Deepfake videos are highly realistic manipulated videos, blurring the line between what is real and fake. Deepfakes are generated with neural networks. The technology rapidly evolves, making...Show moreDeepfake videos are highly realistic manipulated videos, blurring the line between what is real and fake. Deepfakes are generated with neural networks. The technology rapidly evolves, making deepfake videos increasingly realistic. This makes it more difficult for humans to distinguish deepfake videos from real videos. Studies show that a large proportion of people are not familiar with deepfakes. Next, studies show that familiarity with a person portrayed on a deepfake video plays a role in detection performance. One of the threats deepfake technology brings is generating realistic fake news. The technology can be used go generate highly realistic fake news, which brings significant threats to society. This raises questions about the human recognition of deepfake videos. Most research on deepfake videos is focused on the algorithmic detection of deepfakes. Less is known about the human recognition of deepfake videos. The aim of the current study is to investigate the human performance at recognizing deepfake videos, and its possible predictors. It is hypothesized that social media use, conspiracy mentality, age and familiarity with a person portrayed on a deepfake are correlated to the human performance at recognizing deepfake videos. Our findings suggest that humans perform better at recognizing deepfake videos of familiar persons compared to deepfakes of unfamiliar persons. Next, our findings suggest a positive relationship between time spent on social media and performance at recognizing deepfake videos. No significant correlations were found between age, conspiracy mentality and deepfake detection performance.Show less
Chronic pain occurs in 23% of the Dutch adult population. Psychological factors like expectancies of pain play a big role in pain and methods that can make these expectancies more positive could...Show moreChronic pain occurs in 23% of the Dutch adult population. Psychological factors like expectancies of pain play a big role in pain and methods that can make these expectancies more positive could greatly improve a patient his quality of life. The aim of this study was to examine the relationship between manipulated outcome expectancies and pain. It was hypothesised that a positive outcome expectancy would result in a higher tolerance of pain. 61 healthy students were randomly divided into two groups, where one group received the positive outcome expectancy manipulation and the other group the control manipulation. This was done by presenting information via a computer screen of which the participants believed was about their psychological factors based on a pain test and a questionnaire, but was only based on the group to which the participant was allocated. Pain tolerance was measured using the Cold Pressor Test, where the participant had to hold his/her hand in the water bath for as long as possible and the duration was the measurement for pain tolerance. Both groups showed equal outcome expectancies, p = .193, which means the manipulation was unsuccessful and both groups had the same belief on how well they could tolerate pain. Unsurprisingly, the total amount of time spent in the CPT between the conditions was also the same, p = .988. The research question remains unanswered as the outcome expectancy manipulation was ineffective. A successful manipulation is needed which could be achieved by telling participants face-to-face by a researcher that they are expected to handle pain well, as this might be more convincing and more effective to increase outcome expectancy. Future research could focus on this aspect. This study has gained insight into the possibility that a manipulation via a computer presentation might not be effective enough to induce a positive outcome expectancy.Show less
While initiating a conflict can sometimes lead to maximizing ingroup gains, it comes at high costs for the individual. Nevertheless, certain individuals are motivated to do so. The individual’s...Show moreWhile initiating a conflict can sometimes lead to maximizing ingroup gains, it comes at high costs for the individual. Nevertheless, certain individuals are motivated to do so. The individual’s need for affiliation might influence this because people high in the need for affiliation find good interpersonal relations important and want to benefit the ingroup (McClelland, 1961). This study hypothesizes that a high need for affiliation compared to a low need for affiliation increases the likelihood of investing in outgroup harm and thus initiating conflict. Participants (N = 126) engaged in the Intergroup Prisoner’s Dilemma-Maximizing Difference (IPD-MD) game with modifications of efficiency (Halevy et al., 2008). They responded to the six-item Unified Motive Scale (UMS-6) measure of the need for affiliation (Schönbrodt & Gerstenberg, 2012). Opposite to the hypothesis, the findings showed that a low need for affiliation predicted inclinations for initiating conflict if initiating conflict maximized the gains for the ingroup. Surprisingly, thriving for maximum gains for the ingroup motivated people with a low need for affiliation to initiate conflict but not people with a high need for affiliation. Possibly, the increased need to be cooperative amongst people high in the need for affiliation also comprises the outgroup (Halevy et al., 2008), inhibiting people high in the need for affiliation to initiate conflict. This work suggests that alternative individual differences, like ingroup identification, should be studied to enhance understanding of why, when and by whom conflict gets initiated.Show less
