As previous studies show a positive relationship between present time orientation and psychological well-being, the purpose of the current within-subjects study is to examine whether a present time...Show moreAs previous studies show a positive relationship between present time orientation and psychological well-being, the purpose of the current within-subjects study is to examine whether a present time orientation, and otherwise mindfulness, can be found in word use of suicidal musicians over time. Fewer words referring to the present, compared to the past and the future were expected. Moreover, a decrease in the use of present time words, and an increase in the use of past and future time words, closer to the moment of suicide, was expected. The different means of the time categories were calculated with the Linguistic Inquiry and Word Count (LIWC). The Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used to test for differences in these means. To test for change over time in the time categories, the Kendall’s Tau B correlation coefficients were used. Present time orientation (M = 8.449) had a mean greater than both the mean of past time orientation (M = 2.308) and the future time orientation (M = 1.500). Moreover, future time orientation had a mean greater than past time orientation. I found that these differences were statistically significant. There was a significant decrease in words referring to the past (τb = -.113, p = .005) and a non-significant decrease in words referring to the future (τb = -.071, p = .081). Lastly, there was a significant decrease in words referring to the present (τb = -.153, p < .001). The finding of a decrease in present time, and the finding of less words referring to the future, compared to the past, are in line with previous studies on this topic. It is concluded that fewer words referring to the future, compared to the past and present, and a decrease in present time words over time can be an indication of suicide risk.Show less
Het bezitten van een hoge mate van zelfcontrole hangt samen met positieve uitkomsten zoals betere studieresultaten en minder alcoholmisbruik, blijkt uit meerdere, niet experimentele, studies....Show moreHet bezitten van een hoge mate van zelfcontrole hangt samen met positieve uitkomsten zoals betere studieresultaten en minder alcoholmisbruik, blijkt uit meerdere, niet experimentele, studies. Zelfcontrole wordt hier gedefinieerd aan de hand van impulsinhibitie. Hierbij hangt een hoge mate van impulsiviteit en een lage mate van zelfcontrole samen met een lagere mate van Delay of Gratification (DoG). DoG wordt hier gemeten door middel van het Delay Discounting paradigm (DD). Het DD paradigm onderzoekt in hoeverre iemand bereid is om te wachten op een (hypothetische) geldsom als, door het wachten, deze beloning groter wordt. Uit eerder onderzoek onder jong-adolescenten blijkt een samenhang tussen zelfcontrole en chaos. Dit onderzoek kijkt of een dergelijke samenhang ook bestaat bij laatadolescenten. De verwachting is dat studentes met een meer chaotische thuisomgeving een mindere mate van zelfcontrole hebben. In dit onderzoek is gebruik gemaakt van drie instrumenten verzameld tijdens de studie Moeders van Morgen, een onderzoek uitgevoerd door de Universiteit Leiden. Er is gebruik gemaakt van de DoG computertaak, de DoG naturalistische vraag en de CHAOS-vragenlijst. Participanten die een antwoord gaven bij de DoG naturalistische vraag die geassocieerd wordt met meer zelfcontrole, kozen significant vaker voor antwoorden in de DoG computertaak die geassocieerd worden met meer zelfcontrole. Het verwachte verband tussen zelfcontrole en chaos is niet gevonden. Vervolgonderzoek, waarbij meer participanten, andere meetinstrumenten om zelfcontrole te meten en meerdere observaties van chaos aanbevolen zijn, is noodzakelijk.Show less
In deze scriptie is het effect van de VIPP-FI op responsiviteit van verzadigingssignalen en sensitiviteit onderzocht en er is tevens gekeken naar de samenhang van sensitiviteit tijdens het...Show moreIn deze scriptie is het effect van de VIPP-FI op responsiviteit van verzadigingssignalen en sensitiviteit onderzocht en er is tevens gekeken naar de samenhang van sensitiviteit tijdens het eetmoment en spelmoment. Overgewicht en obesitas zijn een groot probleem in Nederland en wereldwijd. Responsief en sensitief gedrag van ouders betrekking tot verzadigingssignalen tijdens de maaltijd zou mogelijk kunnen bijdragen aan het verminderen van overgewicht en obesitas. De VIPP-FI is ontwikkeld om ouders deze voedingsstijl aan te leren. Deze scriptie onderzoekt aan de hand van een gerandomiseerd onderzoek met controlegroep de effectiviteit van deze interventie. Het onderzoek bestaat uit 124 moederkind paren, waarvan 61 in de VIPP-groep en 64 in de controlegroep. Er wordt gebruik gemaakt van de pretest (T0) en posttest (T18) observatiedata. De responsiviteit voor verzadigingssignalen werd gescoord op een schaal speciaal ontwikkeld voor dit onderzoek en sensitiviteit aan de hand van de Ainsworth sensitiviteitsschaal. Uit de analyses die zijn gedaan is gebleken dat er geen effect is van de VIPP-FI op responsiviteit voor verzadigingssignalen of sensitiviteit tijdens het eetmoment. Voor sensitiviteit geldt er echter wel dat er een trend is gevonden die wijst op wat er vanuit de literatuur wordt verwacht. Er is een samenhang gevonden tussen sensitiviteit tijdens het eetmoment en spelmoment, dit is echter maar een klein tot gemiddeld positief verband. Verder heeft de VIPP-FI ook geen effect gehad op de sensitiviteit tijdens het spelmoment. Een mogelijke verklaren voor het feit dat er geen effect van de VIPP-FI is gevonden, is dat alle moeders in zowel de VIPP-groep als de controlegroep het al redelijk goed doen op responsiviteit verzadiging en sensitiviteit. Het is aan te bevelen meer onderzoek te doen naar de effectiviteit van de VIPP-FI, waarbij wordt gecontroleerd op achtergrond variabelen die mogelijk een invloed hebben. Tevens valt aan te bevelen om onderzoek te doen naar de factoren die de variantie in verklaren van het verschil in sensitiviteitsscores op eetmoment en spelmoment.Show less
