This thesis explores how the populist radical right seeks to control non-majoritarian liberal institutions through democratic means. Specifically, I test this theory within presidential systems,...Show moreThis thesis explores how the populist radical right seeks to control non-majoritarian liberal institutions through democratic means. Specifically, I test this theory within presidential systems, examining whether a radical right government leads to an increase in legislative proposals that target the disempowerment of constitutional courts. Therefore, my hypothesis is that the number of legislative bills aiming to overcome the autonomy of constitutional courts is higher under populist radical right governments than under non-radical ones. I employ a mixed-method approach, starting with four longitudinal quantitative research and then applying in-depth analyses conducted in Brazil, El Salvador, the Philippines, and the United States to compare instances of radical right governance with those of previous non-radical coalitions in each country. The results generally support the hypothesis, except for a notable deviant case observed in the United States.Show less
This thesis describes the current situation in El Salvador. The country has one of the most strict penalization policy in the world when it comes to abortion. This penalization violates the Sexual...Show moreThis thesis describes the current situation in El Salvador. The country has one of the most strict penalization policy in the world when it comes to abortion. This penalization violates the Sexual and Reproductive rights of women.Show less
The exponential increase of femicides in El Salvador over the last years can most likely for a part be attributed to the impunity of the state when it comes to prosecution of perpetrators of gender...Show moreThe exponential increase of femicides in El Salvador over the last years can most likely for a part be attributed to the impunity of the state when it comes to prosecution of perpetrators of gender-based violence (Walsh and Menjívar 587). Moreover, the machismo culture that is present in most Latin American countries, creates a backdrop for the normalization of gendered violence. Internalized misogyny that Salvadoran women presumably have adopted in a culture that continuously tells them that they are to blame for any abuse they might face, could very well be another part of the explanation of the lack of a decrease in femicide rates since 2012. In this paper the possible reasons behind the exponential growth of femicide rates in El Salvador will be explained throughout three chapters. First of all, a theoretical framework will be provided, in which several relevant concepts will be defined. Secondly, femicide in El Salvador will be contextualised by looking at both the history of femicide in Latin America and that of El Salvador more specifically. Finally, the last chapter will apply a SWOT-analysis to examine the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the 2012 Special Integrated Law for a Life free From Violence against women, as to find out why the legislation has apparently failed and how it could be more successful.Show less
El Salvador suffers some of the highest rates of violence in the world. Following the end of the civil war, violence in El Salvador remained high with politicians and media outlets blaming maras...Show moreEl Salvador suffers some of the highest rates of violence in the world. Following the end of the civil war, violence in El Salvador remained high with politicians and media outlets blaming maras for being the perpetrators of violence and insecurity in the country. Governments began to employ repressive anti-crime measures to remedy the country of high rates of violence, however, repressive policies were highly ineffective; led to serious prison overcrowding and failed to address the underlining structural causes of the problem. After years of ineffective repressive measures, the diffusion of preventive measures across the region by international actors had a positive impact in the reduction of crime levels and increased the state’s capacity to combat crime and improve citizen security. This thesis explores the effect of citizen security measures on the maras' violence problem in El Salvador. I argue that El Salvador’s shift from repressive anti-crime measures to preventive measures is an effect/result of political networks that incorporate the participation of NGOs, the private sector, civil society, and international community in the formulation of policy to attain citizen security in the country.Show less
In deze scriptie is onderzocht of er een relatie bestaat tussen de expansie van transnationale jeugdbendes in Centraal Amerika vanaf de jaren 90 en de afname van de social cohesie in El Salvador.
