This thesis explores how websites can be utilized as tools in archaeological public outreach, using a commercial excavation in Iceland as an example. A website was created around the commercial...Show moreThis thesis explores how websites can be utilized as tools in archaeological public outreach, using a commercial excavation in Iceland as an example. A website was created around the commercial excavation in Seyðisfjörður, eastern Iceland named Fjörður. The research takes place where avalanche protection walls will damage archaeological sites. The archaeology found at the site is represents Icelandic archaeology in a nutshell from the Viking Age to Modern Times. A landslide hit the village of Seyðisfjörður in December 2020. When the archaeologists started excavating the site they found large landslide layers in between cultural phases. What narrative can be told about the long-term history of the archaeological site Seyðisfjörður, including the ongoing influence of the landslides, and how can we translate that narrative to the general public? The narrative reflects how the deep history of Seyðisfjörður shows the inhabitants’ resilience against the environment and would illustrate 61 the chronology of the site in a relatable way. The relationship between outreach websites and social media is explored and how strategy in outreach is a key factor in a successful outreach campaign. The narrative also displays the work that archaeologists undertake and how they collect and research this knowledge. This has the potential to increase the awareness and benefits of the work that archaeologists do and the importance of public outreach. It increases valuation and engagement of (archaeological) heritage. Without public outreach archaeological research has no future.Show less
In this thesis, the main research question: ”Which visualisation techniques of remote sensed data results in the best visibility of Neolithic Circular Enclosures” is investi- gated. To answer this...Show moreIn this thesis, the main research question: ”Which visualisation techniques of remote sensed data results in the best visibility of Neolithic Circular Enclosures” is investi- gated. To answer this question, multiple visualisations were performed on a dataset of 75 sites where NCEs are confirmed or expected to be located. Two types of remote sensing data were used for this investigation. RGBN and LIDAR recordings. At the sites where neolithic circular enclosures were visible, each visualisation technique used was given a score of between 0 (not visible) to 3 (clearly visible). An attempt was made to quantify visibility through automated contrasts measurements, but this was ultimately unsuccessful. However, the approach might inspire or be used as a base for further research. Next, the mean, standard deviation and score distribution of the human quantification were were calculated of the scores per visualisation technique and remote sensing data type. This study showed that the MSTPv3 visualisation scored best among all visualisa- tion techniques. However, other visualisations also score well. These include within the multispectral data the RGB, NIR and NDVI visualisations, and for the LIDAR data all but the local dominance visualisation. For this reason, it is recommended to design some kind of cross-referencing system that could potentially confirm new sites found with the MSTPv3 with other visualisation techniques.Show less
This MA thesis focuses on ceramics from the Bronze and Iron Ages in the southern Netherlands (2000-12 BC) and their use for dating purposes. Researchers used to define and subsequently date types...Show moreThis MA thesis focuses on ceramics from the Bronze and Iron Ages in the southern Netherlands (2000-12 BC) and their use for dating purposes. Researchers used to define and subsequently date types on the basis of characteristics, which is known as a typo-chronology. Around the mid-20th century, absolute dating, and 14C dating in particular, was developed. The legacy of typo-chronology was kept alive, however, and only sporadically questioned by researchers that reverted to absolute dating. In many cases, this questioning was also carried out for narrower time periods. This thesis brings typo-chronologies and absolute dating together within the context of a wider time period, in order to discover the current status of research for this wider time period and to find out how/where research is currently lacking. This endeavour was started by initially compiling an overview of the applicable typo-chronologies considering a handful of variables relating to shape, decoration and material. Subsequently, a compilation of research was made that compares ceramics to absolute dating. Aside of this, a dataset of ceramic assemblages tied to absolute dating was created and discussed. The combined data was used for discussions and conclusions. Finally, the combined results were used to create a physical reference collection with a manual containing a lot of tables and imagery. The main conclusions are that some periods (e.g. Late Bronze Age) are typologically overshadowed by other periods (Iron Age). The vast amount of detail of the leading Iron Age typo-chronology generally causes researchers to make mistakes. Recommendations include paying more attention to some periods and types of ceramics in order to fill voids of knowledge created by focus and disregard. Better compilations and visualisations (e.g. 3D scans) of absolutely dated examples are also recommended.Show less
