This Master Thesis is written for the master Arts and Culture at Leiden University, with the specialization Early Modern and Medieval Art. In 2013, the canals of Amster-dam celebrated their 400th...Show moreThis Master Thesis is written for the master Arts and Culture at Leiden University, with the specialization Early Modern and Medieval Art. In 2013, the canals of Amster-dam celebrated their 400th birthday, a fact that inspired several authors in publishing books on this subject, most of them discussing several houses on the canals. This Thesis focuses on one canal house in Amsterdam, with address Amstel 218. This specific canal house is nowadays the location of one of Holland's largest and most important private art collections, the Six Collection. This collection has been located on Amstel 218 since 1915, and this study handles the period before this time. The chosen period is 1665-1800, from the moment the house was built until the end of the eighteenth century. This focus on the eighteenth century derives from, first of all, the fact that the Dutch seventeenth century or Golden Age has been rewarded much more attention in the existing (art)historical literature. Next to this, in the literature that does focus on the eighteenth century, a strong opinion is visible deeming this century less interesting from cultural historical viewpoint than its predecessor. This Thesis aims to bring focus to this period and hopefully uncover the lives of the people that owned a canal house in Amsterdam. The aim is to find out who lived in such a house, and to complete the face of these people, questions are asked such as: what did these people do professionally, were they born in a rich milieu or were they self made rich? What did their social surrounding look like, both professionally and in terms of family and friends and what were their interests, what did they do for recreation and education. To answer these questions, original eighteenth century archival documents are investigated to see what these home-owners did and what possessions they had. The goal of this Thesis is to give a face to these people, and see how the studied per-sons fit into the view that exists in current literature on the eighteenth century. This study will be carried out with the help from terms as formulated by French sociologist Pierre Bourdieu. These three terms are introduced in his book 'Distinction', that mainly deals with the topic of social stratification. The formulated terms are social, cultural and economic capital and are important in distinguishing a persons personal properties on a social, cultural and economical level. Abbreviated, social capital consists of the entire social network that a person has, both professionally and personally. Cultural capital is the collection of ones educational properties, together with for instance musical or creative talents, or the ability to speak different languages. Economic capital is the entire concrete possession of money, property and other goods or affairs that can instantly be translated into monetary value. These three terms are inextricably connected, because the growth in one specific area can influence that of the others. For example, expansion of economic capital can provide the owner with more social status. The other way around, social status or connections can provide jobs or other financial support and thus influence the economic capital. The first chapter elaborated these terms further, as well as it discussed Bourdieus influence on (art)historical literature. It also discussed the work of histori-ans Maarten Prak and Thera Wijsenbeek-Olthuis, whose literature on the Dutch eighteenth century is very important in this Thesis’ aim to draw an image of the lives of people in this period. ` The second chapter discussed the house itself and the entire history of its inhabitants. Amstel 218 was built in circa 1665, and archival documents show who owned the house from that day until today. As well as the history of the inhabitants, the chapter discussed all known architectural adjustments that the house has seen through the ages. This chapter unveiled that there were large differences in the duration of the ownership. Some owners stayed for six years, while others could last for thirty. In terms of the architectural history of the house, the extent to which the owners made adjustments to the house also differed greatly. The third chapter presented all the information found in archival documents, per owner. It discussed marriage, children, professional functions and religion of these owners, all discovered in original sources. Differences became clear in all aspects. While everyone got married, some families remained childless where others had five children. Amongst the owners were roman-catholics, Calvinists and a