Many studies have been conducted to define factors that enhance students motivation, but little is known about what sets students in Dutch vocational education to action. According to the Unified...Show moreMany studies have been conducted to define factors that enhance students motivation, but little is known about what sets students in Dutch vocational education to action. According to the Unified Model of Task-specific Motivation (UMTM; De Brabander & Martens, 2014) one of the factors that leads to readiness for action is the perceived freedom of action. Stefanou et al. (2004) subdivide freedom of action into three different kinds, of which only the cognitive freedom of action leads to more psychological effort. Therefore, the goal of this intervention study was to determine if an intervention that supports the cognitive freedom of action in arithmetic class enhances the perceived cognitive freedom of action and readiness for action of students in Dutch vocational education. To examine this, the cognitive freedom of action and readiness for action of 75 students in three different classes are measured twice weekly, during eight weeks. In the fifth and sixth week, two classes (49 students) received an intervention to support cognitive freedom of action, the other class served as an active control. Multilevel analysis showed that in these two weeks the students in the intervention group perceived more cognitive freedom of action, but not more readiness for action than before and after the intervention. This change in cognitive freedom of action was not visible in the control group. This tells us the a teacher can influence the perceived cognitive freedom of action of students, but enhancing readiness for action is more difficult. One possible explanation is that because students in vocational education do not respond to the support of cognitive freedom of action as do many other previous studied target groups in education, but further research is needed to explore this possibility.Show less
Dit onderzoek poogt antwoord te geven op de vraag of de Nederlandse versie van de San Martín scale (SMS) een betrouwbaar meetinstrument is om de kwaliteit van bestaan (KvB) van mensen met een...Show moreDit onderzoek poogt antwoord te geven op de vraag of de Nederlandse versie van de San Martín scale (SMS) een betrouwbaar meetinstrument is om de kwaliteit van bestaan (KvB) van mensen met een verstandelijke beperking (VB) en een (zeer) intensieve zorgvraag te meten. Er blijken te weinig goede meetinstrumenten beschikbaar voor deze doelgroep, waardoor het noodzakelijk is er één te ontwikkelen. Er is sprake van twintig cliënten met een zorgzwaartepakket (ZZP) 6 of 7 waarover de SMS is ingevuld. Over iedere cliënt wordt door één persoonlijk begeleider (PB), door één random begeleider op de groep (BG) en door één ouder/wettelijk vertegenwoordiger de SMS ingevuld. Het responspercentage van de PB’ers en BG’ers is 100%, voor de ouders/wettelijk vertegenwoordigers geldt een responspercentage van 80%. Uit de resultaten blijkt dat er sprake is van een intern consistent meetinstrument en een hoge interbeoordelaar betrouwbaarheid tussen de PB’er en BG’er. Na een kwalitatieve analyse van de items door het analyseren van opmerkingen en vragen van gedragskundigen, begeleiders en ouders is besloten om een klein aantal aanpassingen in de SMS door te voeren. Één item is hierbij verwijderd en verschillende items zijn aangevuld met uitleg. Er is een eerste stap gezet naar een nieuw Nederlands meetinstrument voor het meten van de KvB van mensen met een VB en een (zeer) intensieve zorgvraag. Echter door een te kleine steekproef moeten de resultaten voorzichtig worden geïnterpreteerd en kan dit onderzoek vooral gezien worden als een opstap naar verder onderzoek, wat perspectief biedt voor een betrouwbaar en valide meetinstrument.Show less
Inleiding. In dit onderzoek wordt onderzocht wat de invloed is van de sensitiviteit van de moeder en het temperament van het kind op de mate waarin een kind van 12 maanden agressief gedrag laat...Show moreInleiding. In dit onderzoek wordt onderzocht wat de invloed is van de sensitiviteit van de moeder en het temperament van het kind op de mate waarin een kind van 12 maanden agressief gedrag laat zien. Methode. Dit onderzoek is onderdeel van een longitudinaal overkoepelend onderzoek genaamd ‘Een Goed Begin’, waarbij moeders en kinderen wordt gevolgd. Dit onderzoek bestaat uit vijf meetmomenten, waarbij voor dit onderzoek gebruik is gemaakt van de gegevens van het derde meetmoment (N = 124). Moeders worden na hun eerste afspraak ingedeeld als hoogrisico- of laagrisicomoeder. De moeders hebben vragenlijsten ingevuld aangaande het temperament van hun kind (IBQ-R) en de mate van agressie bij hun kind (PASEC). De sensitiviteit van de moeder is gemeten aan de hand van een vrij spel moment. Resultaten. Sensitiviteit van de moeder blijkt geen voorspellende waarde te zijn voor de mate waarin het kind agressief gedrag vertoont. Temperament van het kind blijkt