This MA thesis focuses on ceramics from the Bronze and Iron Ages in the southern Netherlands (2000-12 BC) and their use for dating purposes. Researchers used to define and subsequently date types...Show moreThis MA thesis focuses on ceramics from the Bronze and Iron Ages in the southern Netherlands (2000-12 BC) and their use for dating purposes. Researchers used to define and subsequently date types on the basis of characteristics, which is known as a typo-chronology. Around the mid-20th century, absolute dating, and 14C dating in particular, was developed. The legacy of typo-chronology was kept alive, however, and only sporadically questioned by researchers that reverted to absolute dating. In many cases, this questioning was also carried out for narrower time periods. This thesis brings typo-chronologies and absolute dating together within the context of a wider time period, in order to discover the current status of research for this wider time period and to find out how/where research is currently lacking. This endeavour was started by initially compiling an overview of the applicable typo-chronologies considering a handful of variables relating to shape, decoration and material. Subsequently, a compilation of research was made that compares ceramics to absolute dating. Aside of this, a dataset of ceramic assemblages tied to absolute dating was created and discussed. The combined data was used for discussions and conclusions. Finally, the combined results were used to create a physical reference collection with a manual containing a lot of tables and imagery. The main conclusions are that some periods (e.g. Late Bronze Age) are typologically overshadowed by other periods (Iron Age). The vast amount of detail of the leading Iron Age typo-chronology generally causes researchers to make mistakes. Recommendations include paying more attention to some periods and types of ceramics in order to fill voids of knowledge created by focus and disregard. Better compilations and visualisations (e.g. 3D scans) of absolutely dated examples are also recommended.Show less
This study examines the experiences of young people before, during and after visiting ‘open-air archaeological heritage sites’ located in The Netherlands. In the context of ‘vergrijzende’ (the...Show moreThis study examines the experiences of young people before, during and after visiting ‘open-air archaeological heritage sites’ located in The Netherlands. In the context of ‘vergrijzende’ (the ongoing process in which the population consists of relatively less young than older individuals) heritage communities, this underexplored subject is conceptualized as providing benefits to both young individuals and the societies they are a part of. Literature by Laurajane Smith is used to define ‘heritage’, while the theory of phenomenology is employed to construct the methodology. One-on- one semi-structured interviewing forms the core of the research, being supplemented by visual analysis of material produced by the respondents. The results show defined experiences relating to three chronological phases (before, during and after a visit), as insight is gained in the conceptualizations, interpretations and values related to open-air archaeological heritage sites. A subject definition from the perspective of the respondents will be provided, including recommendations for future research. This study provides insight into one aspect of the issue of ‘vergrijzing’, as expectations, experiences and outcomes of the respondents are presented.Show less
This Graduation Project revolves around the real caste study and co-creation project Berk&Hout which is situated on the boundary of the municipalities Tilburg and Udenhout (the Netherlands). An...Show moreThis Graduation Project revolves around the real caste study and co-creation project Berk&Hout which is situated on the boundary of the municipalities Tilburg and Udenhout (the Netherlands). An important element in the development of this new residential area was the excavation of a Late Bronze Age/ Early Iron Age urnfield together with settlement traces from the Bronze Age and Roman Period. The aim of this paper was to explore the possibilities of co-creation projects for archaeological research, especially for its public outreach including citizen participation. Co-creation is an upcoming concept in the field of public archaeology, a branch of archaeology that concerns itself with the interaction between the archaeological research and the public. The intention of co-creation is to create an environment in which all stakeholders of a project work together to define the goals of a project, create the plan and make joint decisions. In order for co-creation to become increasingly prevalent in the field of archaeology, the establishment of two treaties by the Council of Europe were necessary. It started with the implementation of the Malta convention (1992), which ensured conservation and protection of the archaeological heritage and with