This thesis aims to investigate the influence of Moroccan feminist movements in achieving reform concerning women´s rights both in theory and practice. In order to do so a historical overview is...Show moreThis thesis aims to investigate the influence of Moroccan feminist movements in achieving reform concerning women´s rights both in theory and practice. In order to do so a historical overview is given on the development of feminist movements in Morocco, both secular and Islamic in nature. In this overview some activist campaigns are discussed that were a significant part of the struggle towards progression of women´s rights, both in terms of convincing the political powers, as well as the public. Eventually reforms to the Family law and constitution were implemented, and articles that were reformed appear to vastly improve the position of women. However, numerous articles that were not reformed endure the lesser position of women in society, and at times even contradict newly reformed articles. In practice, reforms seem to have made some impact, providing women with better chances at education and employment, but women continuously face lesser opportunities or conditions when compared to men. This becomes even more evident when looking at women´s marital rights, and the hardships they face in pursuing a political career. Overall, Moroccan feminist movements have been an essential factor in realising policy change, but on a practical level, it has proven to be even more difficult to reach widespread change. Reforms are often not implemented locally, and feminists have not yet managed to encompass all aspects of Moroccan society. Still, the situation of contemporary Moroccan women appears to have greatly improved compared to that of Moroccan women 70 years ago.Show less
Dit onderzoek richt zich op invloed van de taal- en alfabethervormingen van de laat Osmaanse periode tot in de Turkse Republiek op het taalgebruik in de Turkse literatuur. Daarvoor zijn...Show moreDit onderzoek richt zich op invloed van de taal- en alfabethervormingen van de laat Osmaanse periode tot in de Turkse Republiek op het taalgebruik in de Turkse literatuur. Daarvoor zijn verschillende uitgaven van de roman Aşk-ı memnu (Verboden liefde) van Halid Ziya Uşaklıgil geanalyseerd. De keus is op deze roman gevallen, omdat deze oorspronkelijk vóór de hervormingen is uitgegeven en later in een gesimplificeerde (sadeleştirilmiş) vorm opnieuw is uitgegeven. De verschillen in het taalgebruik kunnen worden verklaard door de historische context, in lijn met de wetenschappelijke stroming van het New Historicism en Cultural Materialism. De aanpassingen die in nieuwere versies zijn doorgevoerd laten de ideologische en politieke normen zien van de tijd waarin ze gepubliceerd zijn. Deze uitgaven na de hervormingen worden gepresenteerd als origineel, maar zijn dat niet omdat het taalgebruik is veranderd. Hierdoor raakt het originele werk in onbruik. Dit onderzoek laat zien dat de hervormingen inderdaad invloed hebben gehad op het taalgebruik. Die invloed toont zich in aanpassingen die in lijn zijn met het beleid van taal- en alfabethervormingen, zoals het vervangen van Perzische en Arabische grammatica door Turkse grammatica. Ook in lijn met het beleid is dat woorden met een Arabische of Perzische oorsprong vervangen worden door woorden met een Turkse oorsprong. Echter, dit onderzoek laat ook zien dat de aanpassingen niet altijd het doel bereiken wat ermee beoogd werd. Zo worden er bijvoorbeeld wel aanpassingen gedaan, maar blijft het woord van niet-Turkse oorsprong. Kortom, dit onderzoek laat zien dat de hervormingen verregaande gevolgen hebben gehad op het taalgebruik in de Turkse literatuur. Zowel overeenkomstig het beoogde beleid, als niet-beoogde neveneffecten. De aanpassingen laten de politieke en ideologische normen zien van verschillende perioden waarin de latere edities zijn uitgekomen.Show less
