De opkomst van kunstmatige intelligentie (KI) heeft geleid tot een toename van het gebruik van KI-systemen in verschillende domeinen, zoals gezondheidszorg, financiën en transport. Het vertrouwen...Show moreDe opkomst van kunstmatige intelligentie (KI) heeft geleid tot een toename van het gebruik van KI-systemen in verschillende domeinen, zoals gezondheidszorg, financiën en transport. Het vertrouwen van gebruikers in deze systemen is van cruciaal belang voor het succesvolle gebruik ervan. Het ontwerp van deze systemen speelt een belangrijke rol bij het creëren van vertrouwen bij gebruikers. Deze scriptie onderzoekt hoe ons begrip van vertrouwen tegenover intelligente systemen ervoor beter op kan worden. De opkomst van kunstmatige intelligentie (AI) heeft geleid tot een toename van het gebruik van AI-systemen in verschillende domeinen, zoals gezondheidszorg, financiën en transport. Het vertrouwen van gebruikers in deze systemen is van cruciaal belang voor het succesvolle gebruik ervan. Het ontwerp van deze systemen speelt een belangrijke rol bij het creëren van vertrouwen bij gebruikers. Deze scriptie onderzoekt hoe ons begrip van vertrouwen tegenover intelligente systemen ervoor beter op kan worden.Show less
Moral disagreement strikes a deep philosophical nerve and is discussed intensively in metaethical literature, often in relation to the ‘argument from disagreement’. The family of arguments from...Show moreMoral disagreement strikes a deep philosophical nerve and is discussed intensively in metaethical literature, often in relation to the ‘argument from disagreement’. The family of arguments from disagreement establishes the existence of moral disagreement to subsequently draw certain skeptical conclusions about morality and moral practice. Such arguments are often used to argue against the supposed existence of objective moral truths. This thesis answers the question ‘What is the strongest version of the argument from disagreement against the objectivity of morality?’ by evaluating the argument’s inferential structure and the characteristics of the utilized disagreement and concludes that the strongest argument from disagreement would be one that argues deductively from faultless disagreement.Show less
In this thesis I will examine the plausibility of the independence thesis concerning the relation between jus ad bellum and jus in bello, by studying the concomitant principle of the moral equality...Show moreIn this thesis I will examine the plausibility of the independence thesis concerning the relation between jus ad bellum and jus in bello, by studying the concomitant principle of the moral equality of combatants. With Walzer defending the principle and McMahan denying it, I will argue that McMahan’s denial of the moral equality of combatants and consequently the independence thesis, ultimately relies on his account of moral responsibility for individuals in domestic society, which cannot be properly applied to combatants during war. As such, McMahan’s denial of the moral equality of combatants becomes invalid and with it, his denial of the independence thesis. In doing so, my thesis will add to the ongoing debate between the two philosophers and test the validity of their positions, which have been very influential within the field of the ethics of war, to hopefully come closer to resolving the still relevant debate.Show less
This thesis focuses on the sharp tension between the concept of wuwei Laozi uses in his Daoism and the virtue of li which is of great importance in the philosophy of Confucius. The two concepts...Show moreThis thesis focuses on the sharp tension between the concept of wuwei Laozi uses in his Daoism and the virtue of li which is of great importance in the philosophy of Confucius. The two concepts clash heavily on the notions of striving, sponteinity and value distinctions.Show less
Deze scriptie is een toepassing van een filosofische discussie over de aard van privacy en vertrouwen op de concrete casus van het Chinese sociaal kredietsysteem.