that the role of the archaeologists in society and within (development) projects. At the same time, with the Malta convention the importance of the accessibility of heritage and the role of public awareness was considered. In the Faro convention (2005) the focus on participation in cultural heritage was developed even further. The framework aided the shift in focus from how Europe’s heritage should be protected to why heritage should be accorded value. Its intention was to change the role of the public in assigning value to heritage and emphasizes that heritage should not just be defined by the heritage professionals: the democratization of heritage. It was an important step in order to facilitate co-creation projects because of a shift in the agency, the valorisation and inclusiveness of cultural heritage. The Faro convention also mentions the potential of heritage as resource for sustainable development and ability to enhance the quality of life through placemaking and creation of communities. Five case studies from Netherlands and its neighbouring countries demonstrated the potential that archaeology has in co-creation projects when designing with archaeology is used. Based on the master plan of Berk&Hout, the scientific results of the archaeological research and the stakeholder analysis, it was decided to physically implement the archaeological heritage in the landscape of Berk&Hout through designing with archaeology. Three designs were suggested that were themed around several steps from the ladder of citizen participation; information, concertation and co-creation. This research by design made apparent the possibilities and challenges that designing with archaeology offers for the field of archaeology and heritage within co-creation projects. It is a permanent and sustainable way to physically represent the heritage of a place. With active involvement of the stakeholders it can lead to community building and enhance the quality of life for an area. Co-creation and ‘designing with archaeology’ can transform the space of the development project Berk&Hout into a place again: from cremation to co-creation.Show less
In June of 1673, the French king Louis XIV, The Sun King, lay siege on the Dutch city of Maastricht and conquered it in only 13 days as part of his campaign in the Franco-Dutch war. After that,...Show moreIn June of 1673, the French king Louis XIV, The Sun King, lay siege on the Dutch city of Maastricht and conquered it in only 13 days as part of his campaign in the Franco-Dutch war. After that, during the French occupation of Maastricht between 1673 and 1678, famous military engineer Sebastién le Prestre de Vauban made alterations to the fortifications of Maastricht. The events leading up to the siege, the siege itself and the aftermath of the siege are most intensively studied by historical sources. This results in the fact that the current state of spatial knowledge about these events is limited. This study aims to expand on the current state of knowledge about the preparations, execution and aftermath of the siege of Maastricht in 1673 by including cartographic and archaeological sources. By comparing these three types of sources, and investigating whether they confirm, complement or contradict each other, the current state of knowledge on the topic is expanded.Show less
This thesis presents a case for how small island communities can utilise the heritage of piracy through cultural tourism initiatives to improve their socio-economic quality of life and their...Show moreThis thesis presents a case for how small island communities can utilise the heritage of piracy through cultural tourism initiatives to improve their socio-economic quality of life and their cultural heritage management in a mutually beneficial and sustainable manner. This hypothesis has been supported with comparative evidence from the disciplines of cultural heritage management and tourism management. It has been argued through a case study from the Islands of Providence and Santa Catalina. The result is the production of a preliminary cultural tourism development plan designed around the heritage of piracy specifically for the Islands of Providence and Santa Catalina with the aim to benefit the local community. This thesis therefore brings together archaeological theory, methodology and research to assist the public of these and other island communities in addressing societal problems and issues as is the definition of Applied Archaeology.Show less
