Teachers in kindergarten are confronted with many differences between emergent literacy skills children have developed before going to primary school. Since these skills are the foundation of the...Show moreTeachers in kindergarten are confronted with many differences between emergent literacy skills children have developed before going to primary school. Since these skills are the foundation of the development of reading skills, it is important to promote emergent literacy in kindergarten. E- Prent&ABC is a method to improve emergent literacy that combines animated e-books with print referencing and the 4-cycle-model for word development during classroom book reading. A previous study has demonstrated that e-Prent&ABC enhances vocabulary and phonological awareness of kindergartners. However, kindergartners with problematic learning behavior do not benefit from these positive effects. Therefore, the current study adds behavior regulating elements to e-Prent&ABC to improve the learning behavior of kindergartners with problematic learning behavior and to help them benefit more from classroom book reading. This quasi-experimental study explores how whole-class reading with the expanded method e-Prent&ABC+ can enhance learning behavior, vocabulary, and phonological awareness of kindergartners with problematic learning behavior. 60 kindergartners (30 with and 30 without problematic learning behavior) from nine kindergarten groups participated in three conditions (control condition, e-Prent&ABC, and e-Prent&ABC+). Ultimately, the results demonstrate that both kindergartners with and without problematic learning behavior showed the most positive learning behavior during the control condition instead of during reading with e-Prent&ABC+ or e-Prent&ABC . Furthermore, the results confirm previous findings by showing that e-Prent&ABC effectively promotes both vocabulary and phonological awareness of kindergartners. The added elements in e-Prent&ABC+ did not better improve learning behavior and emergent literacy than e- Prent&ABC does. Compared to e-Prent&ABC, the vocabulary of the kindergartners was even smaller after reading with e-Prent&ABC+ . In spite of several limitations, this research has shown that animated e-books can be used in combination with the 4-cycle-model during whole-class book reading to create a rich literacy environment in which emergent literacy skills can be promoted simultaneously.Show less
This study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between a leader's personality and the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. Firstly, I created a theoretical framework regarding this case,...Show moreThis study aims to determine whether there is a relationship between a leader's personality and the U.S. withdrawal from Afghanistan. Firstly, I created a theoretical framework regarding this case, after which I used the Profiler Plus program to measure the Leadership Trait Analysis (LTA) of Obama and Trump. Finally, the extent to which leadership style played a role in the full withdrawal of troops from Afghanistan under Trump that did not take place under Obama will be determined. This thesis is an addition to the LTA theory and could be a stepping stone for further research around leadership traits in combination with foreign policy decision-making.Show less
Research master thesis | Psychology (research) (MSc)
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Prediction-based learning is an effective teaching method for building factual knowledge, i.e., semantic learning. Its effectiveness likely depends on its potential to elicit surprise in learners....Show morePrediction-based learning is an effective teaching method for building factual knowledge, i.e., semantic learning. Its effectiveness likely depends on its potential to elicit surprise in learners. Only a few studies tested this hypothesis using a prediction-based learning framework comparable to semantic learning in the classroom. Most of these studies used physiological measures of surprise. However, the link between prediction-based semantic learning and learners' metacognitive surprise remains to be investigated. Using mixed models, we tested and explored to what degree participants' (N = 41; Mage = 21.9 years, SD = 1.5, 73% female) metacognitive surprise about the learning material (numerical trivia facts) explained how well participants learned (continuous metric) and recalled (binary metric) this material during a numerical-fact learning task designed to resemble classroomlike prediction-based learning. In line with our hypothesis, preregistered analyses showed that the more surprising participants found a fact, the more they learned from it. Extending previous work, we found that this link remained when controlling for a) between-fact differences in learning potential and b) facts already known to the participants and when c) participants failed to recall a fact correctly. Further extending previous work, our exploratory analyses suggested that learning also improved when participants perceived the facts as nonsurprising. So, the link between metacognitive surprise and learning may be u-shaped rather than linear. Altogether, these findings hint that learners'surprise about the learning material is one of the factors explaining to what degree learners learn from their prediction mistakes to update their factual knowledge. We forgo conclusions about the link between metacognitive surprise and recall accuracy since the confirmatory and exploratory results were ambiguous and negligibly small.Show less