Baptist. The chapter discussed what these religious viewpoints meant at the time, as well as what their jobs represented. Several of the inhabitants were merchants, others had functions with the VOC and one of them worked as an auctioneer. This chapter also reviewed the information about their financial situation, derived from testaments or other financial documents. The fourth chapter discussed the lives of these people in their social historical context, guided by Bourdieus terms. In this chapter, it becomes clear that these people are exemplary of the social historical context, as formulated by different historians. The eighteenth century was defined by interest in science, a great divide between the poor and the rich, a longing for peace and quiet outside of the city and a great care for the exposition of status. Based on the original sources is concluded that these owners probably suited their time. This Thesis has tried to sketch an image of the lives of the people that lived in a grand canal house in Amsterdam, in the eighteenth century. Based on archival documents, we have learned what these people did for a living, what their social net-work could look like and what they had in terms of possessions. Although these people came from different social standings, they all owned the same house at some point. The sources disclosed that these people had more in common than just the house, for they shared some of the same interests and possessions, such as almoner ship, literature, religion, a love for the countryside and, most of all, the tendency to show off their social, cultural and economical status.Show less
Deze thesis gaat over het effect dat de invoering van de vingerafdrukwet, ingevoerd in 2007, heeft op de buitenlanders die Japan bezoeken of in Japan willen gaan wonen. Om hier een goed onderzoek...Show moreDeze thesis gaat over het effect dat de invoering van de vingerafdrukwet, ingevoerd in 2007, heeft op de buitenlanders die Japan bezoeken of in Japan willen gaan wonen. Om hier een goed onderzoek voor op te bouwen, wordt er ook gekeken naar de redenen voor de invoering van de wet. Aan de hand van het concept crimmigratie, wordt er kritisch gekeken naar deze vingerafdrukwet.Show less
Een onderzoek naar wat de katholieke correspondent en vicaris-generaal van Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517-1586), Maximilien Morillon, schreef over de Nederlandse opstandelingen, Habsburgse...Show moreEen onderzoek naar wat de katholieke correspondent en vicaris-generaal van Antoine Perrenot de Granvelle (1517-1586), Maximilien Morillon, schreef over de Nederlandse opstandelingen, Habsburgse legers en het beleid gedurende de jaren 1566-1576 (van het Smeekschrift tot aan de Pacificatie van Gent); en naar hoe zijn mening al dan niet veranderde. Dit aan de hand van de onderzoeksvraag: In hoeverre veranderde Morillons mening over de opstandelingen, vergeleken met zijn mening over de Habsburgse ("Spaanse") kant in de periode 1566-1576?Show less
Abstract: Facing the end of the colonial state during the Mau Mau crisis in 1950s, Britain sought to reshape native Kenyans. This process was dependent on the construction of various imaginations...Show moreAbstract: Facing the end of the colonial state during the Mau Mau crisis in 1950s, Britain sought to reshape native Kenyans. This process was dependent on the construction of various imaginations of the Mau Mau. The British sought to eliminate the Mau Mau “sickness” by responding in a comprehensive manner to what they saw as the issues which precipitated its development. Politically, religiously, economically, and intellectually, the British tried to control this conclusion to the colonial period and shape the future of Kenya by “rehabilitating” those “infected” by anti-British Mau Mau sentiments and create new citizens in the British image. Missionaries, teachers, economists, agrarians, doctors, anthropologists, and government officials in Kenya would contribute various constructions of the Mau Mau upon which rehabilitation efforts were based. Whitehall tried to reform or rehabilitate Mau Mau in prison work camps and in communities, freeing them from the political and psychological constraints of Mau Mau in a variety of while also creating a new economic and political structure in the colony which would allow those who had been successfully been rehabilitated to stay loyal to the British and maintain a privileged place in this nascent state. This essay will explore the efforts of the British to create new citizens and their efforts to define the Mau Mau upon which these responses to the conflict were based. The British government recognized the threat of Mau Mau and the implication its demands for “land and freedom” could have on their control of the State, thus they placed great emphasis on