This paper considers the morality that comes with the actions of autonomous AI-systems (AAA). AAA are becoming more autonomous and more intelligent every day, and are already part of our daily...Show moreThis paper considers the morality that comes with the actions of autonomous AI-systems (AAA). AAA are becoming more autonomous and more intelligent every day, and are already part of our daily lives in the form of decision support tools, all sorts of apps, or even self-driving cars and that is why they need a moral compass. Currently, implementing a moral compass into AAA is problematic since the current strategies, laws, principles, guidelines and moral codes do not suffice for solving the moral challenges that surround AAA and impact human lives. Two strategies are considered: Top-Down (TD) and Bottom-Up (BU) strategies. TD strategies use explicit rules that are programmed into AAA, and AAA are designed to follow these rules. BU strategies allow AAA to teach themselves the correct behaviour using feedback from the evaluation of their actions. The problems with TD strategies are that situational dilemmas require almost infinite lists of rules which account for every possible factor, and that a shorter set of rules will result in definitions that are too vague to be eligible for implementation in practise. The problems with BU strategies are that they provide limited transparency of the actions and reasoning behind these actions, and that it becomes harder to evaluate AAA’s moral compass. Furthermore, additional problems come with the moral compass of AAA. Understanding how to emulate the relevant human factors in the moral compass of AAA is difficult, and the moral compass of AAA should adapt to the changing and subjective moral compass of humans over time. This paper concludes that, currently, both TD and BU strategies for implementing a moral compass into AAA prove to be problematic, and that proper evaluation of AAA is difficult. Additionally, the moral compass of AAA becomes more problematic because the programmed moral compass differs from human reasoning and actions.Show less
In deze thesis wordt beargumenteerd dat hoe we nu denken over verantwoordelijkheid voor klimaatverandering onder het schuldmodel valt; we wijzen verantwoordelijkheid toe in termen van verwijt en...Show moreIn deze thesis wordt beargumenteerd dat hoe we nu denken over verantwoordelijkheid voor klimaatverandering onder het schuldmodel valt; we wijzen verantwoordelijkheid toe in termen van verwijt en blaam. Echter, dit is niet de juiste manier van verantwoordelijkheid toewijzen voor klimaatverandering, omdat er niet één partij schuldig is aan het veroorzaken van klimaatverandering. In plaats van de verantwoordelijkheid bij een ander neer te leggen, moet iedereen zich verantwoordelijk voelen voor klimaatverandering. Dit is wat het participatiemodel ons kan bieden. In deze thesis wordt het participatiemodel toegepast op klimaatverandering, om zo te beargumenteren dat alle actoren die participeren in consumentisme verantwoordelijkheid dragen voor klimaatverandering. Dit is een fundamenteel andere manier van denken over verantwoordelijkheid voor klimaatverandering dan tot nu toe gebruikelijk is.Show less
Both relational egalitarianism and intergenerational justice are topics of growing importance in the philosophical literature. However, the principles that uphold both theories seem incompatible at...Show moreBoth relational egalitarianism and intergenerational justice are topics of growing importance in the philosophical literature. However, the principles that uphold both theories seem incompatible at first glance. It is therefore worthwhile to explore in how far relational egalitarian would be able to provide a satisfactory account of intergenerational justice. Or, if their principles are so irreconcilable that we must to choose to give up on either relational egalitarianism or intergenerational justice. To answer this question, I will first identify the central claims of relational egalitarianism. Secondly, I will formulate specific challenges that relational egalitarianism must overcome: the non-existence challenge, the non-identity challenge and the non-contemporarity challenge. These challenges will urge relational egalitarians to relinquish some of their claims, or broaden their terms. I will suggest three possible responses: the intergenerational community approach, the wide relational egalitarian approach and the threshold for respect.Show less
This thesis is about the ‘Foucault-Habermas-debate’ in the sense that this thesis is an attempt to finish the debate between Michael Foucault and Jurgen Habermas which actually had not taken place....Show moreThis thesis is about the ‘Foucault-Habermas-debate’ in the sense that this thesis is an attempt to finish the debate between Michael Foucault and Jurgen Habermas which actually had not taken place. Habermas had criticized Foucault in the The Philosophical Discourse of Modernity but this work was published in 1985 after Foucault’s death. In this thesis I shall investigate to what extent the critique of Habermas on Foucault’s method of genealogy and his view on power and the subject, hold. In the first chapter of the thesis I am going to explain Foucault method of genealogy, his theory of the prison and his view on power. In the second chapter of the thesis I shall discuss some arguments of Habermas against Foucault’s method of genealogy and his view on power. In the third chapter of the thesis I shall defend Foucault against Habermas. In this part I will argue that Habermas misinterpreted Foucault on some points and that Foucault is able to reply to Habermas’ critique. Finally I conclude that Habermas critique on Foucault does not hold and that Foucault is ‘the winner’ of the debate.Show less
