Klimaatverandering wordt versneld door de mens en klimaatvriendelijk gedrag stimuleren kan helpen om de gevolgen van klimaatverandering te verminderen. Kennis over klimaatverandering zorgt ervoor...Show moreKlimaatverandering wordt versneld door de mens en klimaatvriendelijk gedrag stimuleren kan helpen om de gevolgen van klimaatverandering te verminderen. Kennis over klimaatverandering zorgt ervoor dat mensen beter op de hoogte zijn van klimaatverandering en dus wat zij hieraan kunnen doen, maar het werkende mechanisme in de relatie tussen kennis en gedrag is nog onduidelijk. Aan de hand van de Theory of Planned Behavior zou self-efficacy als mediator de relatie tussen kennis en klimaatvriendelijk gedrag kunnen verklaren. Dit is onderzocht bij 428 adolescenten tussen 16 en 24 jaar met een online zelfrapportage vragenlijst over kennis, klimaatvriendelijk gedrag en self-efficacy. De resultaten lieten zien dat zowel de relatie van kennis over klimaatverandering en klimaatvriendelijk gedrag als het indirecte effect via self-efficacy significant en positief zijn. Exploratieve analyses lieten zien dat de significante resultaten niet werden gerepliceerd als er gekeken werd naar specifiek kennis over koolstofdioxide en het broeikaseffect. Echter, er bleek wel een significant en positief direct en indirect verband voor kennis over klimaatverandering en oorzaken hiervan kennis over gevolgen van klimaatverandering. Daarbij bleek een significant positief verband tussen kennis over gevolgen van klimaatverandering en klimaatvriendelijk gedrag wanneer rekening werd gehouden met self-efficacy. Ofwel, deze studie heeft laten zien dat het onderscheid maken in verschillende soorten klimaatkennis belangrijk is als er wordt gekeken naar verbeteren van klimaatvriendelijk gedrag. Door de juiste soort kennis over te dragen, kunnen adolescenten worden gestimuleerd om zich klimaatvriendelijker te gedragen.Show less
The sunk cost bias is a common fallacy that people fall victim to. It entails placing a higher value on an option because of the resources already invested in it, rather than rationally evaluating...Show moreThe sunk cost bias is a common fallacy that people fall victim to. It entails placing a higher value on an option because of the resources already invested in it, rather than rationally evaluating its current worth. This economic fallacy goes beyond financial investments and is found to also be present in romantic relationships. Our research investigates this effect, and whether age and gender play a role in it. This was investigated through a questionnaire with a total of 93 participants in the Netherlands. Our main hypothesis was that the temporal investment in the relationship significantly influences the likelihood of staying during difficult circumstances, such as a period of emotional distress or cheating. This prediction was confirmed. However, a difference in influence of temporal investment in the decision to stay in the relationship, between males and females, was not found to be significant. Moreover, age was only found to have a significant influence on the effect of temporal investment for the predicted length of staying. In conclusion, these findings demonstrate the presence of the sunk cost effect of temporal investment in romantic relationships, without a significant difference between males and females, or a significant effect of age that is attributable only to the sunk cost fallacy.Show less
Het pyrrhonisme is een praktische filosofie die kan leiden tot gemoedsrust. Volgens de oorspronkelijke wijsgeer Pyrrho van Ellis zelf verloopt dit middels uitstel van oordeel omtrent non-evidente...Show moreHet pyrrhonisme is een praktische filosofie die kan leiden tot gemoedsrust. Volgens de oorspronkelijke wijsgeer Pyrrho van Ellis zelf verloopt dit middels uitstel van oordeel omtrent non-evidente zaken. In dit onderzoek is deze eeuwenoude leer onderzocht. De eerste hypothese om deze doctrine te onderzoeken was dat een pyrrhonistische denkwijze positief gecorreleert zou zijn aan gemoedsrust. Daarnaast is de mogelijke invloed van geloof op deze relatie bestudeert. Hiervoor was de verwachting dat de relatie tussen pyrrhonistisch denken en gemoedsrust minder sterk is voor gelovige mensen. Om dit te testen is een testbatterij opgesteld, bestaande uit de Non Evident Questionnaire, Generalized Anxiety Disorder-7 en Perceived Stress Scale. Aan de hand van de responses van 175 deelnemers, bleek de hoofdanalyse niet significant te zijn bij zowel de GAD-7 als de PSS. Uit de moderatie analyse bleek tevens een insignificant effect. Beide hypotheses kunnen dus worden verworpen. Mogelijke verklaringen hiervoor kunnen zijn dat de verkregen data relatief weinig gelovige mensen bevatte en relatief veel transgender mensen, waardoor conclusies voorzichtiger getrokken dienen te worden. Daarnaast waren de stellingen in de NE-Q voornamelijk gericht op hedendaagse onderwerpen, en is wellicht niet geschikt voor het meten van een dergelijk tijdloos construct.Show less
