In 1989, a rape of a white woman in Central Park became one of the most publicized cases in American history. This thesis focuses on the Central Park Five and how the New York Times and the...Show moreIn 1989, a rape of a white woman in Central Park became one of the most publicized cases in American history. This thesis focuses on the Central Park Five and how the New York Times and the Washington Post described and presented the boys in the media storm. In what way did the New York Times and the Washington Post frame the Central Park Five around the trial, meaning before, during, and after the exoneration in 2002 and the settlement with the city of New York in 2014? Previous research concerning this case study has primarily focused on details of the case and other aspects. This research uses framing theory and the White Racial Frame to show patterns of racial frames in the two newspapers. The research shows that while the racial narratives were prevalent around the trial, they became less visible after decades had passed. This thesis demonstrates that how the boys were depicted was highly influenced by their time. With the years going by, the frame changed as well. In the end, the men were viewed positively instead of demonized.Show less
Somalis have been living in Kenya since the colonial era. They were brought to Nairobi by British administrators in the 1800s to be a part of the labour force. Under colonial rule, Somalis were...Show moreSomalis have been living in Kenya since the colonial era. They were brought to Nairobi by British administrators in the 1800s to be a part of the labour force. Under colonial rule, Somalis were considered to be perceived as racially ambiguous, and this perception remained after the departure of the British from Kenya. The Kenyan state has historically treated the ethnic Somali group in Kenya as “other” by having Kenyan-Somalis continuously prove their citizenship in the form of mass detainments, or through screening processes. This can have an effect on how Kenyan-Somalis feel in Kenya. This leads to the research question: “What are the feelings of citizenship and belonging in Kenyan-Somali women in Nairobi and how are they expressed?” The researcher recruited three experts in this field and Kenyan-Somali women who reside in Nairobi. Participants were gathered through snowball sampling. Moreover, the date was collected in the form of semi-structured interviews which would then be analysed thematically in order to see what their feelings of citizenship and belonging are. The feelings were assessed through three sub-questions. The results indicate that the participants do claim a sense of belonging in Nairobi. This could be associated due to the change in the constitution of 2010 in Kenya. This research also utilised the Allen et al (2021) sense of belonging model, and demonstrated that a sense of belonging has almost been completely achieved. Despite this, perceptions of belonging have not been fully completed. Policies should assess which areas make Kenyan-Somalis feel like they do not belong in Kenya, due to the fact that migration is a recurring theme in society.Show less
In deze masterscriptie wordt getracht een bijdrage te leveren aan het verdragenrechtelijke debat omtrent de verdragen met 'onderdanen'. Door de ‘familie’ van Bourgondisch-Nederlandse...Show moreIn deze masterscriptie wordt getracht een bijdrage te leveren aan het verdragenrechtelijke debat omtrent de verdragen met 'onderdanen'. Door de ‘familie’ van Bourgondisch-Nederlandse vredesverdragen van de 15de eeuw te koppelen aan het debat omtrent de Vlaamse Opstand, kan onderzocht worden in hoeverre er een verschil was tussen deze vredesverdragen met ‘onderdanen’ en verdragen tussen vorsten onderling.Show less
Sinds Donald J. Trumps presidentschap, een periode waarin Trump regelmatig de media bekritiseerde, hebben onderzoeken uitgewezen dat Republikeinen aanzienlijk minder vertrouwen hebben in...Show moreSinds Donald J. Trumps presidentschap, een periode waarin Trump regelmatig de media bekritiseerde, hebben onderzoeken uitgewezen dat Republikeinen aanzienlijk minder vertrouwen hebben in factcheckmedia dan Democraten (Jennings & Stroud, 2021; Porter et al. 2019; Walter et al., 2019). De vraag is echter of dat enkel aan Trump ligt; blootstelling aan factcheckkritiek online kan er ook aan bijdragen dat mediaconsumenten wantrouwiger worden naar de media (Houston et al., 2011). In dit onderzoek is daarom in kaart gebracht welke vormen van factcheckkritiek voorkomen in Facebookreacties