Students seem to be more likely to experience insomnia than adults and intervening early to prevent the deterioration of complaints is suggested. The current study assesses whether a multi...Show moreStudents seem to be more likely to experience insomnia than adults and intervening early to prevent the deterioration of complaints is suggested. The current study assesses whether a multi-component CBT-based sleep mood intervention, the SMILE intervention, is effective in reducing insomnia severity among university students compared to a waitlist control group and whether this effect is mediated by cognitive processes. This is to further understand the underlying mechanisms of the intervention and clarify if these cognitive processes need to be targeted in treatment. The study design was a randomized controlled trial. The efficacy of the SMILE intervention was analysed in an intervention (n = 23) and control group (n = 12) at pre-and post-test. Participants received four weeks of group therapy, combined with CBT, lifestyle guidance and mindfulness. Secondly, a mediation analysis was performed with cognitive processes, specifically dysfunctional beliefs and pre-sleep arousal as mediators, to study the mechanism between the SMILE intervention and insomnia severity. The results indicate that the SMILE intervention group is significant and effective compared to the control group with F (1, 33) = 5.91, p < .05 in treating insomnia severity. Also, dysfunctional beliefs mediate this effect with b = 1.12, [-2.58; -.06]. However, pre- sleep arousal did not with b = -.68, [-2.13; .05]. Overall, these results show that a multi- component intervention for students is efficacious in reducing insomnia severity and that dysfunctional beliefs is a mediator in this effect. It is implicated to further research on cognitive processes and their underlying mechanisms in a larger sample.Show less
Social settings can influence someone’s decision to perform small transgressions. Through conducting an online experiment it was researched what the effect of different bystanders was on the...Show moreSocial settings can influence someone’s decision to perform small transgressions. Through conducting an online experiment it was researched what the effect of different bystanders was on the cheating behavior of an individual. The study had a between subjects design and an ingroup bystanders, an outgroup bystanders and a no bystanders condition. Gender was used as variable to create an ingroup or outgroup condition. Even though the manipulation check failed, the results showed that individuals are more likely to cheat with no bystanders than with ingroup bystanders. However, this was not the case when the no-bystander condition was compared to the outgroup condition. Individuals were also not more likely to cheat when bystanders were part of their ingroup compared to when bystanders were part of their outgroup. For future experiments it is recommended to enhance the feeling of being part of the ingroup or outgroup by making this more salient and to control the setting in which a participant is conducting the online experiment.Show less
Although the bystander effect has been subject to extensive research, consequences for victims are unknown. The current study examines the psychological consequences for victims of undesired...Show moreAlthough the bystander effect has been subject to extensive research, consequences for victims are unknown. The current study examines the psychological consequences for victims of undesired behavior at work when passive bystanders are present. In our retrospective study, we assessed cognitions, fulfillment of needs, and emotions (PANAS) after participants’ previous experiences of undesired behavior at work. We expected victims who were in presence of passive bystanders to blame their selves more, and to blame the perpetrator less, comparing to victims in presence of active bystanders. Also, we expected them to experience more negative emotions, and their needs to be less fulfilled. As expected, victims who were in presence of active bystanders felt a higher need to belong, and for meaningful existence. However, other expectations were not supported. Our results support the idea that passive behavior of bystanders in a situation of undesired behavior raises a feeling of social exclusion, which suggests a parallel to ostracism.Show less
Health care professionals are crucial in providing palliative care for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. These patients are referred less often to palliative care services than...Show moreHealth care professionals are crucial in providing palliative care for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. These patients are referred less often to palliative care services than patients with other terminal diseases. Health care professionals are often reluctant to initiate palliative care as they are unsure whether they can implement it adequately. Few studies have looked at the effect of a palliative care training on the level of self-efficacy of the health care professionals. This study investigated whether an intervention with the use of simulations can increase the level of self-efficacy regarding the palliative care they provide. Additionally, the effect of self-efficacy on palliative care measures, such as the amount and duration of advanced care planning conversations with patients, and the amount of