The Ottoman Empire grew increasingly accepting of European law of nations when it became clear that its survival was at stake. In a bid to appeal to their European counterparts, the Ottomans sought...Show moreThe Ottoman Empire grew increasingly accepting of European law of nations when it became clear that its survival was at stake. In a bid to appeal to their European counterparts, the Ottomans sought to reform their existing administrative practices and governmental institutions into a bureaucratic system based on the Western model. Inspired by the European state system, the Ottoman Empire broke its long and historical streak of militaristic statecraft in favor of changing its approach to foreign affairs.Show less
The already tense relationship between the EU and Russia has resulted in a geopolitical power race in cyberspace. Also, the development of the EU cyber diplomacy toolbox in 2017 already resulted in...Show moreThe already tense relationship between the EU and Russia has resulted in a geopolitical power race in cyberspace. Also, the development of the EU cyber diplomacy toolbox in 2017 already resulted in economic and diplomatic sanctions being imposed on Russia, further intensifying the relationship between two central powers in cyberspace and hinting at the use of a deterrence strategy by the EU. To further gain knowledge about the impact of the EU cyber diplomacy toolbox on Russia, this research aims to identify how the toolbox intents to functions against Russia. By doing so, the key characteristics of the deterrence strategy will function as the theoretical framework in this research, resulting into an overview of the key characteristics of the deterrence strategy. Furthermore, the purposes of the installation of the toolbox will be analysed. Likewise, with the use of case studies, the actual effects of the toolbox on Russia will be outlined to portray that the EU cyber diplomacy does intent to function as a method of a deterrence strategy against Russia.Show less
This thesis examines the functionality of early modern Amsterdam as a diplomatic city. (Entities in) The Hague nominally held the political and geographical prerogative to diplomatic relations in...Show moreThis thesis examines the functionality of early modern Amsterdam as a diplomatic city. (Entities in) The Hague nominally held the political and geographical prerogative to diplomatic relations in the Dutch Republic, but Amsterdam was a significant challenger to this position due to its economic and financial agency. Various aspects, such as Amsterdam's interfence with diplomatic policy, its contacts with Dutch envoys abroad and the diplomatic community within Amsterdam itself, are elucidated. In particular, it explores the functionality of lesser envoys, such as consuls and agents, and the way they integrated themselves into urban society.Show less
Migration has always been a significant issue in world politics, with the latest development in the so-called ‘Global Migration Crisis’ in 2015 increasing its salience. In 2016, the formulation of...Show moreMigration has always been a significant issue in world politics, with the latest development in the so-called ‘Global Migration Crisis’ in 2015 increasing its salience. In 2016, the formulation of Jordan Compact and the European Union (EU)-Turkey Deal made way for the emergence of a new category of diplomacy, the “Migration Diplomacy”. Even though the term is considered a recent one, international actors (especially states) have practised it from time to time in previous periods. For example, the establishment of Bracero Program that regulated Mexican migrant worker movement to the United States in 1942, or the enactment of “Operation Solomon” in which the Ethiopian Government gave permission to the Israeli Government to evacuate 14,000 Ethiopian Jews from Ethiopian territory, in exchange for arms and financial aid of $36 million from Israel. While there are already several studies done on Migration Diplomacy in America, Europe, and Africa, there are not yet extensive empirical studies regarding Migration Diplomacy in Asia, especially not in the Southeast Asia region. This thesis aims to provide an empirical example of Migration Diplomacy, through the perspective of recent developments in Indonesia since the 1970s. It looked into the change over time regarding the implementation of Migration Diplomacy and the factors that influenced it.Show less
This thesis analyses the ideas that shaped the new generation of Chinese diplomats that came to power in the early 20th century, and links this to the Shandong Question and the Treaty of Versailles...Show moreThis thesis analyses the ideas that shaped the new generation of Chinese diplomats that came to power in the early 20th century, and links this to the Shandong Question and the Treaty of Versailles. It argues that the emerging nationalist sentiments, combined with the idea of Social Darwinism played a crucial role in China's behaviour at the Paris Peace Talks, because the diplomats were heavily influenced by these ideas.Show less
Deze scriptie gaat over de diplomatie van Europese handelscompagnieën op het eiland Ceylon in de achttiende eeuw. Hij behandelt de Britse en Nederlandse reizen naar het hof van Kandy, waarvoor...Show moreDeze scriptie gaat over de diplomatie van Europese handelscompagnieën op het eiland Ceylon in de achttiende eeuw. Hij behandelt de Britse en Nederlandse reizen naar het hof van Kandy, waarvoor gebruik wordt gemaakt van vier uitgegeven Britse reisverslagen en vier Nederlandse VOC-bronnen uit het Nationaal Archief. Er wordt gekeken naar de overeenkomsten en verschillen in diplomatieke handelingen tussen de Britten en de Nederlanders aan het Kandische hof. De belangrijkste onderzochte hoftraditie was de prosternatie, oftewel de knielende eerbetuiging. Dit ritueel was bij de Europeanen niet populair, maar vormde een belangrijke vereiste om tot de Kandische vorst te worden toegelaten. Er wordt geconcludeerd dat de Britse gezanten zich nog veel traditie moesten leren kennen, terwijl de Nederlandse gezanten al meer ervaring hadden in de omgang met het hof. Om deze reden waren de Britse hofreizen aanzienlijk minder succesvol en bleef het Nederlands-Kandische bondgenootschap tot eind achttiende eeuw in stand.Show less
