Chinezen in Indonesië worden vandaag de dag bekeken als een niet-inheemse minderheid. Deze scriptie gaat over de ontwikkeling van Chinese identiteit in Indonesië vanuit emancipatie. Dat wil zeggen,...Show moreChinezen in Indonesië worden vandaag de dag bekeken als een niet-inheemse minderheid. Deze scriptie gaat over de ontwikkeling van Chinese identiteit in Indonesië vanuit emancipatie. Dat wil zeggen, hun integratie in de Indonesische en Nederlands-Indische maatschappij. Er wordt gekeken naar de keuzes die zij maakten zoals de manier waarop zij zich kleedden, woonden, spraken en uiteindelijk welke nationaliteit zij aannamen. Her wordt vanuit autobiografieën en ander biografisch materiaal gewerkt.Show less
The Batavian society consisted of people of different nations. It was a society that started from scratch with the building and populating of Batavia in 1619. The process of people arriving in the...Show moreThe Batavian society consisted of people of different nations. It was a society that started from scratch with the building and populating of Batavia in 1619. The process of people arriving in the city and creating a living for themselves made visible the underlying organization: the formation of groups, leadership and the establishing of power. I relate and refer to texts on the topics of racialism, social biology, cultural communication and awareness, and colonial culture that allow insights in the Batavian situation.Show less
Kretek or clove cigarette is one of the most important product of Indonesia. Kretek industry contributes a large share of revenue to the Indonesian government annually. It also generates enormous...Show moreKretek or clove cigarette is one of the most important product of Indonesia. Kretek industry contributes a large share of revenue to the Indonesian government annually. It also generates enormous employment for the country. Although kretek was invented by an indigenous man and firstly commercialised by the indigenous people, Chinese entrepreneurs were people who successfully controlled the industry since the 1930s until today. The success of the Chinese in running business is a common phenomenon in Southeast Asia. However, this phenomenon is not yet fully explained. The aim of this thesis is, thus, to examine why could Chinese entrepreneurs become dominant in the kretek industry. It looks at three factors involved in the phenomenon: the characteristics of the industry, economic policies, and the Chinese community and businessmen. This thesis argues that kretek industry required large capital to sustain price fluctuations, inconsistency of demand and delayed payment from distributors. Therefore, businessmen with large capital had advantages in this industry. Economic policies pursued by the colonial government also indirectly help big enterprises by destroying small enterprises through taxation and industrialisation of some cigarette companies. Unfortunately, indigenous entrepreneurs usually had less capital than the Chinese entrepreneurs. The Chinese could get into businesses easily with helps from their broad networks. These networks provided Chinese entrepreneurs with capital and know-how. Chinese entrepreneurs, thus, became dominant in the kretek industry in the 1930s although they came into the industry after the indigenous.Show less
This thesis examines the massacre of Chinese in Tangerang that occurred between late May and June 1946, following the Dutch occupation in Serpong, Tangerang. More than a thousand Chinese men, women...Show moreThis thesis examines the massacre of Chinese in Tangerang that occurred between late May and June 1946, following the Dutch occupation in Serpong, Tangerang. More than a thousand Chinese men, women, and children were killed in various places in the interior of Tangerang. This thesis argues that the massacre was not an incidental event, but had its roots in the social disorganization, economic instability, and the collapse of authority occasioned by the Dutch colonial regime and Japanese occupation. Although outbursts of violence in Indonesia have a long history, the Tangerang massacre is a unique case, as it was targeted at a specific population, and it was perpetrated by a specific religious group. Moreover, jawara was also included in local patterns of violence and played a useful role of intimidation of those considered a problem of local government. Perpetrators of anti-Chinese violence in Tangerang justified their actions by saying that the Chinese were aliens in the community, as well as non-believers. The Tangerang massacre was only one in a long series of cases of anti-Chinese violence all over Java, in which both the Dutch and the Indonesian Republic failed to protect the lives of the Chinese population during the Indonesian Revolutionary period. Although considerable efforts were made by the Republic to protect the Chinese in order to enlist their support, the Republic's military forces were insufficient to prevent hostile acts by extremist elements whose animosity had been directed against the Chinese. Soon after the massacre in Tangerang, more cases of anti-Chinese violence emerged in other parts of Indonesia: Bagan Siapi-Api (1946), Cirebon (1947), Cibadak (1947), and Cilimus (1947). To date, no specific research has been conducted to examine the communal violence in those areas.Show less
Hoe kun je als Westers bedrijf succes hebben op de Chinese consumentenmarkt? Aan de hand van vier begrippen - patriottisme, protectionisme, Shanzhai en guanxi - wordt geanalyseerd hoe deze...Show moreHoe kun je als Westers bedrijf succes hebben op de Chinese consumentenmarkt? Aan de hand van vier begrippen - patriottisme, protectionisme, Shanzhai en guanxi - wordt geanalyseerd hoe deze karakteristieken invloed hebben op Westerse bedrijven die in China opereren, met Apple als succesvoorbeeld. Conclusie: de Westerse onderneming dient voorzichtig om te gaan met Chinees patriottisme. Kleine misstappen kunnen groots uitpakken; soms ligt de oorzaak van anti-Westers sentiment buiten de macht van de onderneming. Ondanks patriottisme is er een groep Chinese consumenten die een hang heeft naar Westerse producten, zeker de wereldmerken die door hen als ‘sociaal statusverhogend’ beschouwd worden. Westerse bedrijven dienen rekening te houden met protectionistische regels en voorschriften. Soms kan hiermee door aanpassing van strategie of met behulp van guanxi relatief makkelijk omgegaan worden. Soms vormen de protectionistische maatregelen oneerlijke concurrentie die niet te omzeilen is. Shanzhai-bedrijfjes vormen concurrentie vanwege hun ‘thuisvoordeel’: bekendheid met consument, geografische factoren en Chinese cultuur. Daarnaast kunnen zij door schending van intellectueel eigendom en kopieergedrag innovatieve en namaakproducten goedkoop aanbieden. Het Westerse product moet dus zo uniek zijn dat de Chinese consument geen namaak wil; ook verkooptechniek is in dit verband belangrijk. Het maken en onderhouden van guanxi met zakelijke contacten en overheidsfunctionarissen kan enorme voordelen hebben om zaken voor elkaar te krijgen. Dit vraagt om kennis van de Chinese cultuur en gebruiken.Show less
In this thesis I've done a research about the Chinese in The United States and the way that The New York Times wrote about them from their arrival (1850) until the Chinese Exclusion Act. Did the...Show moreIn this thesis I've done a research about the Chinese in The United States and the way that The New York Times wrote about them from their arrival (1850) until the Chinese Exclusion Act. Did the Times stay true to its own values of being an independent newspaper or did it give in to political influence or the wishes of the people, and what caused them to do so?Show less