trying to understand, explain, define, and then reform Mau Mau adherents. For the British, this process was contingent upon the development of a construction of Mau Mau identity, an effort manifest in the research of colonial representatives and in their plans for “rehabilitation”. While Mau Mau was, indeed, a movement amongst ethnic Kenyans, it was also the subject of various colonial constructions. The various manifestations of this ‘movement of the mind’ which Mau Mau represented was as much a product of the minds of colonial officials, subjects, and representatives as it was a construction in the minds of the Kikuyu. These conceptions developed in tandem, informing each other, and shaping the development of the state. ‘Rehabilitation’ was at once, a response to the rebellion and a construction in the minds of colonial officials and one imposed upon the Kikuyu, one which was as much a representation of the colonials’ understanding of the conflict as it was an attempt to construct in Kikuyu minds a vision of the future that was already manifest in the minds of those colonial officials trying to shape it. These different perspectives would exist in the minds of colonials who would attempt to actualize their conception of the phenomenon in their plans for reconstruction. As the conflict progressed and conceptions of the phenomenon of Mau Mau and plans to counter the rebellion developed, the various colonial and Kikuyu constructions of Mau Mau would shape each other.Show less
This thesis is about the life of the Surinamese women in the Netherlands. The Surinamese are one of the largest populations in the Netherlands. There has been a continuous emigration from Suriname...Show moreThis thesis is about the life of the Surinamese women in the Netherlands. The Surinamese are one of the largest populations in the Netherlands. There has been a continuous emigration from Suriname to the Netherlands for almost 40 years and it has always been an interesting question if the Surinamese people really could fully integrate in the Dutch society. Likeall women, Surinamese women have been trying to improve their position into society. Among other reasons, they came to the Netherlands for this particular reason. Whether it regards the structural integration or the socio-cultural integration,the Surinamese women have always been facing challenges while integrating. Because of these aspects and the still increasing arrival from the Surinamese women in the Netherlands, it is getting more important to investigate this particular demographic group and the possible integration challenges they may be facing. So, this study explores the question: “What difficulties and possibilities are experienced by the Surinamese women living in the Netherlands?"Show less
Mede door mijn stage bij DutchCulture (TransArtists heb ik mij afgevraagd welke visies er op de leerervaring en ontwikkeling van jonge kunstenaars bestaan in de wereld van de artist in residences...Show moreMede door mijn stage bij DutchCulture (TransArtists heb ik mij afgevraagd welke visies er op de leerervaring en ontwikkeling van jonge kunstenaars bestaan in de wereld van de artist in residences en hoe (Nederlandse) artist in residence programma’s zich verhouden tot de ontwikkeling van jong kunstenaarschap in vergelijking met Nederlands kunstonderwijs. Met deze bachelor scriptie wil ik de aard van de mogelijke bijdrage van Nederlandse artist in residence programma’s aan de ontwikkeling van jong kunstenaarschap onderzoeken en hun doelstellingen hiervoor vergelijken met verschillende visies op de beroepsvoorbereiding in het kunstonderwijs in Nederland.)Show less
Architectuur is, meer dan elk ander cultureel medium, een uitdrukking van haar tijd. Aangezien duurzame ontwikkeling en duurzaam design naar voren zijn gekomen als een niet te stuiten fenomeen in...Show moreArchitectuur is, meer dan elk ander cultureel medium, een uitdrukking van haar tijd. Aangezien duurzame ontwikkeling en duurzaam design naar voren zijn gekomen als een niet te stuiten fenomeen in de architectuur van onze tijd, zowel in de maatschappij als in de politiek, is het belangrijk om de veranderingen die hebben plaatsgevonden in het architecturale werkgebied te onderzoeken. In dit onderzoek zal allereerst worden besproken wat de termen “ecologisch”, “duurzaam” en “groen” betekenen in de architectuur. Naar aanleiding van deze duurzame ontwikkeling zal worden besproken wat de rol van architecten is in dit fenomeen en hoe zij kunnen bijdragen aan een groenere toekomst. Voor dit onderzoek heb ik besloten om de architectuur en visies van de zogenaamde “stararchitects” te analyseren, omdat zij dé grote spelers zijn in de huidige architectuurwereld. Naast sterarchitecten zal ik ook een aantal wat minder bekende, maar zeker niet minder belangrijke architecten bespreken. We zullen zien dat deze groep architecten de basis heeft gelegd voor het verkennen van grootschalige milieuvriendelijke bouwtechnieken. Tot slot zal worden geanalyseerd of er sprake is van een bepaalde esthetiek binnen de concepten ‘ecologisch’ en ‘duurzaam’.Show less