The role of a country like Greece which can guarantee these values is vital and should be underlined in this paper. Research will based on whether Greece has the institutional and foreign policy...Show moreThe role of a country like Greece which can guarantee these values is vital and should be underlined in this paper. Research will based on whether Greece has the institutional and foreign policy capacity and determination to further promote security and development standards within the area. Greece’s foreign policy making in the past has been often associated with the security agenda of the Balkans and this is also the key in examining the future as Greek administrations have been quite stable on their intentions regarding this region. The country’s geographic position on the edge of the Balkans underlines the significantly negative implications that instability may have on Greek security and internal unity. Therefore, officials in the Greek political ranks have been very cautious on on-going developments in the Balkans and thus they have been attempting to establish a further model of cooperation and détente within the Balkan regional context. In this sense, the majority of Greek administrations over the decades have perceived the Balkans as a chess board where Athens’ role is the one of the ‘Queen’Show less
Centraal in deze scriptie staat de steun van de Verenigde Staten aan de Sovjet-Unie in eerste jaren van de oorlog. Hoe heeft de Lend-Lease kunnen ontstaan en was het een effectief middel in de...Show moreCentraal in deze scriptie staat de steun van de Verenigde Staten aan de Sovjet-Unie in eerste jaren van de oorlog. Hoe heeft de Lend-Lease kunnen ontstaan en was het een effectief middel in de strijd van de Sovjet-Unie tegen nazi-Duitsland tussen 1941 en 1943? Volgens Roosevelt was de steun aan de Sovjet-Unie essentieel voor de veiligheid van de Verenigde Staten. Om de hulp te organiseren werd in het najaar van 1941 de Harriman-Beaverbrook missie naar Moskou gestuurd, na drie dagen was alles vastgelegd in het eerste protocol. Ondanks dat er discussie was in de Verenigde Staten over waar de prioriteiten van het land moesten liggen, werd het protocol toch goedgekeurd door het congres; nu kon de Lend-Lease echt in gang worden gezet. De vele discussies en de initiële terughoudendheid van de Sovjet-Unie vertraagde het proces aanzienlijk, die betekend dat pas in 1942 de leveringen goed op gang zouden komen. Hoewel de Verenigde Staten en de Sovjet-Unie nu een formele samenwerking hadden, werd het werk van de Amerikaanse ambassade in Moskou niet makkelijker. De situatie werd niet geholpen door grote onrust in de relatie tussen het personeel van de Ambassade en het Witte Huis. Er werden grote offers gebracht om de beloofde hulp in de Sovjet-Unie te krijgen. Ondanks dat de hulp pas na de moeilijke periode de Sovjet-Unie bereikte heeft het toch een belangrijk aandeel gehad in de overwinning. De focus van de hulp ligt erg sterk op de logistiek, iets wat verwaarloosd was in de Sovjet-Unie doordat de prioriteit werd gelegd bij de productie van wapens. De moeilijkheden waren het grootst bij de verscheping naar de Sovjet-Unie, de beperkt beschikbare ruimte zorgde ervoor dat er soms moeilijke keuzes gemaakt moesten worden. Het kon hierdoor gebeuren dat goederen te laat in de Sovjet-Unie aankwamen om nog op hun originele bestemming gebruikt te worden. De onrust en onduidelijkheid binnen de Lend-Lease organisatie betekende vaak dat er niet goed gereageerd werd op veranderingen in de verzoeken. Hierdoor kon er minder effectief worden gereageerd op de verandering in de oorlogssituatie. De steun werd verpakt in de Lend-Lease. Onder deze afspraken werden veel goederen aan de Sovjet-Unie geleverd, de Sovjet-Unie was echter ook zelf in staat wapens te produceren. De steun heeft daardoor het meeste effect gehad in de ondersteunde diensten. Er moet wel opgemerkt worden dat de steun pas echt op gang kwam in de loop van 1942, dit betekende dat de steun pas echt effect begon te hebben toen het Rode Leger de Wehrmacht als het tegengehouden. De steun is daarom vooral van belang geweest in het terugdringen van de Duitse troepen en minder in de verdediging.Show less
In de jaren 70 kwam Augusto Pinochet door middel van een coup aan de macht in Chili. Zijn banden met de VS werden altijd als warm beschouwd, maar in deze scriptie worden kanttekeningen geplaatst...Show moreIn de jaren 70 kwam Augusto Pinochet door middel van een coup aan de macht in Chili. Zijn banden met de VS werden altijd als warm beschouwd, maar in deze scriptie worden kanttekeningen geplaatst bij deze relatie. Onder Pinochet werd Operatie Condor opgezet, een project van geheime diensten in Latijns-Amerika dat tot doel had zoveel mogelijk dissidenten binnen en buiten het continent te liquideren.Show less
Advanced master thesis | Political Science (Advanced Master)
open access
Economic diplomacy is now a standard practice. However, the strategies that countries use differ. This thesis examines if countries in the same income category, low middle, upper middle and high...Show moreEconomic diplomacy is now a standard practice. However, the strategies that countries use differ. This thesis examines if countries in the same income category, low middle, upper middle and high-income have similar strategy. It would follow from the literature that based on high-income status a more advance and integrated strategy is used. Research in this thesis concludes that especially the countries in the upper middle-income category are still traditional in their policy development and management, but when it comes to economic aid donors these countries have innovative programs in place.Show less
Advanced master thesis | Political Science (Advanced Master)
open access
2012-07-06T00:00:00Z
Recently, the attention given by scholars and academics to the study of Mexican soft power and public diplomacy has not been abundant. The existent literature is not consistent enough to provide a...Show moreRecently, the attention given by scholars and academics to the study of Mexican soft power and public diplomacy has not been abundant. The existent literature is not consistent enough to provide a thorough study and explanation of how the country has so far acknowledged the concept of soft power, and more importantly, what actions need to be followed to start practising public diplomacy as a major, integral component of its foreign policy.Show less