This paper investigates the effect of nocebo suggestions on food craving levels and explores whether personality traits, specifically neuroticism and impulsivity, moderate this impact. The study...Show moreThis paper investigates the effect of nocebo suggestions on food craving levels and explores whether personality traits, specifically neuroticism and impulsivity, moderate this impact. The study was conducted using a sample of 21 volunteers which were recruited from Leiden University, and used a randomised controlled trial design. The two groups that were used in the analysis were control and nocebo groups (increase hunger). Nocebo group participants received a sham vagus nerve stimulation and were exposed to suggestions that this stimulation will increase their hunger. Food craving was measured using a Visual Analogue Scale at different time points throughout the experiment, and self-report inventories were used to assess neuroticism and impulsivity. A repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and a moderation analysis were performed to analyse the data. The results showed significant changes in craving intensity, F(3, 57) = 11.14, p < .001, with higher craving levels in the control group compared to the nocebo group. Neither neuroticism F(3, 17) = 0.37, p = .77, nor impulsivity, F(3, 17) = 2.11, p = .14, were significant in moderating the relationship between nocebo suggestions and food cravings. However, impulsivity independently showed a significant negative effect on craving ratings, where higher impulsivity was related to lower food cravings, b = -11.07, t(df) = -2.18, p = .04. The study’s limitations included a small sample size and ambiguous definitions of nocebo effects, which could have affected the results. Future research should focus on exploring other personality traits to deepen our understanding of their effect on nocebo suggestions and food cravings.Show less
Mental health issues impact a significant portion of the population worldwide, and result in the acquisition of therapy. Despite its efficaciousness, individuals experience several barriers in...Show moreMental health issues impact a significant portion of the population worldwide, and result in the acquisition of therapy. Despite its efficaciousness, individuals experience several barriers in entering therapy. External factors such as financial constraints or availability can impact internal factors such as one’s motivation or self-stigma. Previous literature has established that motivation influences treatment entry and therapeutic outcomes, and that self-stigma impacts such motivation. It is also established that self-stigma may impact self-disclosure during therapy; however, the manner in which motivation, self-stigma, and self-disclosure interact cohesively is unknown. Therefore, the present study investigated the following research question: How does self-stigma in seeking help and motivation to join therapy impact an individual’s self-disclosure during therapy? It was hypothesised that high levels of self-stigma would lead to low levels of self-disclosure during therapy, mediated by motivation. It was further hypothesised that this relationship would correlate with the unsolved issues after therapy. A custom-made questionnaire was utilised, consisting of pre-existing scales. An ANOVA, mediation analysis, and MRA all yielded non-significant results. The effect of the proposed relationship on therapeutic outcomes could not be investigated. Thus, two other relationships were investigated, yet both yielded non-significant results. The direct effect of self-stigma on self-disclosure was significant. The non-significant results may be attributed to confounding variables, or the study’s limitations. This study encourages future research into the relationship between variables influencing the therapeutic process and its outcomes given the prevalence of mental health issues.Show less
