The general focus of this thesis is the international exchange during the early Medieval period, with an emphasis on the relation between the Near East (eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Levant and...Show moreThe general focus of this thesis is the international exchange during the early Medieval period, with an emphasis on the relation between the Near East (eastern Mediterranean, Egypt, Levant and Mesopotamia) and the south-eastern Netherlands. Since historical sources are scare the study relies on archaeological material. The bead assemblages of twenty sites are examined to provide an insight in the actual numbers and percentages of Near Eastern beads in the research area. These beads are recognized based on their production technique and raw material, which can be traced back to workshops/geographical sources in the Near East. The distribution patterns of these beads reflect the availability of Near Eastern beads, and thus the changes and continuity in exchange networks in which these beads circulated. The Near Eastern beads are evident throughout the complete research area, though they occur not in every site and their numbers differ significantly. The results of this study show a higher occurrence of Near Eastern beads before the seventh century, followed by a decline during the seventh century. The distribution patterns display a higher number of Near Eastern beads at the cemeteries near major rivers, especially in the vicinity of Nijmegen and Maastricht. The mainly seventh century sites of Noord-Brabant contain less Near Eastern beads. These observations suggest a change in the exchange network around the end of the sixth century. The cause of this remains subject of discussion. The increasing control on the rural population by the church, rising powerful families and a change in ideology associated with burial practices, are possible factors that decreased the accessibility of the Merovingian population to Near Eastern beads on a local scale. On an international scale the regression of the Byzantine Empire, which hold a primary position in the exchange network between north-western Europe and the Near East, combined with the power struggles around the Mediterranean Basin could very well have influenced the exchange connections with Europe. At the end of the seventh century, the Near Eastern beads have disappeared from the Dutch Merovingian grave context.Show less
In Liébana, an area in Northern Spain, one can identify fourteen (14) early medieval fortifications. Each of these fourteen fortifications can be found on high altitude locations. Current research...Show moreIn Liébana, an area in Northern Spain, one can identify fourteen (14) early medieval fortifications. Each of these fourteen fortifications can be found on high altitude locations. Current research emphasises that visibility from and between these fourteen fortifications is an important aspect. However, no methodological study has been done previously to substantiate visibility as a key characteristics of the fortifications. This research therefore aims to establish an overview of the visibility of the fortifications to create more insight in their use and function in the early medieval society of Liébana. The research makes use of GIS to examine the extend and characteristics of visibility methodologically by creating different viewsheds and an intervisibility network. In order to make this work, a DEM file is created to and coordinates of the fortifications are established. The results of this research are presented in maps. The maps indicate that fortifications were visible throughout the landscape whilst the fortifications could at the same time actively control the main access points into Liébana. The results presented in the maps in addition show how the fortifications could visually communicate under varying circumstances throughout Liébana. This research therefore shows that visibility is indeed a key characteristic of the high altitude fortificationsShow less
Overfishing of our oceans is a big problem nowadays, the rising demand in consumption fish and rapid technological advances of fishing deplete our oceans at an alarming rate. The beginning of ocean...Show moreOverfishing of our oceans is a big problem nowadays, the rising demand in consumption fish and rapid technological advances of fishing deplete our oceans at an alarming rate. The beginning of ocean fishing seems to originate at the ‘fish event horizon’ a rapid shift from a consumption based on freshwater fish to marine fish. This is visible in England around 1000 AD. The Low Countries are known from the Late Middle Ages to excel in trade of marine fish; technological advances made the Dutch hold a monopoly in the herring trade. In contrast, the Early Middle Ages of the Low Countries are not well researched in term of fish and fishing gear. Fifty years of archaeozoological research done in the Netherlands concluded that fish consumption in the early medieval period concerned mainly freshwater and migratory fish and that marine fish are, with a few exceptions, only found in coastal areas. This thesis analyzed the archaeological data on the fish remains and fishing gear of nineteen early medieval sites in the Netherlands to find out the nature of the Early Medieval fisheries in the Low Countries between 425-1050 AD. Archaeological sites are divided into regional areas (coastal, transition and inland-sites) and data is divided into chronological phases. The results show that the caught fishes are regionally determined and consists of a ‘head-catch’ of nine important fish families that consist of: freshwater fish, marine fish, anadromous fish, catadromous fish and flatfish. Further from the coast there is a large number of freshwater and migratory species present and closer to the coast this shifts into a large number of flatfish, migratory and marine fish. Marine fish are, however, present in the inland and suggest (interregional) trade. Coastal and transition-sites show an increasing number of flatfish and marine fish throughout the Early Medieval Period, but this is not visible on the inland-sites. Associated fishing methods of the head-catch show that the majority of fish were caught using nets and fykes. Fishing gear that is found on the archaeological sites consist of weights of stone, lead and ceramics used as net-sinkers, fykes, fishing hooks, fish lead, fishing spears and forks. Fishing gear is consistent throughout the Early Medieval Period, but seems to differ regionally: on coastal-sites there are no net-sinkers apparent or net-sinkers are possibly misinterpreted. There is no clear fish event horizon visible in the Early Medieval Period of the Low Countries and further research should focus on finding the origin of this event in the Late Medieval Period.Show less