My aim is to have a more nuanced analysis of the differing Japanese positions and views on Indonesian nationalism versus the black and white image that scholars and others often present by using...Show moreMy aim is to have a more nuanced analysis of the differing Japanese positions and views on Indonesian nationalism versus the black and white image that scholars and others often present by using the Indonesian language policy as an example. The scholarly approaches so far have been limited in discussing these more clearly. I will argue that the Japanese side lacked unity on what could be said to have been a very ambiguous policy and ideological area. The growing presence of Indonesian nationalism during the Japanese occupation is a possible factor of influencing the local authority's views, but I will argue that the nationalists' room for influence was limited.Show less
This study analyses the possibility of Levyi Front being the 'savior of the Russian left'. This is done by comparing Levyi Front to the six main characteristics that define successful opposition in...Show moreThis study analyses the possibility of Levyi Front being the 'savior of the Russian left'. This is done by comparing Levyi Front to the six main characteristics that define successful opposition in autocratic regimes as defined by Alfred Stepan. We will argue that although they do adhere to most of these characteristics, it is mostly a potential 'savior', but might not be able to force actual change in the modern Russian political arena.Show less
Abstract In this thesis an analysis of the social impact of ethnological museums in a multicultural society is presented. It discusses how exhibitions can act as agents of mutual understanding...Show moreAbstract In this thesis an analysis of the social impact of ethnological museums in a multicultural society is presented. It discusses how exhibitions can act as agents of mutual understanding between adult visitors of various cultural and ethnic backgrounds. It specifically analyzes different methods of display and incorporated learning strategies used in temporary exhibitions in the two major ethnological museums, Longing for Mecca in Museum Volkenkunde in Leiden and Black&White in the Tropenmuseum in Amsterdam. These exhibitions engage past and current issues concerning Muslim and black citizens respectively - ethnic groups that are largely represented in Dutch society. The first chapter argues that current debates about integration and racial discrimination in the Netherlands often lack a reasonable and respectful approach that is based on mutual understanding and could be fostered by museums. It furthermore illustrates the difficult legacy of ethnological museums as creators of master-narratives that promoted colonial policy and racial stereotypes. Museums are shown to have advanced from oppressive and elitist structures of the past and developing towards more democratic institutions that recognize not only visitors of various backgrounds but also increasingly search for cooperation with cultures whose heritage they exhibit. It will be illustrated that currently, temporary exhibitions appear to bear greater potential to involve and cater to diverse audiences and offer room for individual interpretations than permanent displays that often still bare traces of colonial thinking. The following chapter will argue that contemporary museums, that attempt to facilitate inclusion and mutual understanding, first of all have to enable practical accessibility and present themselves as worthwhile and inviting institutions. Next, barriers that might prevent intellectual or cultural access to museums are revealed and museums are shown to be aware of and responsive to the big impact that cultural frameworks have on interpretation processes. The chapter makes an argument for the use of multi-sensory and interactive displays that cater to different learning types. The final theoretical section of this thesis elaborates on the notion that museums are understood as institutions that can increase the visitor’s knowledge and affect his values, attitudes and worldview. A large-scale visitor study, combining quantitative and qualitative data, carried out by the Research Center for Museums and Galleries (RCMG) at the University of Leicester is presented as a beneficial approach for detecting potential learning outcomes. The five categories of interconnected Generic Learning Outcomes (GLOs), emerging from this study serve as a framework for the analysis of possible