daarentegen wel een significante voorspeller van de mate waarin een kind agressief gedrag vertoont. Kinderen met een moeilijk temperament blijken hierbij meer agressief gedrag te vertonen als kinderen met een makkelijk temperament. Het risicoprofiel van de moeder blijkt een significant verband te hebben met agressief gedrag van het kind en de sensitiviteit van de moeder. Moeders uit de hoogrisicogroep blijken minder sensitief met hun kinderen om te gaan en deze groep kinderen laat meer agressief gedrag zien dan kinderen uit de laagrisicogroep. Discussie. Huidige studie laat zien dat agressief gedrag bij jonge kinderen voorspelt kan worden door het temperament van het kind, daar waar de sensitiviteit van de moeder dit niet doet. De relevantie van dit onderzoek gaat voornamelijk over het inzicht in de risicofactoren die belangrijk zijn voor het ontwikkelen van agressief gedrag bij jonge kinderen, waarbij vroege interventies kunnen worden ingezet om consequenties van agressief gedrag te beperken.Show less
Is attentional bias the underlying concept behind the vicious circle in which children with low reading motivation, poor reading culture (home literacy environment) and lagging in reading...Show moreIs attentional bias the underlying concept behind the vicious circle in which children with low reading motivation, poor reading culture (home literacy environment) and lagging in reading performance determine themselves? In the current study, 428 primary school pupils from groups 6 and 7 are taken to investigate the influence of the home literacy environment and reading performance on the reading motivation . Through questionnaires it was found that a more stimulating home environment and literacy ensures a better the vocabulary and a stronger reading motivation . In addition, we investigated whether non- enthusiastic readers have a resistance (attentional bias) to reading. Attentional bias is measured with a digital selective attention task and was not found in enthusiastic or non - enthusiastic readers.Show less
Master thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (MSc)
closed access
De handel in de ledematen van albino's in verschillende landen in Afrika komt anno 2015 nog steeds voor. In dit literatuur onderzoek wordt gekeken naar de oorzaken van de mogelijke verandering in...Show moreDe handel in de ledematen van albino's in verschillende landen in Afrika komt anno 2015 nog steeds voor. In dit literatuur onderzoek wordt gekeken naar de oorzaken van de mogelijke verandering in motivatie die ten grondslag ligt aan de moorden op albino’s in Zimbabwe en Tanzania.Show less
In dit onderzoek is de vraag onderzocht in hoeverre er een relatie is tussen de tijd die vaders en moeders met hun kinderen doorbrengen en het prosociale gedrag van kleuters. Ook werd gekeken of...Show moreIn dit onderzoek is de vraag onderzocht in hoeverre er een relatie is tussen de tijd die vaders en moeders met hun kinderen doorbrengen en het prosociale gedrag van kleuters. Ook werd gekeken of het temperament en geslacht van de kleuter een modererend effect hebben op deze relatie. Het prosociale gedrag van de kleuter werd opgedeeld in de aspecten empathie en deelgedrag. Er werd een groep van 100 gezinnen geselecteerd vanuit het vier jaar durende longitudinale onderzoek ‘Boys will be boys?’. Om de hoeveelheid tijd die ouders met hun kinderen doorbrengen te meten is ouders gevraagd een vragenlijst in te vullen. Empathie van kleuters is gemeten met behulp van de My Child Questionnaire (Kochanska, DeVet, Goldman, Murray, & Putnam, 1994) en het deelgedrag van kinderen is geobserveerd tijdens een taak waarbij ze rozijntjes met hun oudere broer/zus moesten delen. Om het temperament van de kleuter te meten werd de Child Behavior Questionnaire door beide ouders ingevuld (Putnam, Garstein, & Rothbart, 2006). Uit meervoudige regressieanalyses kwam naar voren dat naarmate moeders meer tijd met hun kinderen doorbrachten vaders hun kleuter lager beoordeelden op empathie. Ook werd een marginaal significant interactie-effect gevonden tussen de tijd die moeder met haar kinderen doorbracht en het geslacht van de kleuter ten aanzien van geobserveerd deelgedrag van de kleuter naar de oudere broer of zus. De hoeveelheid tijd die moeders met hun kinderen doorbrachten was marginaal positief gerelateerd aan het deelgedrag van hun dochters en niet aan dat van hun zonen. Er zijn geen verbanden gevonden tussen de hoeveelheid tijd die vaders met hun kinderen doorbrachten en het prosociale gedrag van kleuters. Ook werd geen modererend effect gevonden van temperament van de kleuter. Uit dit onderzoek kan geconcludeerd worden dat de hoeveelheid tijd die moeders met hun kinderen doorbrengen een rol lijkt te spelen in de prosociale ontwikkeling van kleuters, en dan met name van dochters. Het blijft echter onduidelijk onder welke omstandigheden het meer tijd doorbrengen met de moeder nu een positief of negatief effect heeft op de prosociale ontwikkeling van kleuters. Nader onderzoek is dan ook nodig om de kwaliteit van de tijd die ouders met hun kinderen doorbrengen te onderzoeken.Show less