onder factcheckberichten over presidentskandidaten uit 2016 en 2020. Hierbij werd ook bekeken of er verschillende vormen van factcheckkritiek voorkwamen in 2016 en in 2020, of mediaconsumenten andere kritiek leveren op pro-Democratische en pro-Republikeinse factchecks en of deze commentaren onderbouwd en zonder onbeleefd taalgebruik worden geformuleerd – twee belangrijke pijlers voor constructieve kritiek. Zeven verschillende vormen van kritiek werden geïdentificeerd: 1) Kritiek op eenzijdige berichtgeving, 2) Kritiek op inaccuraatheid, 3) Kritiek op onvolledigheid, 4) Kritiek op onbetrouwbaarheid, 5) Kritiek op irrelevante inhoud, 6) Kritiek op incompetentie en 7) Persoonlijke aanval zonder duidelijk standpunt. Deze kritieken zijn over het algemeen te relateren aan eerder onderzoek naar mediakritiek, maar factcheckkritiek heeft ook eigen, unieke eigenschappen. Er werden bovendien verschillen opgemerkt tussen factchecks uit 2016 en 2020 en tussen pro-Democratische en proRepublikeinse factchecks, die onder andere aantonen dat Trump gedurende zijn presidentschap heeft beïnvloed hoe mediaconsumenten kritiek geven op factcheckmedia. Daarnaast bleek dat enkel Kritiek op inaccuraatheid en Kritiek op onvolledigheid prominent aanwezig waren in commentaren met onderbouwing en zonder onbeleefd taalgebruik. Mogelijke oorzaken en implicaties van deze bevindingen worden besproken.Show less
During the late twentieth century, international volunteering has become one of the fastest growing trends in traveling. The rise of the voluntourism sector has been accompanied by a rise of...Show moreDuring the late twentieth century, international volunteering has become one of the fastest growing trends in traveling. The rise of the voluntourism sector has been accompanied by a rise of research on this matter. Yet, compared to volunteers and volunteer tourism organizations (VTOs), host communities receive the least attention in studies on voluntourism. This research has been devoted to bring forward the local, Ghanaian perspective on Western volunteers in community development projects. Results from semi-structured interviews with community members of Tinkong, Ghana, indicate that support from outside, including from Western volunteers, is considered necessary for Ghanaian communities to further develop. At the same time, true contact between volunteers and hosts mostly lacks, which forms a profound barrier to the establishment of cross-cultural interaction. Besides, the way participants speak of Western engagements reveals that their judgement is not just based on the kind of work that Western NGOs or private organizations do, but that it also strongly relates to factors that go beyond the impact of volunteers themselves, such as Ghana’s political situation. More longitudinal research on voluntourism helps in working towards the holistic, multi-disciplinary understanding of the topic that is needed.Show less
The objective of this research is to analyze the terms "salafism" and "wahhabism" in modern Russia. The question could be formulated thus: What does "salafism" and "wahhabism" mean to politicians,...Show moreThe objective of this research is to analyze the terms "salafism" and "wahhabism" in modern Russia. The question could be formulated thus: What does "salafism" and "wahhabism" mean to politicians, academics, and official Muslim clergy in Russia; How did their understanding/perception evolve in the recent history?Show less
Image building within and about China-Africa relations play as major role in the way this growing international engagement is understood. Despite recognition for its important role in high level...Show moreImage building within and about China-Africa relations play as major role in the way this growing international engagement is understood. Despite recognition for its important role in high level dialogue and policy creation, non-media platforms, such as the Forum on China-Africa Cooperation, are often overlooked as an important image-building medium. Therefore, by questioning how Chinese and African officials frame their own relationship through official FOCAC-discourse, this thesis seeks to add to contemporary framing theory on China-Africa relations. Three case studies on written and visual framing processes within important FOCAC policy documents, photographs and speeches highlight the multiplicity of frameworks that contribute to the creation of a relational self-image. These analyses reveal how images of China-Africa relations are built on co-existing, but contrasting discourses, and how different framing mechanisms influence each other to shape a multiplicity of images.Show less