visitor experiences in the case studies. It is stated that museums need to undertake more large-scale visitor research that also considers individual experiences, in order to learn which exhibition strategies result in the most desirable learning outcomes. Both analyses of the case studies illustrate that the museums cooperate with the communities they cater to and present their exhibitions in a way that connects to the experiences of the people whose cultural heritage or present-day situations are represented while enabling all visitors to draw connections to their own realm of experience. The outline of the exhibitions, the practical, cultural and intellectual accessibility, the use of objects, the impact of narratives and personal stories, possibilities for physical engagement and the potential learning outcomes are thoroughly analyzed. It will be argued that by showing many personal stories and displaying various perspectives alongside each other, the museums dedicate themselves to a democratic manner of exhibition making and enable the visitors to get into indirect or direct contact with people and viewpoints they might not encounter in their daily lives. The museums themselves provide information, establish contact between these parties and open up a forum for exchange in which mutual understanding can begin. Black&White will be presented as an outstanding example for an exhibition that facilitates mutual understanding by preventing misunderstanding and acts as the moderator of a reasonable discussion. It will be concluded that while it appears that museums can direct their exhibitions to such broad outcomes as ‘understanding’, they do not have the potential to predict specific long-term results for all visitors since they bring various learning styles, motivations and interpretive frameworks to the museum. Some shortcomings are found in the educational units of Longing for Mecca that appear to not take full advantage of their educational potential. The thesis closes with a call for a thorough modernization of all exhibitions in the museums in order to create fully inviting environments for the diverse audiences of the 21st century.Show less
The European Union’s representation to multilateral organisations is a vital element in its external action framework. The Union promotes an efficient multilateral system to advocate universal...Show moreThe European Union’s representation to multilateral organisations is a vital element in its external action framework. The Union promotes an efficient multilateral system to advocate universal rights and to respond to worldwide crises, with support of the international community. Global dynamics and power relations are changing. New threats to security and peace are altering and financial pressures confine the future development of peace and security capabilities. In the contemporary global order, the EU is called upon to assume greater international responsibilities. To achieve a more unified and continued representation in the multilateral system, EU coordination and representation are essential. To analyse the way in which EU representation operates in the multilateral system and whether the Treaty of Lisbon provides the appropriate improvements, two research questions are formulated: 1) how does the EU function in the multilateral system of the UN, and 2) does the Lisbon Treaty provide the EU with the means necessary to project a more coherent and effective multilateral representative framework? Using case studies on the UN Security Council and the UN General Assembly, the analysis examines the notion of European foreign policies versus European foreign policy. It will argue that though rhetorical support is strong, effective implementation is yet to be realised. The declared intention of unified external representation is not always persuasive, especially when the EU-28 fails to consolidate interests within the Union itself. However, throughout the development of the EU-UN partnership, multilateral representation of the Union has been greatly enhanced. In general, EU-UNSC representation is less coherent, mostly due to ‘high’ politics. Moreover, the seats of France and UK do not reflect the contemporary global order, nor do they specifically benefit the EU’s multilateral representation. In the UNGA, EU representation is more coherent. This is caused primarily by greater coordination, a weaker political agenda, and the Union’s enhanced observer status. The thesis will address why EU representation in the two most important UN bodies is dissimilar, and will provide an analysis of how the Lisbon Treaty has aided the Union’s ambitions in the multilateral system.Show less
