In dit onderzoek is het effect van een conflictvermijdende persoonlijkheid op harvest en exclusie onderzocht. Het doel van dit onderzoek is om erachter te komen of een conflictvermijdende...Show moreIn dit onderzoek is het effect van een conflictvermijdende persoonlijkheid op harvest en exclusie onderzocht. Het doel van dit onderzoek is om erachter te komen of een conflictvermijdende persoonlijkheid positief of negatief is voor het collectief belang bij een resource dilemma. Er wordt verwacht dat participanten met een hoge score op conflictvermijding minder van het collectief zullen pakken en minder mensen zullen excluderen. Om conflictvermijdend gedrag te meten, wordt er een survey (GSAQ) afgenomen. Om te bepalen hoeveel hulpbronnen een participant pakt van het collectief en hoeveel een participant excludeert, wordt er een computertaak afgenomen op een PC. Er zijn twee regressieanalyses uitgevoerd. Uit de twee regressieanalyses bleek dat conflictvermijding geen significante voorspeller is van harvest en/of exclusie. Beide hypothesen worden verworpen. Mogelijke verklaringen dat de resultaten niet significant waren, zijn frustratie en anonimiteit. Verder geeft dit onderzoek inzicht in de sociale dynamiek omtrent resource dilemma’s. Mogelijk vervolgonderzoek zou zich kunnen richten op andere persoonlijkheidsfactoren die het oplossen van resource dilemma’s eventueel kunnen vergemakkelijken.Show less
Career goal ambitions profoundly shape an individual’s life. Influencing self-esteem, and strategic career-related planning and decision-making, they are crucial determinants for the course of one...Show moreCareer goal ambitions profoundly shape an individual’s life. Influencing self-esteem, and strategic career-related planning and decision-making, they are crucial determinants for the course of one’s career development. However, inequality of opportunity and inequality of outcomes can influence career goal ambitions. This study explores whether contemplating inequality affects career goals, particularly investigating gender differences. Data from 300 U.S. American post-secondary students (61.3% female) was analysed using the Career Aspiration Scale Revised (CAS-R). The results of the first analysis testing if being prompted for inequality decreases career goal ambitions compared to a control group were insignificant. For the moderation hypothesis examining the effect of gender on career goal ambitions after being prompted for inequality, the interaction model was significant. However, only the main effect of gender was significant, with females scoring higher than males. These findings suggest that while contemplating inequality does not alter career goals, females consistently display higher aspirations than males. Limitations include potential prompt misunderstanding and sample characteristics. Future research should target economically disadvantaged populations, populations with higher and lower average age and samples from countries with higher gender inequality.Show less
The leader-member exchange (LMX) theory emphasises the relationship between leaders and subordinates at the workplace, suggesting that leaders quickly create in and out-groups with certain...Show moreThe leader-member exchange (LMX) theory emphasises the relationship between leaders and subordinates at the workplace, suggesting that leaders quickly create in and out-groups with certain subordinates which can lead to in-group bias, the act of favouritism of members of your in-group compared to members of an out group. An in-group is a social group which an individual identifies with, whilst an out-group is consequently the dissimilarity to an in-group. It has also been found that people who score highly on the Dark Triad are likely to hold leadership positions. The Dark Triad is a psychological theory of personality illustrating three dark personality types consisting of malicious qualities: Machiavellianism, sub-clinical narcissism and sub-clinical psychopathy. With leaders scoring highly on the Dark Triad and the plausibility of in-group bias occurring in organisations, it is important to investigate whether the Dark Triad influences in-group bias to remove in-group bias from a leader and organisation and cease LMX from forming. Therefore, this paper examines whether in-group bias is present using the dictator game and whether the Dark Triad (both traits individually and as a whole) accentuates in-group bias. First-year psychology students from Leiden University (n = 75) participated in a dictator game to measure in-group bias, before completing the SD3 questionnaire to measure levels of the Dark Triad. Three hypotheses were made: firstly, dictators will allocate a higher endowment to in-group recipients compared to out-group recipients. Secondly, participants scoring highly on either Machiavellianism, narcissism, or both will have a higher in-group bias. Thirdly, participants scoring highly on the Dark Triad as a whole will demonstrate higher in-group bias. Results indicate in-group bias, however, no significant results were found in the relationship between the Dark Triad and in-group bias. This is the first paper to directly investigate the relationship between the Dark Triad and in-group bias with many limitations obstructing the accuracy and generalisability of the results. Therefore, this study lays the groundwork for future research in investigating this relationship.Show less
People who score high on the personality trait Machiavellianism do not shy away from exploiting others for their own benefit. Here, we investigated the effect of Machiavellianism on attacker...Show morePeople who score high on the personality trait Machiavellianism do not shy away from exploiting others for their own benefit. Here, we investigated the effect of Machiavellianism on attacker exploitation. We hypothesized that attackers high on Machiavellianism will exploit their economic opponent and thus invest more into conflict. To test our hypothesis, we used the economic Attacker-Defender Contest (AD-C), an experimental game created for studying conflict. In the game, if the attacker invests more into conflict than the defender, they take what the defender had left after they invested, hereby exploiting the defender. In an online experiment, 301 participants completed the AD-C as either an attacker or a defender. We assessed Machiavellianism by means of the Short Dark Triad (SD3) measure. A simple linear regression led to the conclusion that Machiavellianism is unrelated to attacker conflict investment. Interestingly, we did find an effect of Machiavellianism on attackers’ expectation of the defenders’ conflict investment. Attackers’ expectation, in turn, strongly affected conflict investment. The effect of Machiavellianism on expected investment connects to previous research, showing that Machiavellianism evokes expectations of selfish feelings in others. However, the concrete reason as to why Machiavellianism relates to expectation, but not conflict investment, remains unclear. Recommendations for future research include conducting research in an economic organization.Show less