In this thesis two dams excavated in the Merovingian settlement Oegstgeest-Rijnfrontare discussed. This settlement is located along a former river branch of the Old Rhine river at the place where...Show moreIn this thesis two dams excavated in the Merovingian settlement Oegstgeest-Rijnfrontare discussed. This settlement is located along a former river branch of the Old Rhine river at the place where tributaries enter the river. Water management which is crucial for the continuity of the habitation is discussed. Dam A is located at the mouth of a side creek that flowed out into the Old Rhine river. This dam measured about 45x10 meters and was constructed of about 1000 wooden poles and about 900 cubic meters of sods. The dam could be dated to the first half of the sixth century. Dam B was located 100 meters further to the east and measured about 25x5 meters. It was constructed of about 500 wooden poles and contained at least 125 cubic meters of sods. Both dams were probably constructed in the early Autumn. The construction of the dams implies that it was not an ad hoc construction, some planning had to be involved, because it would have taken some time to fell all trees necessary and to gather all sods needed for the dam body. In addition to the dams more structures related to water management that were dug up in this settlement. Some of them like a bridge are also discussed in this thesis. All these structures show that the people inhabiting the settlement were capable to deal with problems caused by water. The construction of these structures implies that there would have been some sort of communal cooperation within the settlement, since it is impossible for a single family or household to construct, for example, dam A. It is likely that the settlement was divided in ‘districts’ that all put in some effort. Also the future research is discussed, since it is likely that more dams will be discovered in the future.Show less
Central to this study are the osseous artefacts of the Merovingian site of Oegstgeest Nieuw Rhijngeest-Zuid. It is one of the rare microwear studies focusing on bone and antler artefacts from a...Show moreCentral to this study are the osseous artefacts of the Merovingian site of Oegstgeest Nieuw Rhijngeest-Zuid. It is one of the rare microwear studies focusing on bone and antler artefacts from a Dutch Medieval context. The sixty-one bone and antler artefacts were recovered between 2009 and 2012. The material consisted of the following (morphological) categories: two-pointed bone rods, pointed bones, hemispherical objects, long bones, irregular bones with holes, worked antler, small pieces of worked bone and antler, combs and pins. Some unfinished artefacts and waste was also found. The artefacts were subjected to both archaeozoological and microwear analyses. One of the aims was to bring into view the organisation and production of the osseous artefacts. The raw material was selected on the basis of the natural shape, weight and other properties like flexibility. Antler was relatively flexible and often used for the production of composite combs. With regard to the local production, it is likely that most bone objects were produced by the user when needed. While most bone objects probably derived from a household production, antler artefacts (mainly composite combs) would have been purchased or traded with travelling craftsmen or merchants. This study also examined to what degree the various artefact forms were function specific. The osseous tools can be linked to different activities, various contact materials and involve different directions of motion and activity zones. Especially pins and two-pointed bone rods appeared to have been used in several crafts or were reused or multifunctional. Finally, it was investigated in which (craft) activities the osseous artefacts were involved, and what they revealed about the role of Oegstgeest within the Early Medieval region of the Old Rhine. The osseous artefact assemblage could be connected to several activities and common spheres: transport, leisure activities, personal utensils, symbolic or ritual activities and craft activities. There are no indications that the production of osseous artefacts, nor the craft activities in which they were involved, transcended the needs of the local inhabitants. Based on the study of the osseous artefacts, a regional function within the former region of the Old Rhine in the domain of crafts and/or raw material is not implied.Show less
Excavations at the Early Medieval site of Oegstgeest, located in the Dutch Rhine estuary, have yielded the burials of three horses and three dogs. In order to understand why these animals were...Show moreExcavations at the Early Medieval site of Oegstgeest, located in the Dutch Rhine estuary, have yielded the burials of three horses and three dogs. In order to understand why these animals were buried and how their burials relate to the roles these animals fulfilled for the inhabitants of the settlement, a zooarchaeological study of their articulated remains has been combined with a critical analysis of existing literature and previous notions about the nature of Early Medieval dog and horse burials. It is argued that at the buried horses were first used as riding animals and then sacrificed to display wealth and status. The buried dogs on the other hand were considered social companions and buried accordingly after they died. Both the burying of dogs and sacrifice of horses fits a burial pattern specific for the North Sea coast, and could indicate the presence of a local elite at the settlement of Oegstgeest, with the means to keep large dogs and kill valuable riding steeds.Show less
A few years ago a well-preserved Early Medieval (Merovingian) settlement was discovered near the banks of the river the Old Rhine that will play a vital part in the understanding of the...Show moreA few years ago a well-preserved Early Medieval (Merovingian) settlement was discovered near the banks of the river the Old Rhine that will play a vital part in the understanding of the habitational history in the coastal area in this period. These remains are threathened by development plans, which is why a large-scale excavation is taking place and will continue untill circa 2014. The central question in this thesis is wheter metallurgy was practiced in this settlement and if so, which metals were used. A majority of the metallic and metallurgy related finds have been examined. Besides (iron)slagmaterial a couple of crucibles and fragments thereof have been found, that point to the casting of unnoble metals. For this end they recycled material from existing objects. The motivation for the use of brass could be its gold colour. Concerning the slagmaterial the evidence seems to point more at the smithing of iron than iron production.Show less