Research master thesis | Developmental Psychopathology in Education and Child Studies (research) (MSc)
open access
2020-11-30T00:00:00Z
Objective: To examine (a) the effect of maternal reflective functioning (RF) on precursors of theory of mind (ToM) and executive functioning (EF) in 20-month-old children, (b) the relation between...Show moreObjective: To examine (a) the effect of maternal reflective functioning (RF) on precursors of theory of mind (ToM) and executive functioning (EF) in 20-month-old children, (b) the relation between ToM and EF at 20 months, and (c) the effectiveness of an early intervention program aimed, among others, at improving maternal RF. Method: The sample consisted of 118 mother-child dyads. Maternal RF was assessed during pregnancy using the Pregnancy Interview-Revised and at 20 months using the Parent Development Interview. At 20 months children’s ToM understanding was examined using a simple visual perspective (VP) taking task, a discrepant desires (DD) task and an imitation task; EF performance was assessed using a delay task (inhibition) and a working memory (WM) task called ‘hide the pots’. The Child Behavior Checklist was conducted to assess children’s problem behavior. Results: Children of mothers low on maternal RF, especially child-related RF, showed significantly worse VP-taking capacities compared with children of mothers average/high on RF. A significant moderating effect of children’s problem behavior was present; children with high attention problems or a high withdrawn level were more affected by their mothers’ low RF capacities. No unequivocal and significant effects of maternal RF on DD, imitation and EF performance were found. In addition, only a significant correlation between DD and WM performance was present. The effectiveness of the early intervention program regarding improving RF could not be confirmed. Conclusions: Early intervention programs should focus on improving child-related aspects of maternal RF of mothers at risk for being low on RF, especially when their children show problem behavior. Future research should reexamine both the effect of maternal RF on ToM and EF, and the relationship between ToM and EF at e.g. 2.5 years.Show less
Deze studie onderzoekt de invloed van reflectief functioneren van moeders tijdens de zwangerschap op twee hieraan gerelateerde moeder-kind factoren. In eerder onderzoek is een verband gevonden...Show moreDeze studie onderzoekt de invloed van reflectief functioneren van moeders tijdens de zwangerschap op twee hieraan gerelateerde moeder-kind factoren. In eerder onderzoek is een verband gevonden tussen reflectief functioneren na de zwangerschap en sensitiviteit van de moeder en Theory of Mind bij het kind. Er is echter weinig bekend over de invloed van reflectief functioneren tijdens de zwangerschap op deze factoren. Het doel van deze studie is hier meer duidelijkheid over te geven. Hiertoe zijn 114 moeder-kind dyades (48 meisjes) onderzocht. Reflectief functioneren is tijdens de zwangerschap gemeten aan de hand van het Zwangerschapsinterview. Sensitiviteit is onderzocht tijdens vrij spel van moeder en kind, zes maanden na de geboorte. Voor Theory of Mind is ‘volgen van de blik’ onderzocht. Dit is gedaan door te observeren of de 12 maanden oude baby de wijsrichting van de onderzoeker met de blik volgde. De gegevens werden geanalyseerd met logistische regressie. Uit de analyses bleek dat er geen significant verband was tussen reflectief functioneren en volgen van de blik ( = -0.32, SE = 0.20, p = .103). Wat betreft sensitiviteit kwam de richting van de voorspelling overeen met de verwachting, maar was de voorspellende waarde van de onderliggende categorieën te klein om als significant naar voren te komen ( = -0.38, SE = 0.42, p = .368 voor lage sensitiviteit en = 0.38, SE = 0.21, p = .070 voor hoge sensitiviteit). Omdat de resultaten uit dit onderzoek erop wijzen dat sensitiviteit kan worden voorspeld vanuit reflectief functioneren, wordt vervolgonderzoek aanbevolen.Show less
Objective To examine the relationship between maternal reflective functioning (RF) and child aggression and whether this relationship is mediated by child’s precursors of Theory of Mind (ToM). The...Show moreObjective To examine the relationship between maternal reflective functioning (RF) and child aggression and whether this relationship is mediated by child’s precursors of Theory of Mind (ToM). The influence of coaching on maternal reflective functioning and child aggression is also examined. Method The sample consisted of 85 mother-infant dyads. Mothers were allocated to a high or low risk group based on maternal characteristics. Half of the high risk mothers were randomly assigned to a coaching group. Maternal reflective functioning was assessed prenatally and when children were 20 months of age by Pregnancy Interview (PI) and Parental Development Interview (PDI). Mothers were asked to aggressive