Because of his military experience Powell knew which strategies would work and not work. He knew which strategies would benefit the success of a military mission. The outcome of the Vietnam War...Show moreBecause of his military experience Powell knew which strategies would work and not work. He knew which strategies would benefit the success of a military mission. The outcome of the Vietnam War left a big hole in the confidence of the invincibility of the U.S. Colin Powell kept himself busy with the question how it was possible that the U.S lost the Vietnam War. What were the reasons for military defeat, for loss of confidence by the American people and what strategies could have worked to make the war end in a success, or, whether or not the war should have happened in the first place? Powell thought about this throughout his military career, from the end of the Vietnam War until the beginning of the 1990’s. Powell came up with different questions which should be thought over and answered before the U.S could go into another international mission or war. These questions together are better known as the Powell Doctrine. From the end of the Vietnam War until the first part of the 1990s there was the establishment and the rising of the Powell Doctrine as military and political Doctrine. From the second part of the 1990s onwards the Powell Doctrine has come into conflict with a new way of intervening: humanitarian intervention and the fight against terrorism. The position of the Powell Doctrine has come under scrutiny. The Afghanistan and Iraq Wars had America question whether or not there was still a future for the Powell Doctrine. The ups and downs of the Powell Doctrine will be the red threat throughout this thesis. But more interesting has been the fact how Powell himself followed his own doctrine throughout his political career.Show less
Door de strategische ligging en de aanwezigheid van olie is de afgelopen decennia de rol van het Midden-Oosten in de wereldpolitiek belangrijker geworden. De Verenigde Staten ontwikkelden hiervoor...Show moreDoor de strategische ligging en de aanwezigheid van olie is de afgelopen decennia de rol van het Midden-Oosten in de wereldpolitiek belangrijker geworden. De Verenigde Staten ontwikkelden hiervoor de Twin Pillar Strategy, een strategie die de landen Saoedi-Arabie en Iran als belangrijkste steunpilaren voorzag. Door de Iraanse revolutie werden de presidenten Carter en Reagan gedwongen om deze te veranderen.Show less
Two major processes occurred in the east Asian region. One; the decline of the strong position of the traditional Chinese trading network and two; the start of major migrant streams originating...Show moreTwo major processes occurred in the east Asian region. One; the decline of the strong position of the traditional Chinese trading network and two; the start of major migrant streams originating from the Chinese mainland. Both of these processes made use of a similar infrastructure that was laid out over the seas. But was there a connection between the these two phenomena other than time? I use the Dutch port Batavia as case study to examine this problem.Show less
Unlike the general pattern in post-war Indonesian that the revolution dynamic swept the traditional rulers away—killing some and humiliating all, there was a great intention in West Borneo to re...Show moreUnlike the general pattern in post-war Indonesian that the revolution dynamic swept the traditional rulers away—killing some and humiliating all, there was a great intention in West Borneo to re-embrace to the traditional aristocracy, who were welcoming the return of the Dutch. On the other hand, revolutionary sentiment supporting the Unitarian-Indonesia rang weaker. Actually, during the short Japanese interregnum, the traditional sovereignty in West Borneo was devastated: all of the ruling sultans were killed, together with some prominent royal members. Interestingly, the traditional authority was soon restored, just after the capitulation. The questions for this research revolve around: Why did the revolutionary republican fail to emerge which meant that fragile commitment to the new nation Indonesia was shown? On the other hand, why was its political development strongly marked by the prevailing of “re-clientelism”? In doing so, this research traces back the political development focus on two rapid changes: post-kongsi war in the late eighteenth century and post-Japanese interregnum. It argues that although, post-kongsi war, Batavia intended to exercise more direct control over its margin, the colonial government eventually only institutionalized the ethic bossism which enhanced strong ethnic political identity. As a consequence, the society still lived within their-own ethnic columns with brokered authority but very limited aces to the state practice by which later provided only weak support to the newly independence state of Indonesia.Show less
In dit artikel wordt de ontwikkeling van de herinnering van de slag op de Zuiderzee belicht. De herinnering van de slag wordt onderzocht aan de hand van objecten en literatuur. De slag op de...Show moreIn dit artikel wordt de ontwikkeling van de herinnering van de slag op de Zuiderzee belicht. De herinnering van de slag wordt onderzocht aan de hand van objecten en literatuur. De slag op de Zuiderzee wordt vooral in Hoorn en Monnickendam herinnerd. In dit onderzoek wordt de herinnering van de slag tussen 1573 en 1800 behandeld. In het eerste hoofdstuk wordt de ontwikkeling van de herinnering van de slag in Hoorn aan de hand van objecten behandeld. In het tweede hoofdstuk komt de herinnering van de helden van de slag in Hoorn en Monnickendam aan bod.Show less
Growing demand or declining availability of water makes distribution decisions based on water scarcity an increasingly acute problem across the globe. In my research, I focused on the question...Show moreGrowing demand or declining availability of water makes distribution decisions based on water scarcity an increasingly acute problem across the globe. In my research, I focused on the question whether water scarcity can lead to conflict. To investigate how water and conflict are connected I used two theories which are the most relevant when dealing with the connection between water and conflict, Water Wars theory and Resource Curse theory. I studied the Darfur conflict case and the Chinese environmental conflict case to find out if water scarcity can lead to conflict.Show less
This dissertation focuses on the ideas and beliefs of Hendrik Brugmans, an interesting and influential man during the start of the European integration process right after the Second World War.
