The Artemis Accords are an international agreement first drafted by NASA and the US government that aim towards establishing a framework for civil space activities by civil space agencies regarding...Show moreThe Artemis Accords are an international agreement first drafted by NASA and the US government that aim towards establishing a framework for civil space activities by civil space agencies regarding the Moon, Mars, asteroids and comets. The Accords have been signed by multiple states, in particular those that are willing to play a role in the US-led Artemis Program for renewed human spaceflight to the Moon. The Accords have been controversial among experts in the field of space governance. Experts have claimed that the Artemis Accords do not respect space as a commons and that the Accords have important shortcomings that hamper its ability to facilitate sustainable space governance. Others have primarily criticized the Artemis Accords for the tensions it has increased between the US and states like Russia or the People's Republic of China, as some believe the US are actively trying to influence the governance of space in their favour. Some fear that this can lead to attempts to overtly weaponize space. This research aims to look at both of these criticisms, by first assessing to what extent the Artemis Accords comply with or violate the principles associated with sustainable governance of a commons and looking at the Accords and its contents in detail. Then, the effects this has on the weaponization of space will be considered and discussed in order to better understand how the Artemis Accords are influencing the weaponization of space.Show less
The overall aim of this thesis is to better understand the role of International Financial Institutions in achieving economic development. The problem statement therefore focuses on the appropriate...Show moreThe overall aim of this thesis is to better understand the role of International Financial Institutions in achieving economic development. The problem statement therefore focuses on the appropriate governance approach for international financial support to ultimately achieve sustainable economic development. To assess the problem statement the case of the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank in the Tunisian context will be analysed. The lens that will be used to perform the analysis will mainly compose of literature on Global Public Goods and Commons. The case study will be established through policy papers, academic literature, opinion papers and primary data retrieved from a questionnaire on the Tunisian public opinion concerning the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. On this basis, the hypothesis stating that a bottom-up approach leads to more sustainable economic development will be tested. The analysis shows that the current Global Public Goods approach to International Financial Institutions does not result in sustainable economic development. A Commons approach would probably have better results, but it is difficult to establish such a bottom-up approach in practice. However, theoretically it can be concluded that a bottom-up approach will lead to more sustainable economic development.Show less