symptoms in their child. Children’s precursors of ToM were measured at 20 months by an imitation task, a visual perspectives task and a discrepant desires task. Results Maternal prenatal reflective functioning was found to be negatively related to child aggressive behaviour. However maternal postnatal self-related RF was positively related to child aggression. In addition, maternal reflective functioning was found to be positively related to one precursor of ToM, but ToM did not mediate the relationship between maternal reflective functioning and child aggression. No effect of coaching on maternal reflective functioning and child aggression was found. Conclusion The present study provides evidence for the relationship between maternal reflective functioning and child aggression at a young age. This emphasizes the importance of well-developed maternal reflective functioning capacities for the behavioural development of children. This relationship could be mediated by child’s ToM, but this should be further researched. Coaching would be a suitable way to enhance maternal reflective functioning capacities, but the effects of coaching should be investigated after mothers received coaching for a longer period of time.Show less
Master thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (MSc)
closed access
This thesis provides a case study of the discourse on sustainability, a much discussed, but elusive concept. It describes and analyses the sustainability discourse in the Dutch municipality of...Show moreThis thesis provides a case study of the discourse on sustainability, a much discussed, but elusive concept. It describes and analyses the sustainability discourse in the Dutch municipality of Leiden, as enacted by different groups of actors within a governmental context. It explains how actors gave meaning to the concept of 'sustainability', by both taking into account the bigger picture and focusing on local issues. Also, it argues that both governmental and non-governmental actors sought and emphasized cooperation and consensus, in their interaction on sustainability. The argument shows which factors made interaction potentially difficult, and how actors reflected upon these factors and sought for solutions.Show less
Feedback related negativity (FRN) is an event related potential (ERP) component that is often linked to the processing of negative feedback. Previous studies indicated different physical reactions...Show moreFeedback related negativity (FRN) is an event related potential (ERP) component that is often linked to the processing of negative feedback. Previous studies indicated different physical reactions during the processing of positive and negative feedback. However, no studies investigated FRN potential differences during the processing of social feedback in young children. The present study examined differences in FRN potentials in children of 4 6 years old (N = 17, M = 5.61, 64,7% boys) during the processing of positive, negative and neutral social feedback. In addition, gender differences in effortful control (EC) and the relation between EC and the FRN difference score were examined. The FRN potentials were recorded during an age appropriate social judgment task accomplished by the participants. The results indicated no significant differences in FRN potentials during the processing of positive, negative and neutral social judgements, suggesting that young children do not differentiate between social judgments yet. According to the EC results, no relation is found between EC and the FRN difference score. These results suggest no relation between EC and FRNd potentials in young children. Also, no gender differences were found in EC, suggesting that young boys and girls have similar levels of inhibition and attentional focusing.Show less
Master thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (MSc)
closed access
The theses explains ways of understanding loans, debt, mutuality, and future perceptions within the uncertainty of the Ghanaian economy and the dynamic social, cultural and economic setting of...Show moreThe theses explains ways of understanding loans, debt, mutuality, and future perceptions within the uncertainty of the Ghanaian economy and the dynamic social, cultural and economic setting of Kintampo, a transitional medium-sized town, and its emerging and proliferating financial landscape. The analysis is based on a three months field trip and includes two case studies on government workers and taxi drivers.Show less