Based on NGO websites, media coverage and different governmental institutions, this paper investigates the recent recurrence of the term Migun wianbu to describe U.S. camp-town prostitutes. The...Show moreBased on NGO websites, media coverage and different governmental institutions, this paper investigates the recent recurrence of the term Migun wianbu to describe U.S. camp-town prostitutes. The term wianbu holds connections to the highly politicised comfort women (wianbu) issue. I argue in this paper that based on similarities of the two cases, it is fair to describe camp town prostitutes as comfort women. In the research I conclude that NGOs have started using the term in recent years to gain awareness for the cause, as to get justice for the lawsuit levelled against the government regarding the government’s involvement in the issue. Conservative media outlets are seen as hesitant to then also use the term wianbu, opting rather for the more neutral kijich’on yŏsŏng (camp town women), whereas more progressive media use Migun wianbu with some regularity.Show less
A central tenet of the standard account of moral enhancement qua algorithmic technology is that it has the potential to solve the mega-problems of our time, such as global poverty or the climate...Show moreA central tenet of the standard account of moral enhancement qua algorithmic technology is that it has the potential to solve the mega-problems of our time, such as global poverty or the climate crisis. Thereby, it is simply assumed that the enhanced moral competence of individual agents will directly translate into solutions to our major moral problems. This paper sheds light on this key assumption and argues for a more sophisticated outlook on the potential effects of algorithmic moral enhancement. In particular, it is shown that our major moral problems are essentially political problems which are characterised by various kinds of dilemmas. The author shows that due to this peculiar nature of these problems, three distinct challenges arise when it comes to translating moral competence into political solutions. These challenges will have to be met by future proposals of algorithmic moral enhancement.Show less
This thesis examines the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale (ETAT) and the Setouchi Triennale (ST), two of the largest and best-known Art Triennale in (and outside) Japan, and considers how these art...Show moreThis thesis examines the Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale (ETAT) and the Setouchi Triennale (ST), two of the largest and best-known Art Triennale in (and outside) Japan, and considers how these art festivals intend to provide a solution to the continuing ageing population and declining birthrate in Japanese rural areas. Japan contains the largest proportion of elderly people in the world and its population continues to decline since 2004. Yet, this decrease is especially severe in rural areas because the majority of the population consist of elderly people. The Echigo-Tsumari Art Triennale (ETAT) and the Setouchi Triennale (ST), have been established as strategies to tackle Japan’s increasingly ageing population. The former was established by Kitagawa Fram (1946-present) whereas the latter was co-founded in 2010 by Kitagawa Fram and Fukutake Sōichirō (1945/46-present). The common aim of the ETAT and ST initially seems to be the restoration of these economically declining rural areas through contemporary art projects. Yet, this thesis claims that Kitagawa’s and Fukutake’s idealistic views about the countryside and ‘traditional’ countryside lifestyles resulted into their attempt to reshape Japanese society by reidentifying neglected rural areas through contemporary art. This is because both men’s strong partnership and their active involvement in both Triennale shape these art festivals according to their own convictions and objectives. Therefore, this thesis demonstrates that the ETAT and ST’s purpose exceeds rural revitalization and is actually about the creation of a ‘new’ society which is brought together by the art festivals.Show less