The level of mental effort when performing everyday activities depends on many factors, and it is constrained by the working memory capacity. Factors such as the type of work, the work schedule,...Show moreThe level of mental effort when performing everyday activities depends on many factors, and it is constrained by the working memory capacity. Factors such as the type of work, the work schedule, and special events like exams, deadlines, or holidays may cause temporary increases or decreases to the cognitive load of daily routines. Given the dominance of circadian clocks in human behaviours and cognitive output, is mental effort also consistently influenced by the time of day? This study explored the possibility that cognitive load fluctuates in a consistent temporal pattern that is close to diurnal cycles observed in human behaviour and cognition. The approach was based on the assumption that smartphones tapping data can act as a proxy for cognitive load levels in order to capture the daily dynamic changes unobtrusively and in vivo. The sample data was collected from 64 healthy individuals, with a duration period on average of 33 days. A spectral analysis on the time-series of the tapping sessions revealed the existence of a diurnal cycle of 24 h in both low and high cognitive load measures, with no significant differences in the cycles’ amplitude. This suggests that people distribute their mental effort consistently across the day with similar intensity between activities that require low and high cognitive resources. This finding was again confirmed at the individual level by a cross correlation analysis. Interestingly, the participants exhibit barely visible weekly cycles with relatively weak signals, which could be a reflection of the time of the study during coronavirus lockdown; hence the influence of weekday/weekend rhythm may be diminished. Further research should examine the time of day when cognitive load peaks and declines, as well as the individual differences. The information can be valuable for various domains that are concerned with learning, performance and health.Show less
Smartphones have become an integral part of our daily lives. Along with this integration comes a concern for smartphone and internet addictions. In order to fully understand how these addictions...Show moreSmartphones have become an integral part of our daily lives. Along with this integration comes a concern for smartphone and internet addictions. In order to fully understand how these addictions might work, it is imperative that we develop more accurate measures of smartphone behaviours. Past studies have often included selfreported questionnaires that gathered data about the duration of smartphone use and other smartphone behaviours, but it is now known that self-reports are not entirely reliable. This study will investigate the difference between the self-reported duration of smartphone use and the actual duration provided by the users’ smartphones. Additionally, the study will explore the possibility of habitual checking behaviours as a predictor of recall error. Data collected from 122 participants were analysed via one-sample t-tests and multiple linear regressions. Results from the one-sample ttests support previous research, showing that participants were indeed inaccurate at recalling the time spent on their phones. Thus, smartphones are an important tool for providing objective data on smartphone behaviour. Contrary to former research, the level of smartphone usage did not make a difference on the amount of recall error, such that participants were inaccurate regardless of actual time spent on their smartphones. The multiple linear regressions found a relationship between one measure of time-based checking habits and recall error, but not between tap-based checking habits and recall error. These results indicate that unconscious, automatic smartphone habits may play a role in the inability to accurately recall smartphone behaviour.Show less
Smartphone use duration is associated with serious health consequences such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. To examine to which degree smartphone use duration affects the health of...Show moreSmartphone use duration is associated with serious health consequences such as depression, anxiety, and addiction. To examine to which degree smartphone use duration affects the health of individuals, self-report measurements are used to determine smartphone use duration. However, self-report measurements of smartphone use duration are prone to inaccuracy, since people seem to have a distorted time perception while using the smartphone. The aim of this study is to find a discrepancy between actual smartphone use duration and reported smartphone use duration, by considering two time references, per day and yesterday. Furthermore, the study investigated whether higher smartphone use duration and higher number of unique apps increase the discrepancy between the actual and reported smartphone use duration. This study used a survey containing the questions; “For how many min per day do you use your phone? For how many min did you use your phone yesterday?” and using the log data captured by a tracker app. From 122 respondents, 97 individuals were eligible for inclusion in the study. The findings of this study support the hypothesis that individuals tend to inaccurately recall their smartphone use duration. However, contradictory to earlier findings this study proposes that greater smartphone use duration per day is negatively associated with the transformed relative recall error per day. The number of unique apps use predicted transformed relative recall error yesterday significantly positively. Future research should aim at focusing on reliable measurements for smartphone use duration in order to investigate the association between smartphone use duration and health consequences in more depth.Show less