This thesis investigates the relationship between the Russian tsarist state and the four most important Russian Christian sects, the Khlysty, Skoptsy, Dukhobors, and Molokans, in the period 1801...Show moreThis thesis investigates the relationship between the Russian tsarist state and the four most important Russian Christian sects, the Khlysty, Skoptsy, Dukhobors, and Molokans, in the period 1801-1881. First the developments of the Russian Orthodox Church and the tsarist state following the Russian Orthodox Church schism (raskol), which gave rise to Russian religious dissent, are discussed, before moving on to an in-depth assessment of the history and beliefs of the four sects mentioned above. In the second part of the thesis the attitudes of the three tsars that ruled Russia between 1801 and 1881, Alexander I, Nicholas I, and Alexander II, are clarified, before the views of the sectarians on the policies of the three rulers are considered. It is then argued that these rulers, and Nicholas I specifically, vilified the sectarians as class of (imaginary) enemies as part of their state formation policies. In practice this meant the (forced) expulsion of many of the sectarians to the fringes of the Russian empire. The sectarians themselves, in turn, developed tools to cope with these conditions, and in some cases in their new role as frontier colonists became the epitome of Russianness in the multi-ethnic regions of the empire. This thesis therefore not only pays attention to the changing political situation of tsarist Russia in the nineteenth century and the state views on sectarianism, but also to the ways in which marginalized groups outside the Russian Orthodox Church reconciled their religious and ethnic identities with the demands of the state.Show less
The figure and work of Arnolt Schlick, especially his 'Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten', is presented in the light of the general Renaissance debate. Regarding a.o. the position of the...Show moreThe figure and work of Arnolt Schlick, especially his 'Spiegel der Orgelmacher und Organisten', is presented in the light of the general Renaissance debate. Regarding a.o. the position of the artist and the arts, this case-study suggests a more nuanced definition to both a nineteenth-century, still strong in music history writings, and a revisionist point of view.Show less
Deze scriptie onderzoekt de problematiek die zich voordoet op het moment dat een staat overheidsbeleid wil maken voor een taboeonderwerp. Als casus van onderzoek wordt het bordeel Campo Alegre op...Show moreDeze scriptie onderzoekt de problematiek die zich voordoet op het moment dat een staat overheidsbeleid wil maken voor een taboeonderwerp. Als casus van onderzoek wordt het bordeel Campo Alegre op Curacao gebruikt. In 1949 opende het Gouvernement van Curacao een staatsbordeel en legaliseerde daarmee de lokale prostitutie. Dit was wel in strijd met het toenmalige wetboek van strafrecht. Bovendien was het voor Nederland daardoor niet mogelijk om een VN verdrag ter bestrijding van prostitutie en mensenhandel te ondertekenen. Het bordeel bestaat nog steeds al is het onder een andere naam.Show less
In this thesis I compare nine sources from Jewish and Greek backgrounds between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The overarching subject is eschatology, divided into chapters about afterlife, judgement and...Show moreIn this thesis I compare nine sources from Jewish and Greek backgrounds between 200 B.C. and 200 A.D. The overarching subject is eschatology, divided into chapters about afterlife, judgement and revelations.Show less
In Communist Parties we see the use of playing the spy-card on opposition. It is an instrument that is already used by Lenin, and Stalin made a method of this accusation to deal with opposition and...Show moreIn Communist Parties we see the use of playing the spy-card on opposition. It is an instrument that is already used by Lenin, and Stalin made a method of this accusation to deal with opposition and critics. Trotsky became the enemy of the socialist society and he had send his agents into the Soviet Union so that they could destroy from inside. This was the justification for the Great Terror. In the Communist Party of the Netherlands, CPN, we see the same practice. Especially in the conflict of 1956-1958. This is a research to the exact accusations, rhetorically, and practice of what is called the 'agenten-theorie', focussed on the CPN and the conflict of 1956-1958.Show less
Na de kerstening van Constantijn de Grote in 312 is het christendom de officiele godsdienst van het Romeinse Rijk. De invloed van de christelijke kerk op de wetgeving van de keizers van 312 tot 429...Show moreNa de kerstening van Constantijn de Grote in 312 is het christendom de officiele godsdienst van het Romeinse Rijk. De invloed van de christelijke kerk op de wetgeving van de keizers van 312 tot 429 die de joden betrof wordt onderzocht.Show less