Math performance in The Netherlands is falling behind in comparison to other countries. It is therefore important to gain insight in influencing factors of math performance of boys and girls. This...Show moreMath performance in The Netherlands is falling behind in comparison to other countries. It is therefore important to gain insight in influencing factors of math performance of boys and girls. This thesis examined the relation between teachers’ math anxiety and math performance of boys and girls as well as potential mediating factors, such as stereotypes and math competency beliefs. The Math Attitude Scale (MAS; Betz, 1978) was completed by 43 teachers (31 women (72%), average age: M = 40.77, SD = 12.71), from 22 regular primary schools in west and central Netherlands, Twente and Zeeland. A modified version of the Student Attitude Questionnaire’ (SAQ, Wigfield & Meece, 1988) is completed by 279 students (156 girls (56%), average age, M = 11.22, SD = 12.71) of group 6, 7 and 8. Results showed that both boys and girls have the same level of stereotypes (p = .09). Boys on the other hand had a higher level of competency beliefs (p < .001, d = .58). Likewise the math performance of boys was also higher (p = .02, d = .28). There was no mediation path for both boys and girls between teachers’ math anxiety, stereotypes of students and math performance of students (p = .29). Competency beliefs seemed to be a predictor rather than a mediator of math performance for students (p < .001, ɳ2 = .44). To improve math performance, parents and teachers can express positive expectations of math performance to increase the students’ math competency beliefs.Show less
The experience of being socially accepted or rejected can elicit different changes in heart rate reactivity of both children and adults. In addition, personal characteristics like aggressive...Show moreThe experience of being socially accepted or rejected can elicit different changes in heart rate reactivity of both children and adults. In addition, personal characteristics like aggressive behavior may influence this reaction. This study examined whether heart rate reactivity of four-to-seven-year-old children differed during the processing of positive, negative and neutral social judgments, and whether aggression levels were related to heart rate reactivity during the processing of social judgments. Heart rate and behavioral data of 29 children was collected during an adjusted version of the Social Judgment Task. Results showed significant differences in the behavioral responses to negative and neutral judgments, compared to the responses to positive judgments. No significant differences were found in heart rate reactivity during the three conditions. These results indicate that children do distinguish between the three conditions, but their heart rate reactivity might not be influenced by the content of the feedback yet. Additionally aggression seems to be related to heart rate reactivity during the positive and negative condition. These findings suggest that heart rate reactivity in response to social judgments might develop throughout childhood, while aggression levels already influence heart rate reactivity in young children.Show less
Master thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (MSc)
open access
This thesis dives into a question of relevance and connection between musical experience and geo-political conflict. Based on fieldwork with the Palestine Community Music Project in the West Bank,...Show moreThis thesis dives into a question of relevance and connection between musical experience and geo-political conflict. Based on fieldwork with the Palestine Community Music Project in the West Bank, it concludes that the musical activities of Palestine Community Music are meaningful in contrast to the participants’ lived experience of the Israeli occupation as a source of relief and an aid in the construction of hope. By choosing a field that does not fit the war-peace framework usually maintained in music and conflict studies, and by exploring the mechanisms behind the constitution of meaning and significance of the musical activities, this thesis ventures towards a more complete understanding of the construction of socio-political significance in music. In addition to the main conclusion of this thesis therefore, light is shed on the dependency of social relevance in music on sensitive dimensions of daily life, as well as on the experience-structuring embracing capacity of musical practices.Show less
Research master thesis | Developmental Psychopathology in Education and Child Studies (research) (MSc)
open access
2020-08-06T00:00:00Z
Children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by communication deficits. Emotions are part of interpersonal communication and adequate use of emotions are vital for successful...Show moreChildren with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) are characterized by communication deficits. Emotions are part of interpersonal communication and adequate use of emotions are vital for successful interaction. To see if children with ASD express emotions to the same extent, we compared 17 children with ASD (age range: 3-6 years) to 33 typically developing children of the same age on both on behavioral emotion expression and on psychophysiological arousal. The behavioral expression and psychophysiological parameters of emotion (heart rate and skin conductance level) were continuously measured during rest and a fear inducing paradigm. The groups