Cities are expanding and becoming denser resulting in an imbalance of radiation, heat, water, and vegetation present in cities causing a typical urban climate that is warmer than its surrounding...Show moreCities are expanding and becoming denser resulting in an imbalance of radiation, heat, water, and vegetation present in cities causing a typical urban climate that is warmer than its surrounding areas – also known as the Urban Heat Island Effect. The increase in temperature causes the human body to experience thermal discomfort. Heating, air conditioning and ventilation systems minimise the impact of thermal stresses indoors, however, these kinds of systems cause a significant rise in energy consumption and anthropogenic waste heat, resulting in even more pressure on the human body and increasingly rising temperatures in the city. Solutions to mitigate the UHI phenomenon often include large-scale implementation of green-blue structures, however, in dense cities, this is not always possible. Smaller-scaled nature-inclusive and technical solutions that can be implemented at the dimension of individual buildings will be investigated such as cool roofs, green roofs, and underground thermal energy storage. Green, vegetated, roofs appear to be an excellent small-scale solution. The physiological equivalent temperature (PET) of the ten hottest and ten coolest neighbourhoods in The Hague are analysed for the presence of green roofs and roof surface area. Moreover, additional neighbourhood characteristics such as the presence of vegetation in the surroundings and income levels are collected to investigate the suitability of green roof implementation. Based on a statistical analysis there can be concluded that the neighbourhoods experiencing the highest heat stress are the neighbourhoods with the lowest level of green roof coverage while having the highest amount of roof surface area at their disposal. Considering the lower levels of vegetation present and the relatively lower average income in these neighbourhoods, the implementation of green roofs seems an excellent strategy to mitigate the UHI effect in The Hague and dense city neighbourhoods with similar characteristics.Show less
The present study attempted at answering the research question whether musical expertise facilitates acquisition of L2 prosodic features, since the effect of transfer from musical to linguistic...Show moreThe present study attempted at answering the research question whether musical expertise facilitates acquisition of L2 prosodic features, since the effect of transfer from musical to linguistic auditory processing skills was claimed by several studies. The study examined the productions of a small text by 134 L1 English and Dutch L2 English speakers with different amounts of musical experience. Multilevel regression analyses were performed to investigate the effect of musicality on the native speaker ratings, and distance between the L1 and L2 F0 range and speaking rate. Native speaker ratings proved to be unreliable, and there was a trend for higher musicality scores to predict larger F0 range distances from the native mean, contrary to the hypotheses. Based on the obtained results it was impossible to claim a positive correlation between musical expertise and more nativelike L2 prosody production. The paper concludes by discussing the methodological limitations and suggesting other prosodic features to measure in the future studies.Show less
In deze scriptie wordt de impact van het Hostile Media Effect (HME) op de werkwijze van factcheckers onderzocht, en daarmee ook het bestaan van het Hostile Reader Effect (HRE) aangetoond. Het HME...Show moreIn deze scriptie wordt de impact van het Hostile Media Effect (HME) op de werkwijze van factcheckers onderzocht, en daarmee ook het bestaan van het Hostile Reader Effect (HRE) aangetoond. Het HME staat voor de neiging onder sommige lezers om ‘de (massa)media’ als vijandig en bevooroordeeld te bestempelen, en vanuit die visie kritiek of haat te uiten op mediakanalen. De wijze waarop factcheckers rekening houden met HME-gerelateerde uitingen in hun werkwijze wordt in deze scriptie uitgelegd als het Hostile Reader Effect. Dit onderzoek bestaat uit een literatuurstudie en diepte-interviews met factcheckers. Elf factcheckers werkzaam voor zeven verschillende organisaties actief in Nederland en Vlaanderen hebben meegewerkt. Om een totaalbeeld te krijgen van de impact van het HME op hun werkwijze, is gekozen voor een focus op drie grote onderdelen van hun werk: het selecteren van factcheckwaardige onderwerpen, de formulering van factchecks en de verspreiding van de factchecks op sociale media. Bij elk van deze onderdelen is gevraagd naar de soorten reacties die factcheckers daarop krijgen, en hoe zij daarmee omgaan. Op deze manier wordt een brug geslagen tussen het HME en het HRE.Show less