Cultural heritage is a fluctuating notion adapted to societies' perceptions, development and interest, reflected in the historical evolution of European heritage legislations. As the heritage...Show moreCultural heritage is a fluctuating notion adapted to societies' perceptions, development and interest, reflected in the historical evolution of European heritage legislations. As the heritage concept expanded, including more elements from past human civilizations epochs, contradicting conservation methods convoluted specific archaeological remains preservation for the future. In Denmark, prehistoric remains are distinguished between visible and non-visible remains, referring to the features above or underground. The establishment of development-led archaeology resurfaced prehistoric features, such as Iron Age roads and pavements, which did not comply with current heritage visibility perception because pavements and roads are flat, horizontal remains and not monumental marks in the landscape. It jeopardized the preservation and protection of Iron Age roads and pavements, often leading to an overlooked potential as protected cultural heritage. This research has examined Iron Age roads and pavements' potential as valuable cultural heritage in urban environments, focusing on experienceable and livable preservation while assessing the legal and practical issues obstructing the preservation. Two Danish case studies – an in-situ preserved pavement and a reconstructed road – support the research to amplify current management and preservation issues, while additional interviews with two Danish archaeologists – a project leader Lars E. Nielsen and a protected heritage monitor, Thomas R. Knudsen – sustain valuable information about current conservation processes. The research objective is to compose a recommended framework for future conservation projects of Iron Age roads and pavements, as they are categorised as cultural heritage with national and international cultural significance. Modern technology and digital platforms provide unlimited opportunities to transform the archaeological remains into experienceable and livable heritage, but it requires a societal assessment to determine a safeguarded and meaningful preservation.Show less
The term “Latin America” is used as the common denominator that encompasses a large region with several countries whose traditions, language, and colonial background share a set of common...Show moreThe term “Latin America” is used as the common denominator that encompasses a large region with several countries whose traditions, language, and colonial background share a set of common characteristics. The paper explores the meaning of Latin American archaeology through the examples of Peruvian and Argentinian national archaeologies—the historical development of both countries and their respective archaeologies from the Colonial period to the present. The countries are first analyzed separately with a focus on their socioeconomic status and the influx of foreign theoretical trends and their impact on the development of archaeology within the context of colonialism and post-colonialism. At the beginning of the twentieth century the focus shifts on onto the “functioning” of archaeology through its legislative frameworks, university training programmes, and public archaeology. These elements are used to compare the archaeologies of Peru and Argentina to reveal their characteristic, and potentially the way in which colonialism and subsequent historical events pushed the development of archaeology. Four cases are presented with the intention of providing insight into how the theory is applied in practice. It was concluded that the pre-colonial history of the countries and their subsequent treatment significantly impacted the development of two markedly different national archaeologies who appear similar in theory but diverge in practice—when the current situation of archaeological practice and the most rudimentary elements keeping “Latin America” together are put into perspective, the archaeologies of the two countries appear to have less in common than they do at first glance.Show less
The study of Indian Ocean archaeology has often focused on individual sites and has tended to focus primarily on connections between major port sites without the inclusion of smaller sites and the...Show moreThe study of Indian Ocean archaeology has often focused on individual sites and has tended to focus primarily on connections between major port sites without the inclusion of smaller sites and the spaces in between these major sites. Within this thesis I focus on the role of Sri Lanka within the broader context of the Indian Ocean trade networks. Sri Lanka has long been thought to have been a central point within these aforementioned trade networks due to its geographical location at the “center” of the Indian Ocean, coupled with its natural topography that made it an ideal safe port of call for ancient merchants. However, most of Sri Lanka’s prominence in this context is based off historical texts and sporadic archaeological evidence from major sites such as Mantai and Anuradhapura. This research will focus on a wider range of sites and archaeological evidence in order to see what exactly was Sri Lanka’s role within the broader Indian Ocean trade networks. In order to accomplish this I will create an overview of all the available evidence such as archaeological reports, scientific articles and publications related to this topic. Following this I will also provide suggestions for the continuation of this research so that it may benefit the wider academic community. These suggestions will include the application of digital techniques in the field such as LiDAR, in order to properly understand the spaces in between the major sites so that a more complete picture is gained rather than one that focuses mainly on famous urban sites. Alongside this I will also discuss methods to properly store and disseminate the data related to this research in a way that makes it more accessible to the wider academic community. Through the creation of an overview of all the available material as well as the aforementioned suggestions, I will provide a framework for the next steps to be taken in terms of research into Sri Lanka’s role in the Indian Ocean trade networks.Show less
