The actual numbers of international climate-related migration are not as large as expected, considering the rapid increase in the uninhabitability of these places in the Global South. This...Show moreThe actual numbers of international climate-related migration are not as large as expected, considering the rapid increase in the uninhabitability of these places in the Global South. This discrepancy may partly stem from the complex and multifaceted nature of migration, with the climate factors influencing economic opportunity and conflict, making it difficult to differentiate between people that migrate for climate reasons and people that migrate for other reasons, such as economic opportunities. However, it more likely arises from people being trapped within their increasingly uninhabitable homes, because they do not have the capacity to move or willingness to leave their home. Therefore, policymakers and researchers should redirect their attention to immobility, as the ‘trapped populations’ are an urgent and underexposed problem. This thesis will examine the term 'trapped populations,' by using conceptions of Zickgraf (2019, 2023) and De Shalit (2011) and clarifying the complexities inherent in their immobility. I will argue for ‘the right to stay’ as the most protective right for the interests of the trapped populations, as it respects the importance of a home in a person their life.Show less
Since 2014, Europe has faced an explosive increase in migrants, leading Europe into a migration crisis. Political parties in European countries have responded differently to this influx of people....Show moreSince 2014, Europe has faced an explosive increase in migrants, leading Europe into a migration crisis. Political parties in European countries have responded differently to this influx of people. This study aims to clarify the relationship between the agenda of these political parties and the European migration crisis. Based on qualitative research, a content analysis was used to study the differences between left-wing, right-wing and centre-parties and how the European migration crisis has impacted these points of view. The analysis shows that political parties with different ideologies about migration react differently to the crisis. The European migration crisis has little to no effect on the agenda of left-wing parties and right-wing parties, but a major effect on the agendas of centre-parties.Show less
There is an inherent tension between poverty-eradicating, but fossil-fuel intensive, development and global climate change mitigation efforts. The human right to development, as established in the...Show moreThere is an inherent tension between poverty-eradicating, but fossil-fuel intensive, development and global climate change mitigation efforts. The human right to development, as established in the 1986 Declaration, recognizes a right to continuous improvement of life, irrespective of the negative environmental consequences related to this development. There is thus a need to review the human right to development in the context of climate change. In this thesis, I argue for a ‘threshold conception’ of the right to development, as it should be understood as a right to an unconditional process of development till the fulfillment of basic needs. Thereafter, development – then considered economic growth – should be consistent with the concept of sustainability. Moreover, I argue in favor of the adoption of the OHCHR’s Draft Convention on the Right to Development (2020) because it recognizes the triangular interconnectedness of development, the protection of human rights, and climate-related obligations. The convention establishes duties regarding climate mitigation, adaptation, and combatting climate injustices for states and the international community, which can both realize the right to development as the objectives of the human rights approach to climate change.Show less
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, many activities and platforms have shifted to the virtual realm, including rituals and ceremonies. When it comes to psychedelic rituals, there are several important...Show moreDue to the COVID-19 pandemic, many activities and platforms have shifted to the virtual realm, including rituals and ceremonies. When it comes to psychedelic rituals, there are several important factors to take into account, such as the setting, dosage, and type of substance consumed. This paper examines the effects of virtual ceremonies on psychedelic experiences. The study utilized an online self-report questionnaire that was sent 1-2 days after the ceremony conducted by retreat company Spinoza. The gathered data were analyzed using thematic qualitative analysis. The categorization and themes were agreed upon by two independent researchers. The themes presented relate to the improvement of mental health and physical comfort along with insightful personal journeys. Further evaluation of the research suggested that the findings provide a general idea about the effects of digital format on the psychedelic experience. It has been found that with digital platforms on psychedelic experiences, individuals can experience clarity of unsolved issues, improved self-regulation, as well as improved emotional and mental states.Show less
Inaction inertia occurs when one is less likely to take an attractive opportunity, after refusing an even more attractive opportunity. In their experiment, van Putten and colleagues (2007) tried to...Show moreInaction inertia occurs when one is less likely to take an attractive opportunity, after refusing an even more attractive opportunity. In their experiment, van Putten and colleagues (2007) tried to decouple the inaction inertia effect by using ambiguous information. Their results yielded that ambiguous information did in fact decouple. However, the authors came to these conclusions by using optional stopping and p-hacking. This influenced the reliability of the results, so we decided to replicate this study, for good research practices and because it can give us valuable insight into how decoupling works when given an attractive offer. We made use of the replication recipe of Brandt and colleagues (2014) to conduct the replication.Show less