Deze studie onderzocht in welke mate aanwezige psychopathische trekken bij gedragsgestoorde (CD) delinquente jongeren in verband staan met sociale disfunctie en het empathisch vermogen, terwijl er...Show moreDeze studie onderzocht in welke mate aanwezige psychopathische trekken bij gedragsgestoorde (CD) delinquente jongeren in verband staan met sociale disfunctie en het empathisch vermogen, terwijl er rekening wordt gehouden met leeftijd en socio-economische status (SES). Een beperkte empathie wordt gezien als het waarmerk van psychopathie in de volwassenheid. In dit onderzoek werden 52 gedetineerde jeugdigen tussen de 15 en 19 jaar onderzocht op psychopathische kenmerken, het empathisch vermogen en sociale disfunctie. Aan de hand van drie vragenlijsten werden deze eigenschappen in kaart gebracht. Voor psychopathie kenmerken werd de Youth Psychopathic Inventory (YPI) gebruikt, voor de sociale disfunctie de Social Responsiveness Scale (SRS-A) en voor het empathisch vermogen de Basic Empathy Scale (BES). Van alle jongeren met een gedragsstoornis moest ten minste één symptoom van agressief gedrag aanwezig zijn. Hoewel het overkoepelende regressie model met daarin alle onafhankelijke variabelen in staat bleek om een deel van de variantie in psychopathische trekken te verklaren, konden de individuele onafhankelijke variabelen dit niet. Anders gezegd, er werd geen significant bewijs gevonden voor de vooraf verwachte link die psychopathische trekken met sociale disfunctie of empathisch vermogen zou hebben. Toekomstig onderzoek in grotere en meer diverse samples moeten deze onverwachte bevinding verder exploreren en valideren. Sleutelwoorden: Psychopathie, Antisociale persoonlijkheidsstoornis, Conduct Disorder, Oppositionele opstandige stoornis, Jeugdige delinquenten, Gedragsproblemen, Empathie, Sociale cognitie.Show less
Leisure time reading is often stimulated in primary and secondary school, because of its expected benefits in language and reading development. In this thesis, a meta-analysis was performed to...Show moreLeisure time reading is often stimulated in primary and secondary school, because of its expected benefits in language and reading development. In this thesis, a meta-analysis was performed to examine the relationship between reading behaviour and receptive vocabulary, expressive vocabulary, combined vocabulary and reading comprehension in primary and secondary school students. A total number of 30 studies (4.769 students) were included. As expected, a medium to large effect was found for all four outcome measures. This is in line with results from previous research. Since girls happen to read more and more often than boys, it was expected that gender would be a significant predictor of the effects. This hypothesis was not confirmed in this meta-analysis. This may be explained by the fact that the reported gender percentages in the respective studies were not similar to the actual gender distribution in the final analyses. Researchers sometimes reported that participants were excluded in the analysis of our variables of interest, without stating the exact number of boys and girls. Overall, this study confirms that reading plays a positive role in acquiring vocabulary and reading comprehension.Show less
International migration has reached record levels over the past five decades, and the expectation is that these levels will continue to proliferate. As immigration is at the forefront of the world...Show moreInternational migration has reached record levels over the past five decades, and the expectation is that these levels will continue to proliferate. As immigration is at the forefront of the world’s agenda, a burgeoning literature is interested in exploring the drivers of public attitudes toward immigrants. The scholarly literature mainly focusses on two sources of immigration attitudes: economic and cultural threat perceptions. However, these studies generally focus on developed countries, even though there are similar levels of migration in developing countries. This study addresses this sample bias by conducting a large-N observational analysis of the effect of economic and cultural threat perceptions on public attitudes toward immigrants in developing countries. Furthermore, this study conducts a second analysis to explore how countries’ development status affects the relationship between economic or cultural threat and immigration attitudes. The findings suggest that perceptions of economic and cultural threat are important explanatory factors for citizens’ immigration attitudes in developing countries. Moreover, the second analysis indicates that both economic and cultural threat have a stronger effect on immigration attitudes in developed countries than in developing countries. Taken together, these findings reinforce the relevance of the existing economic and cultural threat theories and shed light on the formation of public attitudes toward immigrants in developing countries.Show less
In dit scriptie-onderzoek wordt kwantitatief onderzoek gedaan naar of kiezers die een gebrek aan regionale vertegenwoordiging voelen in de nationale politiek in Nederland daardoor eerder op nieuwe...Show moreIn dit scriptie-onderzoek wordt kwantitatief onderzoek gedaan naar of kiezers die een gebrek aan regionale vertegenwoordiging voelen in de nationale politiek in Nederland daardoor eerder op nieuwe partijen zullen stemmen. De uitkomst in dit scriptie-onderzoek is dat met de verzamelde data (Nationaal Kiezersonderzoek van 2017 en 2021) geen conclusies hierover kunnen worden getrokken, maar de verwachting blijft staan dat het een eventueel invloed kan hebben op het ander.Show less