did not differ on the intensity of negative or positive emotion expression. The ASD group had lower skin conductance levels during rest compared to the typically developing children and a more pronounced increase in psychophysiological arousal in response to a fear paradigm. To integrate these two separate measures of emotion, the concordance between the behavioral and psychophysiological components was evaluated. Negative emotions were related to heart rate in the ASD group and to skin conductance in the control group, but the strength of the correlation did not differ significantly between the two groups. Considering the health and behavioral risks associated with abnormal levels of emotional arousal, the specific effects of deviant emotional arousal in children with ASD need to be further explored. Targeting psychophysiological levels of arousal in interventions might be an effective approach to ameliorate challenging behavior in children with ASD.Show less
Aggressive behavior in infants is a predictor of an unfavorable development later in life. Current study investigates the relation between infant aggressive behavior, regulation capacity and...Show moreAggressive behavior in infants is a predictor of an unfavorable development later in life. Current study investigates the relation between infant aggressive behavior, regulation capacity and negative affect, and maternal sensitivity and intrusiveness. The aim of the study was to identify indicators of early infant aggression. 85 Mothers (M = 24.67 years, SD = 2.10) filled in questionnaires concerning infant aggressive behavior and temperament of their 20-month-old infant (M = 19.92 months, SD = 0.76, 54 % boys). Maternal behavior was observed during a Teaching Task. Regression and mediation analyses where conducted. Current study confirms maternal sensitivity and negative affect as predictors of infant aggressive behavior. For infant regulation capacity and intrusive parenting of the mother no predictive value was found. Maternal parenting skills did not mediate the association between infant temperament and aggression. The results suggest that infant negative affect is an important factor in the development of infant aggression and should be involved in future prevention and intervention programs together with stimulating mothers’ sensitive parenting skills.Show less
Research master thesis | Developmental Psychopathology in Education and Child Studies (research) (MSc)
under embargo until 2035-11-28
2035-11-28T00:00:00Z
The aim of this study was to examine whether routines around bedtime mediate the relation between family disorganization and sleep quality. In addition, we explored the moderating role of child...Show moreThe aim of this study was to examine whether routines around bedtime mediate the relation between family disorganization and sleep quality. In addition, we explored the moderating role of child temperament in the relation between bedtime routines and sleep. A moderated mediation model was tested in 52 families with a three to four year old twin. We randomized the two children within the families to create two comparable samples and tested the model in both samples. Parents reported on family disorganization, child temperament, and the child´s bedtime routines and bedtimes. Actigraphy was used to assess sleep duration and sleep onset latency. No associations were found between family disorganization and sleep. Consistent bedtime routines but not consistency in bedtimes itself significantly predicted sleep quality in one of the samples. The relation between bedtime routines and sleep quality was moderated by child characteristics: Children with low levels of self-regulation have lower sleep quality when there are inconsistent routines around bedtime. These findings suggest that implementing a consistent routine around bedtime may be particularly important for children with low levels of self-regulation.Show less
Master thesis | Cultural Anthropology and Development Sociology (MSc)
open access
This thesis is the result of an investigation into the dog meat trade in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Dog meat is a popular dish in this city, with people eating dog for various reasons. The main share...Show moreThis thesis is the result of an investigation into the dog meat trade in Yogyakarta, Indonesia. Dog meat is a popular dish in this city, with people eating dog for various reasons. The main share of the dogs processed for food are caught in areas in West and East Java, which brings a health hazard to the Yogyakarta, because there is a risk of the spreading of rabies. In the city some animal activists have mobilized against the dog meat trade, focusing their campaign on both human and animal well-being, and attacking the dog meat trade, mainly because of its cruel characteristics in regard to the way the dogs are treated. The different perspectives and attitudes of all those involved in the dog meat trade and of the activists are taken into account.Show less