collaboration and consultation with other health care professionals was investigated. This study was a randomised cluster-controlled trial that applied a hybrid design type 2 which took part in eight hospital regions around The Netherlands. Four of the hospital regions were in the control group and four were in the intervention group. In total, 93 doctors, nurses, and palliative care consultants participated. The intervention consisted of two evening courses with information about palliative care and simulations with actors so that conversations with patients could be practiced. Additionally, a tool for recognising when palliative care needs to be initiated was offered, and extra meetings with their project managers to see if palliative care was implemented as intended. Self-efficacy was measured with the End-of-Life Professional Caregiver Survey at three time points, before intervention, five months after the interventions, and fifteen months after the intervention. An unstructured multilevel mixed model showed an increase of self-efficacy over Time for both the intervention and control group (p < .001) and an interaction between Group and Time (p < .001) indicating that the intervention group had a greater increase of self-efficacy over time compared to the control group. A Spearman Rho test showed that self-efficacy is correlated with the amount of advanced care planning conversations that are held with the patient (ρ(80) = .31, p = .004). Additionally, a Pearson correlation showed that self-efficacy is correlated with the amount of collaboration with other health care professionals (r(81) = .32, p = .003). No significant correlation was found between the level of self-efficacy and the duration of the advanced care planning conversations and the number of consultations with other health care professionals. Thus, this intervention was successful in increasing self-efficacy of health care professionals over time and that self-efficacy is correlated with some of the identified palliative care measures. A palliative care intervention can help health care professionals to feel more confident about their skills and offer better care to patients with COPD.Show less
The present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children...Show moreThe present study examined the relationship between dysfunctional parenting and pro-social behaviour in children and analysed the role of parent and child gender in this. A total of 238 children participated in the Pro-social Cyberball Game, which is an experimental task to measure pro-social behaviour. Their primary parents completed the Parenting Scale, a questionnaire to assess use of dysfunctional parenting practices. A general linear model was performed. Differences in pro-social behaviour between boys and girls were examined and no significant difference was found. Contrary to our hypothesis which stated that more dysfunctional parenting would be related to less pro-social children, results were not significant. We examined this effect in several groups: comparing primary parents who are male to those who are female, and comparing families where primary parent and child belong to the same gender (same-gender dyads) to families where primary parent and child were of opposite gender (mixed-gender dyads). In our sample there was no difference in the way a parent influences his/her child’s pro-social behaviour, between mothers and fathers. Also, there was no difference in the effect of dysfunctional parenting on child’s pro-social behaviour, between same-gender and mixed-gender dyads. The present study contributes to clarifying alleged boy-girl and father-mother differences in pro-social behaviour and the effect of dysfunctional parenting on pro-sociality. The discussion reviewed the influence of gender norms in parenting and child behaviour and implications of these results.Show less
Men and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on...Show moreMen and women may cognitively construe power differently, i.e., either as an opportunity or a responsibility. In the current research, we explore the influence of gender identity and conformity on power construal. To study these hypotheses, 402 participants were primed with having low power or high power using a recall task; subsequently the different meanings of power (responsibility and opportunity) were measured. Results indicate that the high power condition significantly increased the perception of both opportunities and responsibilities. Sex and conformity did not influence power construal while a more feminine gender identity was significantly related to the perception of responsibilities. Future studies could possibly look into how the findings of the current study fit in with the previously recorded findings, since there seems to be some discrepancy between the findings.Show less
Verbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers may influence fear beliefs and avoidance responses in children. Earlier studies showed that sharing threat information with...Show moreVerbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers may influence fear beliefs and avoidance responses in children. Earlier studies showed that sharing threat information with children caused higher levels in fear beliefs and higher avoidance responses compared to when safe information was shared. There is proof that fearful temperament/behavioral inhibition (BI), moderate the relation between children receiving threat information and scoring higher on fear beliefs and avoidance responses. In this study, parents provided threat and safe information about two strangers to their children (N = 72, Mage = 11.67). Following the manipulation, children went through three social tasks twice with each of the strangers and reported fear beliefs in a questionnaire for each stranger. Avoidance behavior was observed in the social tasks. Fearful temperament was used as an individual difference predictor and was measured by the Early Adult Temperament Questionnaire. Verbal transmission of threat information was linked to higher fear belief scores compared to safe information. Verbal transmission of threat information was not linked to higher avoidance behavior responses. The fear beliefs outcomes and the behavioral responses were not affected by fearful temperament. This study only found proof that verbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers increased children’s’ fear beliefs and may increase the risks of developing SAD. This study has his strengths and limitations regarding the procedure and chosen measurements, but hopefully gives new inspiration to new or follow-up research about verbal parental transmission of threat information about strangers and the effects on children.Show less
Background Worldwide, problem drinking is a leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality. To reduce this burden, effective interventions are required. Mobile phone-based alcohol...Show moreBackground Worldwide, problem drinking is a leading risk factor for disease burden and mortality. To reduce this burden, effective interventions are required. Mobile phone-based alcohol interventions show promise due to their ease of use and scalability. However, there is limited knowledge regarding their overall effectiveness. As it is a rapidly developing field, this meta-analysis captures the current state of evidence. Mobile phone-based alcohol interventions are expected to be more effective than control groups with minimal or no intervention. Methods A systematic literature search and meta-analysis were conducted following PRISMA guidelines. In April 2022 the databases PubMed, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science were searched to identify eligible studies. The search focused on publications between 2010 and 2022, without language restrictions. Randomised controlled trials comparing mobile phone-based interventions with minimal or no intervention control conditions were included. Studies with interventions tailored to students and pregnant women were excluded. Outcome data were extracted and the pooled effect size was calculated with a random effects model. Risk of bias was assessed using the revised Cochrane Risk of Bias tool and quality of evidence with the Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation approach. Results Five studies with 1672 participants were included and revealed a combined small effect size (Hedges’ g = -0.28, 95% CI [-0.76, 0.21]), which was insignificant (p = .19). Intervention duration and mode of delivery did not have a significant moderating effect on the outcome. Between-study heterogeneity was high and influence analyses revealed one study potentially overly contributing to the heterogeneity. There was no evidence of publication bias. Risk of bias was considered to be high for each study and the overall quality of evidence was judged to be low. Conclusion The current study found no support for the efficacy of mobile phone-based alcohol intervention compared to minimal or no intervention control groups to reduce adult problem drinking. These results should be interpreted cautiously due to the small number of studies and concerns regarding the quality of evidence. Future researchers should consider using a standard set of outcome measures to make findings in this area more comparable.Show less
In level 3 automated vehicles, drivers are not required to pay attention to the road but are still expected to respond quickly to a Take Over Request (TOR) in unexpected conditions. As this...Show moreIn level 3 automated vehicles, drivers are not required to pay attention to the road but are still expected to respond quickly to a Take Over Request (TOR) in unexpected conditions. As this presents a danger to road safety, exploring design solutions for the TOR is imperative. Research has shown that reaction times can be made faster by manipulating the perceived ownership of an avatar by making it glow in synchrony with a participant’s physiology. Interestingly, this effect was increased for those with high empathy. We investigated whether this manipulation could be used to reduce reaction times to a TOR. Furthermore, we investigated whether reaction times would decrease more in those with high empathy and whether the manipulation would increase perceived ownership of the vehicle, as measured by a self-identification questionnaire. Participants were in a driving simulation in virtual reality, where ambient lighting pulsed around them in synchrony with their breathing. Unfortunately, the results found did not support our hypothesis. There was not enough evidence to conclude that visuo-respiratory synchronization facilitates faster responses to a TOR in a Level 3 automated vehicle. In line with these results, we did not find evidence of self-identification with the vehicle after visuo-respiratory synchronization. However, we found promising results about the relationship between empathy and reaction times during visuo-respiratory synchronization. A post hoc analysis revealed a clear negative relationship. As empathy increased, reaction times to the TOR decreased, indicating that the effect of our manipulation increased as empathy got higher.Show less