El rol protagónico de la minería en el desarrollo económico de Chile se ha intensificado a partir de la década de 1990 gracias a la inversión privada. Actualmente la producción minera aporta el 20%...Show moreEl rol protagónico de la minería en el desarrollo económico de Chile se ha intensificado a partir de la década de 1990 gracias a la inversión privada. Actualmente la producción minera aporta el 20% del PIB, representa un 60% de las exportaciones y genera una fuerte demanda de mano de obra con los mejores salarios del país (Fundación Chile, 2012) lo que hace que el índice de pobreza en las zonas mineras sea 43% más bajo que el promedio nacional. Sin embargo, la participación de la mujer en dicho sector es muy baja, sólo el 6% de ellas trabaja en la minería, hecho que resulta crucial si se considera que más de la mitad de los hogares en extrema pobreza tienen a una mujer como cabeza (Encuesta de Caracterización Socioeconómica Nacional, CASEN, 2011) Esta convergencia de necesidades e intereses cruzados ha llevado a que en el año 2011 se cree el programa Mujer Minera, que intenta dar solución tanto a las necesidades económicas de las mujeres como a la necesidad de capital humano en el sector minero desde las políticas públicas intersectoriales. Esta investigación analizará los resultados de este programa en la región de Antofagasta desde tres perspectivas: la inserción laboral de mujeres en el sector minero a través del programa y los beneficios socioeconómicos que ello reporta; la percepción sociocultural que tienen del proyecto sus beneficiarias, y compatibilidad entre los intereses híbridos de los actores del programa y la equidad de género.Show less
The late Ming writer Feng Menglong is one of the biggest leads for so-called huaben or short stories, which are often seen as a continuation of the zhiguai and chuanqi genres, concerning such ...Show moreThe late Ming writer Feng Menglong is one of the biggest leads for so-called huaben or short stories, which are often seen as a continuation of the zhiguai and chuanqi genres, concerning such 'strange' things as ghosts, spirits and other marvellous things. Looking at the philosophical and literary traditions, as well as Feng Menglong's time of living, a pattern can be derived in which ghosts feature in Feng Menglong's stories.Show less
Over de hele wereld worden creooltalen gesproken die al dan niet onafhankelijk van elkaar ontstaan zijn en zich al dan niet onafhankelijk van elkaar ontwikkeld hebben. Deze talen worden door...Show moreOver de hele wereld worden creooltalen gesproken die al dan niet onafhankelijk van elkaar ontstaan zijn en zich al dan niet onafhankelijk van elkaar ontwikkeld hebben. Deze talen worden door sommige taalkundigen in de categorie “creooltalen” ingedeeld. Uit het onderzoek van Bakker et al. (2011) blijkt dat creooltalen in vergelijking met niet-creooltalen unieke structurele eigenschappen bezitten waardoor ze een aparte typologische categorie vormen. Aan de andere kant zijn er ook overeenkomsten te vinden tussen creooltalen en niet-creooltalen op het gebied van grammatica. Een van de talen die vaak in verband wordt gebracht met creooltalen vanwege de overeenkomsten in syntaxis is het Mandarijn. Dit werkstuk zal onderzoeken of het Mandarijn op basis van specifieke syntactische eigenschappen een creooltaal genoemd kan worden.Show less
The legal forms of migrant education (OETC and OALT) existed in the Netherlands from 1985 to 2004. Both its start and its ending have been linked to changing national models of integration. Five...Show moreThe legal forms of migrant education (OETC and OALT) existed in the Netherlands from 1985 to 2004. Both its start and its ending have been linked to changing national models of integration. Five models by Scholten are compared for the political discourse and the news discourse. These are: assimilationism, multiculturalism, differentialism, transnationalism/post-universalism and universalism. The shifts in the political discourse (differentialism-multiculturalism-universalism-assimilationism) were only to a certain extent comparable to the news discourse. Newspapers as Trouw, De Waarheid, Nederlands Dagblad, Algemeen Dagblad and De Volkskrant showed that the multicultural model of which OETC and OALT were an outcome, should have been put to doubt – and was merely symbolic. Migrant education did not lead to integration from either minorities or the majority. It still accommodated differences between groups. And although a multicultural model has a minimum amount of government interference, the government did play a central role here. Especially De Volkskrant and Trouw have seemed to be on the right end by labeling migrant education in the Netherlands as a legacy of the nation’s past of differentialist pillarization: OETC and OALT as ‘well-meant apartheid’. Notably De Waarheid influenced the political discourse by acting as a claim maker pro-migrant education.Show less