In dit onderzoek wordt er onderzocht in hoeverre verlies, verdriet, en rouw bij nabestaanden van martelaren uit de Iran-Irak (1980-1988) uit de wijk Aliabad in Zuid-Teheran in Iran overeenkomen met...Show moreIn dit onderzoek wordt er onderzocht in hoeverre verlies, verdriet, en rouw bij nabestaanden van martelaren uit de Iran-Irak (1980-1988) uit de wijk Aliabad in Zuid-Teheran in Iran overeenkomen met drie niveaus uit de psychodynamische theorie Mourning and Meaning. Deze theorie behandelt verlies, verdriet, en rouw als universele begrippen die overal ter wereld getest en onderzocht kunnen worden, wanneer er rekening wordt gehouden met socio-culturele waarden en normen. Om deze theorie te testen wordt er een veldwerk uit 2007 geanalyseerd waar nabestaanden altaartjes hebben gemaakt om hun dierbaren te herdenken. De herdenkingsaltaartjes staan vol met symbolische objecten waar verlies, verdriet, en rouw in af te lezen zijn. De theorie in combinatie met het veldwerk moet duidelijk maken waarom mensen die rouwen -waar ook ter wereld, maar voor dit onderzoek in Aliabad- handelen zoals ze handelen.Show less
Dit werkstuk is een analyse van twee vrouwelijke karakters uit twee romans van Nawal El Saadawi, Firdaws uit Woman at Point Zero en Zakiyya uit God Dies by the Nile, vanuit het perspectief van...Show moreDit werkstuk is een analyse van twee vrouwelijke karakters uit twee romans van Nawal El Saadawi, Firdaws uit Woman at Point Zero en Zakiyya uit God Dies by the Nile, vanuit het perspectief van Studies on Hysteria van Josef Breuer en Sigmund Freud. Volgens Breuer en Freud betekent hysterie dat er conversie plaatsvindt van mentale stress naar fysieke symptomen door trauma, en ze laten dit zien in 5 voorbeelden van vrouwen met hysterie. Deze anamneses heb ik gebruikt in mijn analyse van Firdaws en Zakiyya. Firdaws uit Woman at Point Zero heeft trauma’s door haar besnijdenis toen ze jong was en door het seksueel misbruik in haar jeugd. Daarnaast heeft Firdaws een trauma omdat haar trauma omdat haar vertrouwen gebroken wordt door verschillende personen. Er heeft bij Firdaws conversie opgetreden en ze heeft fysieke symptomen zoals angstaanvallen en hallucinaties. Zakiyya uit God Dies by the Nile heeft trauma’s door haar besnijdenis, mishandeling door haar man en uitbuiting door de burgemeester van haar dorp. Dit trauma uit zich in herbelevingen met heftige hallucinaties, wat komt door een splitsing tussen het bewustzijn en het onderbewuste. Firdaws en Zakiyya zijn dus allebei hysterisch volgens de definitie van Breuer en Freud. Dit laat zien dat Nawal El Saadawi misschien geïnspireerd was door Breuer en Freud toen ze de twee romans schreef.Show less
هذا البحث عن الشعر السياسي و الاجتماعيّ باللهجة العامّية في مصر لمدة تزيد عن مائة سنة. أقابل الزجل و الشعر طوال فترة الربيع العربي. فالزجل نوعٌ شعريٌ قديم، وهذا النوع الشعري أصبح مشهوراً في مصر في...Show moreهذا البحث عن الشعر السياسي و الاجتماعيّ باللهجة العامّية في مصر لمدة تزيد عن مائة سنة. أقابل الزجل و الشعر طوال فترة الربيع العربي. فالزجل نوعٌ شعريٌ قديم، وهذا النوع الشعري أصبح مشهوراً في مصر في 1880 في بدايات الطباعة و الصحافة. الزجالان المهمّان من فترة البداية هما النديم (1844-1896) و صنوع (1839- 1912). الشعر السياسي و الاجتماعيّ كان مهمّاً أيضاً طوال فترة الربيع العربي في مصر، وخصوصاً طوال مدة المظاهرات في ميدان التحرير في القاهرة. كان هناك كثيرٌ من الناس في الميدان والذين كانوا يحتجّون ضد الحكومة باستخدام أنواع شعريّة مثل الهتاف والقصائد. أسّمي هذا الشعر "شعر التحرير". سأستخدم في هذا الورقة البحثيّة عدة نظريّات علمية عن الشعر واستخدام اللغة في هذه المقارنة. هذا النظريّات العلمية ستكون الإطار المرجعي. هذا البحث يظهر أن هناك أوجه من التشابه بين "شعر التحرير" و الزجل المصري (1880-1950). "شعر التحرير" و الزجل متشابهان بالنسبة لإمكانية تحويل القصائد إلى أغاني. الناس قرأوا القصائد مع بعضعم و غنّوا سوية. و كذلك، "شعر التحرير" و الزجل متقاربان في المذهب. القصائد تعتبر اشتراكيّة وفيها وطنيّة وتحاكي الشعب. مع ذلك، يختلف "شعر تحرير" عن الزجل في بعض النواحي أيضاً. يكون واحد من الاختلافات اللغة. " شعر التحرير" بالعامّية و بالفصحى ولكن الزجل يكون بالعامّية فقط. بالإضافة إلى ذلك يكون "شعر التحرير" أكثر تنوعاٍ من الزجل أما عن الشكل، فالبرغم من الاختلاف، فإنّ البحث يظهر أن الشعر السياسي و الاجتماعيّ القديم يثّرفي الشعر السياسي والاجتماعيّ الحديثShow less