Dit onderzoek gaat na of er een verband is tussen BMI en de predispositie voor psychopathologie. Die samenhang zou gemedieerd worden door het waargenomen gevoel van veiligheid. Eén recent...Show moreDit onderzoek gaat na of er een verband is tussen BMI en de predispositie voor psychopathologie. Die samenhang zou gemedieerd worden door het waargenomen gevoel van veiligheid. Eén recent wetenschappelijk artikel stelt dat obesitas een onbewuste stressor is, wat resulteert in een lager gevoel van waargenomen veiligheid: een minder fit lichaam zou de stressrespons aanwakkeren. Daarnaast ondersteunen onderzoeken het verband tussen obesitas en depressie. De huidige onderzoekspopulatie is niet-klinisch en géén extreme gevallen van BMI zijn bekend. Dit huidige onderzoek onderscheidt zich daardoor van andere onderzoeken, omdat er hier wordt gesproken van een predispositie. 86 participanten zijn geanalyseerd. Hierbij zijn de BMI, het waargenomen gevoel van veiligheid (m.b.v. de NPSS) en de zelf-gerapporteerde mate van Depressieve-, Angst- en Stress-symptomen (m.b.v. de DASS-42) in kaart gebracht. Dit onderzoek heeft deel uitgemaakt van een groter geheel. Participanten die hebben deelgenomen dienden één week ademhalingsoefeningen te verrichten en vragenlijsten te voltooien, zodat de invloed op waargenomen stress duidelijk werd. De eerste hypothese stelde dat indien je BMI hoger is, er sprake is van een lager gevoel van waargenomen veiligheid. De tweede hypothese stelde dat een lager gevoel van waargenomen veiligheid correspondeert met een toename van DASS-symptomen. Dat zou fungeren als een predispositie voor psychopathologie. De analyses tonen een sterk verband aan. Wij kunnen concluderen dat de invloed van BMI op de predispositie voor psychopathologie geheel via het waargenomen gevoel van veiligheid verloopt. Vervolgonderzoek zou de lichamelijke mobilisatie kunnen uitvragen, omdat een hogere BMI niet hoeft te betekenen dat een lichaam minder fit is.Show less
The present study examined the relationship between arousal, enjoyment, and cognitive performance after musical tapping tasks. Participants performed a series of tapping tasks, followed by a few...Show moreThe present study examined the relationship between arousal, enjoyment, and cognitive performance after musical tapping tasks. Participants performed a series of tapping tasks, followed by a few questions about their arousal, enjoyment, and recall of background objects. We assessed the arousal level of each participant before and after the musical task to investigate music-induced arousal. The participants' memory of background items, as well as their enjoyment of the musical activity, were assessed. While arousal and enjoyment levels fluctuate during the musical activities, the arousal change had no significant effect on enjoyment levels. Levels of enjoyment had no significant effect on memory recall. These findings show evidence that refutes the idea that arousal and enjoyment have distinct effects on recall. Instead, the present findings support previous research that enjoyment of the musical experience and musical arousal interplay a critical role in the relationship between music induced arousal and memory.Show less
De toename van depressie, angst en stress onder studenten roept de noodzaak op om makkelijk toepasbare interventies te ontwikkelen die gevoelens van veiligheid verhogen. Om dit te bereiken wordt...Show moreDe toename van depressie, angst en stress onder studenten roept de noodzaak op om makkelijk toepasbare interventies te ontwikkelen die gevoelens van veiligheid verhogen. Om dit te bereiken wordt vanuit het perspectief van de polyvagaal theorie een alternate nostril breathing (ANB) interventie aangeboden. Verondersteld wordt dat aangenomen activatie van het ventrale vagale complex door middel van deze ademtechniek, waarbij om de beurt door een neusgat in- en uitgeademd wordt, het veiligheidsgevoel kan verhogen. Dit wordt weergegeven in een toename van de pre- naar posttest op de Neuropsychological safety scale (NPSS). Aanvullend hierop wordt op basis van de interactie tussen de darmen en het brein, verwacht dat iemands transit time, zoals weergegeven in ontlasting consistentie en gemeten met de Bristol stool chart, informatie biedt over hoe veilig iemand zich voelt en daarmee invloed heeft op de effectiviteit van de ANB interventie. Een totaal van 89 participanten werd verzameld. De helft volgde zeven dagen lang een vijf minuten durende ANB interventie gepaard met enkele vragen, waaronder over de ontlasting consistentie. Dit is vergeleken met de participanten in een placebogroep. Een repeated measures ANOVA vond geen significante verschillen tussen de ANB- en placebogroep op hun verandering in de pre- naar posttest NPSS. Ook het effect van transit time was niet significant. Hieruit werd geconcludeerd dat ANB het gevoel van veiligheid niet kon verhogen en transit time geen invloed had op de effectiviteit van de ANB interventie. De validiteit van de NPSS wordt kritisch besproken en zal in toekomstig onderzoek verder uitgewerkt moeten worden.Show less
