. It further integrates the Framing Theory developed by Goffman (1974) to examine how the recruitment narratives used by the Islamic State differ when targeting female and male audiences. The study’s findings further demonstrate that gender-specific differences are prevalent in three out of four distinguished categories. These were: ‘Community, Belonging and Meaning’, ‘Gender Roles’’ and ‘Establishment of Common Enemies’. The category of ‘Obligation’ did not portray any differences in the content of the recruitment narratives when differentiating it between the female audience versus the one of men. This signifies that the Islamic State also turns to alternative methods. The analysis of this study substantiates the literature presented by other authors, as their results correspond to and support the findings of this study. However, this study’s results stand in contrast as they differentiate between the content of the recruitment narratives that are used to target women versus men. The study concludes that to tackle Islamic State recruitment, it is essential to understand which gender differences within which recruitment narratives influence individuals to join the organisation. This emphasises the need for further studies to conduct interviews with the returnees of the Islamic State and examine the factors that served as their motivations to join the organisation.Show less
An economic crisis can influence people´s behavior in various ways. One area that is significantly impacted is grocery shopping, as people adapt their shopping habits to the economic situation....Show moreAn economic crisis can influence people´s behavior in various ways. One area that is significantly impacted is grocery shopping, as people adapt their shopping habits to the economic situation. Therefore, this thesis aims at answering the research questions: How do the effects of the 2023 Economic Crisis filter down into the grocery shopping habits of international students (20-25 y/o) in the Hague, The Netherlands?. Through ethnographic research methods, namely in-depth interviews and supermarket follow-along observations, this study analyses data collected from 10 international students. This inquiry found that there was a difference in the perception and definition of an economic crisis, especially between European and non-European students. The most notable changes reported of the participants grocery shopping habits were the increase in price checking and comparison and looking out for sales. Apart from that, the participants registered a decrease in the enjoyment of shopping for groceries and food in general. This study adds to the growing body of ethnography in crisis literature and examines how everyday live is affected by the economic crisis. This is relevant to understand, especially for governments and policy makers, to ensure food and financial security during a crisis.Show less
Abstract This dissertation analyses chat robot Wout as an Artificial Intelligence driven chatbot implemented in the Dutch police force in the public sector. The purpose of this study is to provide...Show moreAbstract This dissertation analyses chat robot Wout as an Artificial Intelligence driven chatbot implemented in the Dutch police force in the public sector. The purpose of this study is to provide an assessment of chat robots in the Dutch public sector supported by a private entity. The current developments of Artificial Intelligence are providing a wide array of opportunities for chat robots to be implemented. The application of these technologies, however, is associated with challenges and limitations. The research consists of a literature review, a case study, an interview study, and a qualitative study on the application of Artificial Intelligence in the Dutch public, analysing policy documents, media reports, and empirical studies. This thesis could be considered a steppingstone for public-private partnerships facilitating Artificial Intelligence implementation in the public sector by addressing the Dutch Police Force, the current Wout product owner, and the Wout users.Show less
Since 9/11 and the migration crisis which followed after the Arab spring migration has been increasingly securitised within Europe. Meaning that polarisation and discrimination have increased...Show moreSince 9/11 and the migration crisis which followed after the Arab spring migration has been increasingly securitised within Europe. Meaning that polarisation and discrimination have increased against migrants and that migration into a country has been seen as a threat to the host country and its population. Instead of securitising boundaries it is important to understand what causes radicalisation amongst migrants and whether measures can be taken to decrease this radicalisation. Understanding radicalisation processes amongst migrants can not only help migrants but also the host countries’ population. Thus the research question that will be answered is: whether addressing root causes of radicalisation can be an alternative to securitising boundaries. To do so, a root cause model has been used which looks at causes of radicalisation on both a macro and micro level, this root cause model is supplemented by a SWOT analysis. By using a SWOT analysis, specific strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats can be identified regarding root causes of radicalisation. While much research has been done on the root causes of radicalisation amongst migrants, most of the times these are treated as individual causes, by using a SWOT analysis the root causes can be mapped upon which relevant strategies can be developed which hope to reduce the radicalisation of migrants. The SWOT analysis will evaluate separate root causes of radicalisation while mapping them in the SWOT matrix, once this is done strategies will be proposed which aim to emphasize strengths, reduce weaknesses, create opportunities or reduce threats. Hopefully with this research better strategies can be employed in addressing the root causes of radicalisation amongst migrants while also providing an alternative to securitising migration which can increase discrimination and polarisation regarding migrants within a country.Show less