This thesis examines the views of Khomeini, Shariati and Motahhari on several aspects of womanhood such as gender equality and marriage. Furthermore, it examines which of these ideas have been...Show moreThis thesis examines the views of Khomeini, Shariati and Motahhari on several aspects of womanhood such as gender equality and marriage. Furthermore, it examines which of these ideas have been translated into the constitution of the Islamic Republic of Iran. By understanding which religious figures have been influential and which laws dictate the lives of women, I have tried to understand what is expected from women and what their position in society is. The constitution of Iran was an important source to understand the framework in which the position of women is decided. A critical review of the ideas of the three religious figures show that there are several problems with the translation of their ideas and the notion of equality as presented in the constitution into practice. Women in fact do not have the same rights as their male counterparts as the constitution states. Examples of this are the mandatory hijab and unequal divorce rights. Furthermore, there is a lot of intentional vagueness in the constitution in order to limit the rights of women. The thesis concludes that it has been mostly the ideas of Khomeini and Motahhari have been implemented into the constitution. Shariati’s ideas, that can be categorized as more modern and socialist than the other two religious figures, have been implemented to a lesser extent. Khomeini, Motahhari and Shariati all agree men and women have equal rights. However, the implementation of this into practice is problematic.Show less
This thesis primarily draws comparison between the Islamic Republic of Iran and the Pahlavi Dynasty by emphasising the changed political dynamics in relation to the presence of Iranian nationalism.
This thesis includes a comparative case study into the organisational behaviour of the Dutch and German Alevis. The literature has already devoted a great deal of attention to the German Alevi...Show moreThis thesis includes a comparative case study into the organisational behaviour of the Dutch and German Alevis. The literature has already devoted a great deal of attention to the German Alevi community. However, little was known about the Dutch Alevis. This study showed that there are currently thirty-six Alevi organisations in the Netherlands. These associations are mainly focused on their cultural aspects, and were mainly located in the cities of the central Netherlands. In addition, this study revealed that the landscape of Dutch Alevi organisations is characterised by fragmentation, disputed leadership, a lack of professionalism, and the disappearance of associations. The German landscape of Alevi organisations has a federation with a strong mandate. This federation has obtained religious rights for the German Alevis, allowing the community to provide Alevi education in public schools. Schrover and Vermeulen (2005) define three factors for explaining the organisational structure of immigrant organisations, namely: the migration process, the role of the state in the host country and the specific characteristics of the immigrant population. The Dutch and German Alevis have experienced an almost equal migration process, yet significant differences in the organisational behaviour of both can be seen. Although these differences were largely explained by the other two factors of Schrover and Vermeulen, this research has shown that this model should include a fourth factor, namely “suddenly imposed grievances”. The traumatic attacks on the Alevi community in Sivas (1993) and in Gazi (1994) had a strong effect on the organisational behaviour of both the Alevi community in the Netherlands and in Germany.Show less