In de huidige studie hebben we onderzoek gedaan naar de invloed van Intolerantie voor Onzekerheid (IU; nervositeit voor het onbekende) op processen zoals (1) zekerheid in het geven van een antwoord...Show moreIn de huidige studie hebben we onderzoek gedaan naar de invloed van Intolerantie voor Onzekerheid (IU; nervositeit voor het onbekende) op processen zoals (1) zekerheid in het geven van een antwoord en (2) reactietijd. Met kennis over mechanismen van IU kunnen we symptomen begrijpen en dagelijkse negatieve gevolgen verminderen. Gedurende het experiment kregen 54 gezonde participanten (37 vrouwen, 17 mannen) tussen de 18-40 jaar neutrale en negatieve afbeeldingen met bijhorende beschrijvingen te zien op twee verschillende dagen met 24 uur ertussen. Specifiek is gekeken naar dag twee, waarbij de participanten bij 75 neutrale en 75 negatieve afbeeldingen moesten aangeven of ze de afbeeldingen hadden gezien op de dag ervoor (oud) of niet (nieuw). Ze gaven aan hoe zeker ze waren over hun antwoord (betrouwbaarheidsbeoordeling; VAS 1-100; oud-nieuw). De reactietijd (ms) van deze respons werd voor beide condities gemeten. Daarna vulden participanten de Intolerance for Uncertainty Scale (IUS) in, bestaande uit 27 stellingen waarbij ze aangaven in welke mate de stelling hen typeert. De data zijn geanalyseerd middels niet-parametrische Friedmantoetsen, RMANCOVA en twee regressieanalyses met verschilscores. Daaruit kwamen de volgende bevindingen. Participanten met meer IU vertoonden minder spreiding in zekerheid van hun antwoord en waren gemiddeld langzamer in beide condities. Los van IU, vertoonden participanten meer spreiding in antwoordzekerheid en waren ze gemiddeld langzamer bij de negatieve dan bij de neutrale afbeeldingen. We concluderen dat IU effect heeft op de antwoordzekerheid en op de reactietijd. Of de getoonde afbeeldingen neutraal of negatief zijn blijkt hierbij niet van invloed.Show less
Objective: The period after successfully coming off treatment (SCOT) following a childhood cancer diagnosis is known to be a vulnerable time for parents in which increased levels of distress can...Show moreObjective: The period after successfully coming off treatment (SCOT) following a childhood cancer diagnosis is known to be a vulnerable time for parents in which increased levels of distress can play a significant role. It is important to know more about the distress experienced by parents during this period to determine whether an intervention should be used to help parents return to ‘normal life’. The aim of this study was therefore to gain better understanding of parental distress and factors related to their distress during the first year after their child has successfully completed treatment. Methods: A sample of 283 parents of children who had successfully completed cancer treatment in the previous year were included in this cross-sectional study. These parents, who were part of the SCOT group, were invited to complete the Distress Thermometer for Parents (DT-P) within one year after treatment completion. The DT-P consists of a thermometer score to measure experienced distress and problem domains (practical, social, emotional, physical, cognitive, and parenting). Parents in the SCOT group were compared with parents in the general population (NORM group) to see if their distress levels were higher. In addition, the association between distress and the problem domains and child- or parent-related factors (time since the end of treatment, cancer type, child’s age, parental disease, and perceived support) was examined. Results: Parents (73.9% mothers) in the SCOT group experienced higher levels of distress in the first year after SCOT compared to the general population (fathers SCOT: M=3.5, SD=2.6 vs. fathers NORM: M=2.8, SD=2.5; p=.032; mothers SCOT: M=4.1, SD=2.7 vs. mothers NORM: M=3.5, SD=2.7; p=.001). Emotional (p<.001), practical (p=.016), and physical (p=.005) problems were predictors of higher distress levels. Parents’ perceived support from their environment contributed also to their level of distress (p<.001). Conclusions: Parents of children who have successfully completed cancer treatment experience increased levels of distress in the first year after treatment compared to parents in the general population. There may be value in developing an intervention to ease this transition that specifically addresses their emotional well-being and highlights the importance of their social network during this vulnerable period.Show less