Disgust, rooted in human evolutionary history, serves as a vital defense mechanism against pathogens, manifesting in varied behaviors. This paper explores the intricate relationship between disgust...Show moreDisgust, rooted in human evolutionary history, serves as a vital defense mechanism against pathogens, manifesting in varied behaviors. This paper explores the intricate relationship between disgust and visual attention, employing the eye-tracking method. Drawing insights from primate studies, habituation, and human facial expressions, the research aims to address three key questions: Does gaze aversion occur in humans when exposed to disgusting stimuli, extending avoidance behavior into the visual domain? Do individuals exhibit prolonged attention to facial area, indicating a social imperative to assess the risk of pathogen contamination? How does gaze aversion change with repeated exposure to disgust-inducing stimuli? The study employs three conditions, including scenes of feces ingestion in the test condition, to assess total looking time. Results reveal significant gaze aversion towards feces as compared to control conditions, supporting the hypothesis of avoidance behavior. Participants displayed prolonged attention to faces during non-disgusting conditions, challenging assumptions about social necessity for risk assessment. Repeated exposure across trials to disgust-inducing stimuli did not significantly alter gaze behavior, highlighting the nuanced nature of responses to aversive stimuli. Discussion of the findings and implications are also addressed.Show less
Background. Picky eating behavior and physical activity are strongly associated with health in children (Karklina et al., 2011). By investigating the associations between shyness, picky eating...Show moreBackground. Picky eating behavior and physical activity are strongly associated with health in children (Karklina et al., 2011). By investigating the associations between shyness, picky eating behavior and physical activity in children and parental stress we could potentially define better intervention programs to prevent health disorders such as cardiovascular disease, diabetes, osteoporosis, anaemia, heart problems and earlier death, by identifying if physical activity, shyness and parental stress are potential areas of treatment. Aims. To investigate (1) if parental stress predicts shyness in ten-year-old children; (2) the association between shyness and picky eating behavior; and (3) the association between shyness and physical activity in ten-year-old children. Methods. A total of 3610 parents of Dutch children (50.6% girls) participated in the study. The mean age of the children was 10.19 (SD=.501; ranging from 8 to 12) Multiple regression analyses were conducted. Results. Shyness was predicted by parental stress (F(4,3601)=44.693, p<.00), picky eating behavior (F(4, 3479) = 12,942, p < .001) and higher levels of shyness were associated with being a boy and older age. Picky eating behavior was predicted by shyness (F(4, 3479) = 60,957, p < .001). Higher levels of picky eating behaviour were associated with lower levels of shyness and having the male gender and the family situation. Higher levels of physical activity were associated with lower levels of shyness and having the male gender. Conclusion. More research must be done with more reliable assessment tools and more universally accepted definitions of the variables. Lower levels of shyness were associated with more picky eating behavior, which is reassuring but our effect sizes and internal consistencies were low. Parental stress and shyness were positively associated with each other. Shyness and physical activity were negatively associated with each other. Since a lack of physical activity has risks such as developing cardiovascular disease, it is important to identify parental stress and shyness in 10-year-olds and provide support and advice to the parents of these 10-year-olds to be able to avert more serious outcomes.Show less
This research aimed to investigate whether food choices can be affected by placebo suggestions and the role of body image satisfaction and Body Mass Index (BMI) in this placebo effect. This study...Show moreThis research aimed to investigate whether food choices can be affected by placebo suggestions and the role of body image satisfaction and Body Mass Index (BMI) in this placebo effect. This study involved 22 participants aged 18-35. In the placebo group, participants received suggestions that a vagus nerve stimulation will decrease their hunger, while the control group received no suggestions. The vagus nerve stimulation was a sham procedure and did not stimulate the nerve. Participants' BMI was calculated followed by measuring body image satisfaction by completing the Body Self Image Questionnaire (BSIQ). Hunger was measured at baseline and post-suggestions. Additionally, food choice was measured with a computer task, in which participants had to choose between healthy and unhealthy food items. The statistical analysis showed no significant differences between the placebo and control groups for food choice (p = 0.56), baseline hunger (p = 0.69), and hunger post suggestions (p = 0.96). Additionally, hunger did not predict healthy food choice (p = 0.89) and body image (p = 0.77) and BMI (p = 0.32) did not moderate the effect of the suggestions on food choice. These results indicate that short suggestions might not be enough to affect hunger and food choices. The lack of effect found might be due to a small sample size and future research should include larger samples and longitudinal research design. Understanding the role of expectations and placebo effects in hunger, can in the future help develop strategies to promote healthier eating.Show less