In the period from 1590 to 1600, changes took place in the State army. Prince Maurits carried out reforms together with Willem Lodewijk. They studied sources from Classical Antiquity on, amongst...Show moreIn the period from 1590 to 1600, changes took place in the State army. Prince Maurits carried out reforms together with Willem Lodewijk. They studied sources from Classical Antiquity on, amongst others, Roman military strategies and the construction of Roman army camps. They used this knowledge as a source of inspiration and they applied many elements from the Roman army to the State army. For example, think of the introduction of command language. The most important introduction was the drill of soldiers, which required a lot of training and discipline. The introduction of training and discipline ensured that the State soldiers were well trained and that they knew better what do to during a combat. The result was that the State army won more regularly and that they could win in smaller units. Discipline therefore was very important in the reformed State army and that is why this research is also referred to as a discipline revolution. It is to be expected that these organizational reforms can also be recognized in State siege camps. Before the reforms were introduced, the State army camps had no fixed form, organized structure or fixed elements. Due to the introduction of discipline and changes in war strategy, it may be expected that changes have occurred within the camps of the State army. Many studies have been carried out in recent decades about the State army and the changes in their strategy, for example. However about the life of a State soldier (such as the food supply within the army) and how the structure of State siege camps changed after the introduction of the organizational reforms has hardly been researched. In this research, State army camps (before the organizational reforms) and State and Spanish siege camps (after the organizational reforms) are examined and compared with each other. The period after the Twelve Years' Truce (1621-1648) was chosen to study the State and Spanish siege camps. As already mentioned, it may be expected that State army camps differ from the later State siege camps in the implementation of organizational reforms. In addition, Spanish siege camps will not have a fixed structure or fixed elements, because during the Eighty Years' War (1568-1648) no organizational reforms took place within the Spanish army. To compare this, historical (siege) maps have been analysed and in addition the archaeology of the (so far) only two archaeologically excavated State siege camps has been analysed. Additionally, the changes in the logistics of food supplies in the State army as a result of the organizational reforms are studied as well.Show less
The museum is an aspiring place of learning and education for all and it is substantially different from other learning environments. Greek museums started implementing educational programs for...Show moreThe museum is an aspiring place of learning and education for all and it is substantially different from other learning environments. Greek museums started implementing educational programs for school groups during the 20th century, but it is only recently that the largest museums began trying to stand by museum pedagogy with focusing their educational programs on school groups, while at the same time they are aiming at diverse audiences as well. The research of this thesis focuses on the methodologies that 15 selected Greek museums have used for the last three years (2017-2020) in their educational programs for preschool and primary school children. These 15 museums are divided into 3 categories (archaeological, byzantine/historical and folk art, art museums and galleries) and each of the categories consists of 5 relevant museums. The gathered data show that, when it comes to young children, all three museum categories use the same methodologies to keep their excitement, namely storytelling, guided discussion, discovery and creative activities. In order to gain a deeper understanding of the subject, the role of the teachers that accompany the school groups was found to be essential, due to the fact that they are informed about the special needs of their group and can help them settle in the museum space. The question of effectiveness of the aforementioned educational programs is also posed, but since the researched museums in their vast majority do not make formal evaluations, it was not possible to gather information on the matter. Moreover, with the outbreak of the pandemic of Covid-19, it is only natural to continue the research on a more digital level, and with this is mind, the digital activities offered for children during the pandemic are explored. As it is noticed, the museums offer online games and many craft suggestions to keep children occupied and happy in the house.Show less