Abstract Introduction. Sickness Presenteeism (SP) describes the phenomenon of going to work despite being ill. As SP might be related to more burnout complaints and lower general health and is...Show moreAbstract Introduction. Sickness Presenteeism (SP) describes the phenomenon of going to work despite being ill. As SP might be related to more burnout complaints and lower general health and is associated with higher job demands and lower job resources, the influences of SP were investigated. The research contributed to previous research by targeting a general, diverse population and by exclusively focusing on health instead of motivational reasons for SP. Further, research that investigated the effects of SP as a moderator between working conditions and health factors was lacking. Thus, this study hypothesized, that higher job demands, and lower job resources increase burnout complaints and decrease general health and that this association is strengthened by SP. Methods. Altogether, 115 participants participated in this correlational study. Job resources and job demands were measured with the Demand-Control-Support questionnaire. A new SP variable was created for this research and tested for internal consistency. Burnout was measured with the Burnout-Assessment-Tool and general health with a one-item question. Two multiple regression analyses were conducted. The first analysis measured if higher job demands, and lower job resources were associated with (more) burnout complaints and how this association was moderated by SP. The second analysis measured the same association but with (lower) general health as an outcome variable. Results. SP did not moderate the relationship between job demands and burnout complaints (p=.20), job resources and burnout complaints (p=.70), job demands and general health (p=.49), and job resources and general health (p=.65). Consequently, all hypotheses were rejected. Job demands were directly related to more burnout complaints (p=.005). Discussion. This study found that high job demands were associated with higher burnout complaints in a general and diverse working population, highlighting the importance of reducing workloads. This study did not find significant SP interaction effects. Possible reasons could be sample size limitations and the statistical test choice. Network analyses might better measure a construct like SP, which includes many control factors and associations. According to this study, it seems that to increase general health and decrease burnout complaints, changing working conditions is more appropriate than addressing worker´s SP.Show less
Background: Individuals with psychotic disorders (PD) often experience cognitive challenges, particularly in executive functioning (EF), crucial for daily functioning. Sleep disruptions, notably...Show moreBackground: Individuals with psychotic disorders (PD) often experience cognitive challenges, particularly in executive functioning (EF), crucial for daily functioning. Sleep disruptions, notably insomnia, are prevalent in PD, worsening symptoms and affecting overall well-being and treatment outcomes. Moreover, individuals with PD frequently engage in cannabis use, which can further impact EF. Gender differences may also play a role in how cannabis affects EF, though findings are varied. This study aims to deepen our understanding of the interplay between insomnia, EF, and cannabis use in PD individuals, while considering gender influences. We hypothesize that higher insomnia rates correlate with poorer EF in PD, with cannabis mediating this relationship. Additionally, we expect gender disparities to influence how cannabis affects EF. This study sheds light on critical factors affecting cognitive function in PD, aiding in tailored intervention strategies. Method: Data were collected from a randomly selected sample of patients (N=262) undergoing treatment at a mental health care clinic in the South-western part of the Netherlands at time of inclusion. Participants, aged between 18 and 65 at inclusion, had a primary diagnosis of a psychotic disorder. The current study utilized data from the Lichamelijke Klachten Vragenlijst (LKV), the Behavior Rating Inventory of Executive Function for Adults (BRIEF-A), and the Measurements in Addictions for Triage and Evaluation (MATE). Results: Significant correlations indicated a moderate positive association between insomnia and EF problems. However, mediation analysis did not support cannabis use as a mediator between insomnia and EF. Gender differences were explored through residual variances analysis, suggesting potential unaccounted factors impacting variability. Model fit indices revealed areas for improvement in explaining variance, warranting further examination and potential adjustments to refine the overall model fit. Conclusion: Higher rates of insomnia were related to higher rates of EF problems. There is no evidence for a mediating effect of cannabis use in this relationship. Gender differences did not seem to play a significant role in the effect of cannabis on EF. Future research should incorporate performance-based tasks alongside self-report measures to improve measurement precision. Future treatments could potentially benefit from incorporating interventions that address insomnia, as this may lead to potential enhancements in executive functioning.Show less