Dit onderzoek is begonnen met de vraag hoe Pir Sultan Abdal wordt afgebeeld in een van de weinige producties dat specifiek gaat over zijn levensverhaal, namelijk de film van Remzi Jöntürk en het...Show moreDit onderzoek is begonnen met de vraag hoe Pir Sultan Abdal wordt afgebeeld in een van de weinige producties dat specifiek gaat over zijn levensverhaal, namelijk de film van Remzi Jöntürk en het toneelstuk van Erol Toy. De alevitische gemeenschap is er een die niet met een enkele definitie of theorie uit te leggen is, waardoor de nieuwsgierigheid naar deze gemeenschap toenam. Om de onderzoeksvraag te beantwoorden, is er eerst gedoken in de alevitische identiteit in de 20ste eeuw van Turkije. Daarna is Pir Sultan Abdal en zijn plek in de alevitische gemeenschap in de 20ste eeuw geanalyseerd. Vervolgens zijn de film en het toneelstuk met een kwalitatieve inhoudsanalyse geanalyseerd.Show less
Protests flared up in Iran in November 2019. The sheer amount of people reminded me of the protests a decade earlier surrounding the 2009 presidential elections. Back then, the so-called Twitter...Show moreProtests flared up in Iran in November 2019. The sheer amount of people reminded me of the protests a decade earlier surrounding the 2009 presidential elections. Back then, the so-called Twitter Revolution was instigated when, according to many, the elections were conducted in a fraudulent manner. The emphasis had been placed on the role of Twitter in the international media caught my attention. After conducting a literature review I came up with the research question: To what extent has Twitter played a role in the mobilisation processes of the 2009 Iranian Green Movement? Both primary source Twitter data and multidisciplinary secondary sources have been consulted to try answer this question. This research has delved into the obscure world of mass mobilisation within a highly regulated public sphere. It has spent equal time analysing both sides of the debate surrounding the influence of Twitter on the Green Movement. When looking at the events surrounding the tragic death of Neda Agha-Soltan, one must conclude that Twitter has most certainly played a role in the mass-dispersion of information during the Green Movement. However, one also cannot ignore the successful suppression of the Green Movement. In short, not the outside researchers but the people of Iran themselves have the ability and knowledge to explain their efforts behind their fight against oppression.Show less
During the Iran-Iraq war, the Iranian government applied Shi’ite notions of martyrdom in order to mobilize people for the war and enhance its legitimacy. In this research, the question is analyzed...Show moreDuring the Iran-Iraq war, the Iranian government applied Shi’ite notions of martyrdom in order to mobilize people for the war and enhance its legitimacy. In this research, the question is analyzed how Persian memoirs by female authors on the Iran-Iraq war (1980-1988) have reflected the Iranian cult of martyrdom. Based on the scientific realm of (critical) memory studies, this study analyses the framing of martyrdom by investigating the Persian memoirs of Zahra Hoseyni: One Woman’s War: Da. In these memoirs, Hoseyni narrates how she grew up in the Iranian city of Khorramshahr amid the detrimental events of the Iran-Iraq war and how she participates in the war as a nurse and grave worker. This study suggests that the experiences of martyrdom by Persian women in their memoires are highly determined by their female perspective. In Da, Hoseyni alludes to Zaynab (626-682), the sister of the martyred imam Hoessein (626-68), as being an authority of morality. Though male narratives about the Iran-Iraq war would call upon the martyrdom of imam Hoessein himself, female memoirs imply that they feel more acquainted with the role of Zaynab. Besides, this study suggests that Da proves itself as an emancipatory publication, in which Hoseyni steadfastly objects to the conventional gender roles within the Iranian society. By portraying Hoseyni as an independent woman during the Iran-Iraq war, Da shows that conceptions of martyrdom in female Persian war memoires coincide with challenging views of women’s roles in public society.Show less
The Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) has experienced a remarkable change in its fertility rates during the last four decades. In this timeframe the government shifted the population policies from pro...Show moreThe Islamic Republic of Iran (IRI) has experienced a remarkable change in its fertility rates during the last four decades. In this timeframe the government shifted the population policies from pro-natalist to anti-natalist in the late 1980’s and back to pro-natalist a decade ago. The fertility rate which was approximately 6.0 in 1976 rose to 7 in 1986 and then declined rapidly to less than 2.0 in 2005. The two periods in which the IRI employed pro-natalist policy and propaganda (1979-1989 and 2012-now), received only limited analysis in the academic literature. This paper examines the visual pro-natalist propaganda of the past decade and compares it with the propaganda of the formative period of IRI, by analysing and comparing the selected case-studies from each period. Using propaganda-analysis by Jowett and O’Donnell and visual semiotics as described in The SAGE handbook of visual research methods, this paper observes to what extent there is continuity and change in the depiction of families and what this reveals about the social, economic and political situation of IRI.Show less
Transseksüellik Türkiye’de hassas bir konu. Türkiye’de Bülent Ersoy gibi transseksüel olduĝu bilinen bazı sanatçılar var. Öte yandan cinsellik konusunda katı görüşler korunmakta. Mevcut İslam...Show moreTransseksüellik Türkiye’de hassas bir konu. Türkiye’de Bülent Ersoy gibi transseksüel olduĝu bilinen bazı sanatçılar var. Öte yandan cinsellik konusunda katı görüşler korunmakta. Mevcut İslam odaklı AKP geleneksel cinsiyet rollerini ve genel ahlakı ilk sıraya koyuyor. Bu transseksüellerin günlük yaşamda sıklıkla ayrımcılıkla karşılaştıĝı anlamına gelir. Günümüz Turkiyesinde, bu gurubun iş veya devlet kurumlarında düzenli bir iş bulması zor olduĝundan sonuç olarak seks işçiliĝi yapma mecburiyetinde. Mevcut literatüre dayanarak genel olarak cinsellik hakkinda cok yazıldıĝı tespit edilebilir. Türk medyasının transseksüeller hakkında nasıl yazdıĝı konusunda henüz bir araştırma yapılmaması dikkat çekicidir. Bu amaç doĝrultusunda bu çalışmada 1 ocak 2008 ve 1 ocak 2020 tarihleri arasında Cumhuriyet, Milliyet ve Yeni Şafak gazetelerinin internet sitelerinde yapılan taramada 74 habere ulasılmış ve bu haberler üzerinden analiz yapılmıstır. Anahtar kelimeler: Transseksüel, Transfobi, Nefret suçları, Eşcinsel, Travesti LGBT, Muhafazakar.Show less
This thesis aims to demonstrate that the Kurds were instrumental in defining the course of Iraq-Iran conflict. To achieve this objective, the concepts of sectarianism and nationalism are considered...Show moreThis thesis aims to demonstrate that the Kurds were instrumental in defining the course of Iraq-Iran conflict. To achieve this objective, the concepts of sectarianism and nationalism are considered in relation to the position of the Kurds in Iraq, and their cultural relationship with Iran. With this thesis I have shown that the Kurds are a good example of how sectarianism was misunderstood and reduced to being considered as a rebellion hence undermining the community’s pursuit of a national identity.Show less
This thesis aims to discuss how the contemporary movements are the result of a history of tense relations between the region, its mainly Amazigh inhabitants and the Makhzen as well as paying...Show moreThis thesis aims to discuss how the contemporary movements are the result of a history of tense relations between the region, its mainly Amazigh inhabitants and the Makhzen as well as paying attention to how protesters communicate their contention. It can be argued that the economic issues in this region also developed with identity politics and regional contention at its heart. In order to analyze this, it is essential to explore the history of the Rif in a larger context, highlighting not only incidents between Berbers and the Makhzen, but also sentiments regarding one another. A historical overview will provide the frame in which to discuss marginalisation of the region and how this is perceived by Riffians. Lastly, the issue of Riffian-Amazigh identity will be discussed through a study of protest images, including different elements of identity and contentionShow less