In this study, I focused on how historians looked at British and American handling of the ‘Polish Question’ in World War II. This was from the moment the discovery of the mass graves at Katyn led...Show moreIn this study, I focused on how historians looked at British and American handling of the ‘Polish Question’ in World War II. This was from the moment the discovery of the mass graves at Katyn led to a break between the Soviet Union and the Polish government-in-exile in April 1943 to the end of the Warsaw Uprising in September 1944. I was particularly interested in what ways the United States and Great Britain wanted to solve this problem in accordance with the wishes of the Polish government-in-exile. It seems as if historians are biased on this subject. They mainly see a pleasing Allied side, desperately trying to keep Stalin in the War. Churchill and Roosevelt wanted to please Stalin so much, according to these historians, that they were willing to sell out their Polish allies and to forget about the Soviet crimes committed in the Easter-European country. Instead of this biased historical look on affairs, summarized in the schools of innocence and blame, I argue for the school of reconstruction or a more objective look at this subject.Show less
De Pim Fortuyn-‘revolte’ in 2001 en het daarmee gepaard gaande verkiezingssucces van Leefbaar Rotterdam van maart 2002 zorgde voor een grote schok in politiek Nederland. In Rotterdam werd de...Show moreDe Pim Fortuyn-‘revolte’ in 2001 en het daarmee gepaard gaande verkiezingssucces van Leefbaar Rotterdam van maart 2002 zorgde voor een grote schok in politiek Nederland. In Rotterdam werd de dominantie van de Partij van de Arbeid, tot die periode een vaste bestuurder in de Rotterdamse colleges, doorbroken door het succes van een outsider, Leefbaar Rotterdam. Vanuit wetenschappelijk perspectief is de outsider Leefbaar Rotterdam te plaatsen binnen groepen nieuwe politieke buitenstaanders die probeerden het politieke establishment uit te dagen. Deze scriptie onderzoekt de opkomst en de opmerkelijke bestendiging van een van de meest in het oog springende lokale politieke partijen van de afgelopen tien jaar: Leefbaar Rotterdam. De scriptie concludeert dat de bestendiging van Leefbaar Rotterdam ligt in factoren in drie belangrijke en beschreven perioden: de opkomst van de partij, de coalitieonderhandelingen en de eerste twee jaren besturen. De wijze waarop de partij snel een partijorganisatie wist op te bouwen, een verkiezing wist te winnen en succesvol collegebeleid uitvoerde zorgde voor een snelle bestendiging. Ook de theorieën wekken de suggestie dat het zwaartepunt van falen/succes ligt in de beginfase van een nieuwe partij. De casus biedt interessante wetenschappelijke aanknopingspunten naar verder onderzoek over succesfactoren van nieuwe politieke partijen en de aard van lokale politiek, maar geeft bovenal een gedetailleerde beschrijving van de opkomst en bestendiging van deze bijzondere nieuwkomer in de Nederlandse, en Rotterdamse politiek.Show less
In this thesis I have examined if and how indigenous religion in north-western Europe (specifically Roman Britain and northern Gaul) changed after the Roman colonization. The basis of my research...Show moreIn this thesis I have examined if and how indigenous religion in north-western Europe (specifically Roman Britain and northern Gaul) changed after the Roman colonization. The basis of my research is the idea that agriculture is a very important factor in shaping culture and religion. Ton Derks (1998) has stated that in northern Gaul, the southern territories were much more accepting of Roman religious customs because the agricultural basis of their society, namely arable farming, was the same as that of the Romans. In the north, were stockbreeding was much more important, people were much less accepting of Roman culture and as a consequence religious habits did not change much after the Roman conquest. In other words, the core of people's beliefs remained the same. I have applied this theory to Roman Britain, as the differences between the highland and lowland zones present us with a very similar agricultural division. This research has shown that, while indigenous religion and world views did become more Roman (especially in the areas were arable farming was more important than stockbreeding), native populations also attempted to preserve, or create new local traditions to retain their own identity. Such changes were not always directly related to local forms of agriculture, but areas were arable farming was dominant were far more susceptible to them than the more conservative pastoral zones.Show less