Violent extremism has impacted Pakistan since its establishment in 1947. However since 2014, a rise of extremism can be highlighted due to an increase of attacks on civilians. As a response, the...Show moreViolent extremism has impacted Pakistan since its establishment in 1947. However since 2014, a rise of extremism can be highlighted due to an increase of attacks on civilians. As a response, the Pakistani government has shifted the focus away from using violence, to formulating various policy documents. Current academic literature is non-western and solely uses policy documents to analyse CVE. Through a discourse analysis, this paper uses interviews with former and current senior officials, and Pakistani policy documents to analyse overarching themes and differences on the evolution of CVE policies. Accordingly, the research question that this paper seeks to answer is: ‘What is the evolution of Pakistan’s counter-violent extremism policies and how has this affected the country's approach to addressing the threat of extremism?’ The findings indicate that there has been no real revolution since the formulation of the first policy document as they all resemble each other, and that there has been a lack of implementation. Moreover, interviews revealed that extremism is deeply engrained within its society due to the strong link between religion and governmental institutions. These challenges explain the difficulties that hinder the country’s CVE efforts. Limitation of this study includes the sample size and the online setting of the interviews, therefore future research should conduct increase the amount of interviews on the ground.Show less
Abstract This paper focuses on the impact of democratic decay on the intelligence services in Ecuador. It assesses what specific events led to organizational and legislative changes within the...Show moreAbstract This paper focuses on the impact of democratic decay on the intelligence services in Ecuador. It assesses what specific events led to organizational and legislative changes within the national intelligence system of Ecuador. Both changes in capabilities and practices of the intelligence services will be discussed, focusing on the period after 2007 until the present day. The creation of new intelligence agencies takes a central role in this discussion. The Dirección Nacional de Inteligencia (DNI), the Secretaría Nacional de Inteligencia (Senain) and the Centro de inteligencia estratégica (Cies) are thoroughly analysed and compared to one another. The organizational goals, practices and capabilities of these agencies are further discussed and synthesized within the analysis portion of this paper. The legislative frameworks within these intelligence agencies perform their duties is provided in a conceptual framework section. To look at specific events that led to changes in the Ecuadorian national intelligence system, press data collection was performed. Articles that met the inclusion criteria were collected from online news archives, Factiva and Google news archives. The Columbian raid near Angostura, the 2010 police revolt, multiple instances of fraud and instances of political espionage are discussed in this manner. Democratic decay played an important part in why these events were able to impact the intelligence services in Ecuador. These intelligence services were impacted by democratic decay in a multitude of areas, such as target selection, means of obtaining information, leadership, organizational capabilities, transparency and fiscal oversight.Show less
This thesis explores the complex topic of partnerships between private companies and public institutions in policing, focusing on the influence of power dynamics on the effectiveness of such...Show moreThis thesis explores the complex topic of partnerships between private companies and public institutions in policing, focusing on the influence of power dynamics on the effectiveness of such collaborations. A framework is utilized to help explore the topic and determine the partnership analyzed into a category. In recent times, public-private partnerships have become increasingly common as various actors seek to address various complex social challenges through the use of Public Private Partnerships (PPP). This study specifically investigates the partnership between the municipality of Almere and G4S, a private security company, in the context of municipal policing. The research aims to determine the partnership into a specifically designated category.Show less
Renters associations in the Netherlands are struggling with decreasing membership numbers and connecting with their constituency, threatening their ability to participate in- and shape policymaking...Show moreRenters associations in the Netherlands are struggling with decreasing membership numbers and connecting with their constituency, threatening their ability to participate in- and shape policymaking in a futureproof way (Raeflex, 2021; Terlingen, 2016). Yet renters organisations are expected to play a bigger part representing interests in policies regarding residential issues (Ministry of the Interior and Kingdom Relations, 2022) and are perceived to have a mandate on behalf of ‘the renters’ (Terlingen 2016). In this paper, the relationship between membership involvement (x) and group accountability (y) will be investigated with a quantitative, deductive approach. It will be built on the (quantitative) frameworks by Fraussen et al., (2021) for ‘group accountability’ with dimensions of ‘information, discussion and consequence’ and Albareda (2018) for ‘member involvement’ with dimensions of ‘interaction, decision making and local chapters’. The case being investigated is five renters organisations of the housing corporation QuaWonen within the Krimpenerwaard (South-Holland). Semi-structured interviews will be conducted with the executive level of renters organisations. The research question posed is: ‘How does membership involvement affect group accountability from the perspective of the board members of renters organisations?’ Findings tentatively show that the ability of renters organisations to function as transmission belts, translating policy preferences of their members, is mainly limited by membership involvement. Members can experience barriers to involvement. Accountability is improved by involvement through by being informed, being able to discuss and asking questions.Show less
This study looks into how the Islamic State (IS) recruits both men and women by using genderspecific narratives in its online magazine Dabiq. The study focuses on the themes of the narratives and...Show moreThis study looks into how the Islamic State (IS) recruits both men and women by using genderspecific narratives in its online magazine Dabiq. The study focuses on the themes of the narratives and frequency of specific words used by IS to appeal to various gender identities by performing a content and discourse analysis of 15 Dabiq magazines. The research shows that IS targets men and women using several gender-specific narratives. The most common topics among men are violent ones, emphasising martyrdom and violence in particular. Women, on the other hand, tend to focus more on social and personal issues, with a particular focus on motherhood. The data also shows that IS uses several gender narratives to appeal to both men and women. The prevailing narrative for men reinforces traditional masculine norms by focusing on ideas of bravery, protection and heroism. Contrarily the dominant narrative for women centres on stereotypes of motherhood and caregiving, which are consistent with traditional conceptions of the roles and obligations of women. According to these findings, IS customises its recruitment techniques to consider men's and women's distinct motivations and objectives, relying on gender-specific narratives to engage people in their particular gender identities. The study clarifies the part played by gender in online radicalisation and emphasises the significance of taking gender dynamics into account in counterterrorism efforts.Show less
The European microstates Andorra, Liechtenstein and the Holy See have only been partially integrated into the multi-level framework of the European Union (EU). What is puzzling to academics...Show moreThe European microstates Andorra, Liechtenstein and the Holy See have only been partially integrated into the multi-level framework of the European Union (EU). What is puzzling to academics specialized in European Integration is the stark contrast to the degree of integration into the European Union experienced by Malta and Luxembourg which have both fully integrated into the European community in comparison to these microstates. The resultant regulatory and political discrepancies between each of these microstates is investigated in this paper with an investigation into the possibility of further integration for the unincorporated microstates. The different routes to integration of economic, political, and diplomatic arrangements follow in line with the 2013 Association Framework agreement established by Brussels which this paper will use to conceptualize an analysis into wider microstate integration. This paper assumes that intergovernmental agreements between microstates and their EU member state neighbors reduce the incentives for integration into the European Union. Other assumptions rely on an investigation into the value that European microstates have in maintaining their sovereignty at the expense of gains through European integration. It also investigates economic development of these microstates to their degree of integration as a control variable, of which there is less of an impact than intergovernmental agreements. The findings of this paper highlight the importance that microstates show towards intergovernmental agreements over supranational integration.Show less
This study examines the applicability of the e-Government cloud adoption model by Liang et al. (2017) in the context of Logius, a central government organization in the Netherlands. By conducting a...Show moreThis study examines the applicability of the e-Government cloud adoption model by Liang et al. (2017) in the context of Logius, a central government organization in the Netherlands. By conducting a mixed-methods approach encompassing qualitative interviews and a quantitative survey, the study investigates the factors and mechanisms influencing public cloud adoption at Logius. The findings validate the model's relevance, despite its examination in a different context than the one it is developed in. The study identifies 17 factors, categorized into five determinants: cloud trust, technological drivers, cloud provider support, organization readiness, and environmental stimuli. It confirms that technological drivers and cloud provider support indirectly impact public cloud adoption through cloud trust, while environmental stimuli moderate the relationship between cloud trust and adoption. However, no such interrelation is found for organizational readiness. Additionally, the study extends the model by incorporating factors like trialability, internal expertise, and economic conditions.Show less