The objective of this study was to investigate whether individuals who have higher levels of anticipated guilt tend to waste less food, and does a higher level of anticipated guilt affect the moral...Show moreThe objective of this study was to investigate whether individuals who have higher levels of anticipated guilt tend to waste less food, and does a higher level of anticipated guilt affect the moral motivations of an individual in wasting healthy or unhealthy food, in addition to see if the relationship is moderated by gender. Respondents were asked to fill in a questionnaire and the final sample consisted of 210 respondents which consisted of 43.3% of males, 53.8% of females and 2.9% of Non-binary/third gender with a mean age of 33.07 years (SD = 11.26). Measuring instruments used to test the hypotheses were the adapted Food Waste Intention Scale, The General Moral Motivation Index towards healthy vs unhealthy food and the Moral Scale. The findings showed that high levels of anticipated guilt and food waste intentions were significant. However, the moderation of gender was found to be non-significant. In addition to, the moral motivations towards wasting healthy versus unhealthy food were non-significant. The findings found were consistent with previous research that an individual’s level of anticipated guilt does have an effect on the intention of food waste.Show less
This research examines the willingness to donate money among members of the general public through the lens of social categorization. It concerns a cross-sectional questionnaire study. The...Show moreThis research examines the willingness to donate money among members of the general public through the lens of social categorization. It concerns a cross-sectional questionnaire study. The participants were 100 members of the general public in the United States, recruited through the Academic Prolific platform. A first multiple regression analysis showed that affinity with the non-profit organization has a positive direct relationship with willingness to donate money. Age and gender were used as control variables in this multiple regression, which also showed a positive direct relationship with willingness to donate. A second multiple regression analysis showed that both social identity match with the organization and person-organization fit have positive relationships with affinity with the non-profit organization. A first mediation analysis showed that social identity match has an indirect, positive relationship with willingness to donate through affinity with the non-profit organization. A second mediation analysis showed that person-organizational fit has an indirect, positive relationship with willingness to donate through affinity with the non-profit. Finally, a moderation analysis showed that Perceived Donation Efficacy (PDE) has no significant influence on the relationship between affinity with the non-profit organization and willingness to donate. Theoretical and practical implications and limitations and suggestions for further research are discussed.Show less
In understanding behaviours, multiple facets that contribute to behaviour need to be assessed. In behaviour with regards to food waste, several motivational factors and intention play a role in not...Show moreIn understanding behaviours, multiple facets that contribute to behaviour need to be assessed. In behaviour with regards to food waste, several motivational factors and intention play a role in not wasting food. A survey spread among 210 participants from the USA and Belgium reported on their moral, monetary, and environmental motivations, intentions, and behaviours regarding food waste. With this data, food waste behaviours were analyzed not only by the intentions and motivations of the participants, but also on the healthiness of the portrayed food. A mediating role for intention was found in the relationship with varying motivations and behaviour. This shows, that apart from motivations, intention is also a key opponent in understanding why consumers tend to waste food.Show less
In this research paper, it was investigated whether there is a positive relationship between financial scarcity and alcohol consumption, and whether this relationship could be explained by mental...Show moreIn this research paper, it was investigated whether there is a positive relationship between financial scarcity and alcohol consumption, and whether this relationship could be explained by mental health, as was proposed by the affect regulation model. This would suggest that alcohol consumption could have been consulted as a coping strategy to reduce negative affect. To test this idea, a mediation analysis was conducted, which suggested that the positive relationship between financial scarcity and alcohol consumption could be explained by the consideration of mental health problems. The results for the mediation analysis have shown that there is a significant positive association between financial scarcity and mental health. However, the relationship between mental health and alcohol consumption was not significant, which resulted in the mediation effects being nonsignificant. The relationship between financial scarcity and alcohol consumption was significant in the situation where mental health was not considered as in the situation where mental health was considered. However, in both cases, the relationship between financial scarcity and alcohol consumption appeared to be negative, which suggested that higher levels of financial scarcity were associated with lower amounts in alcohol consumption. To explain this negative association between financial scarcity and alcohol consumption and the absence of the mediation effects of mental health, further research on possible hidden variables has to be conducted.Show less
