Following the hypotheses that comparing different attempts at generating peace within a given intrastate conflict is a useful endeavour and secondly that contemporary academic research on peace...Show moreFollowing the hypotheses that comparing different attempts at generating peace within a given intrastate conflict is a useful endeavour and secondly that contemporary academic research on peace agreements fails to adequately assess the process leading to the fabrication of negative peace, this research will consist of two sections. Firstly, it shall introduce the new phases-of-peace model. A theoretical framework which goes beyond the reach of the overarching theories of peace and takes into account the full range of events which precede the signing of a peace agreement. Secondly it will apply this model to the Colombian case in order to extract valuable lessons by comparing the Pastrana and Santos peace negotiations. The ultimate aim of this research is to utilize the phases-of-peace model to highlight which factors changed between the negotiations and what role they played in the outcome of the negotiations.Show less
This thesis aims to critically analyse how power relations in victimhood discourse have changed within the framework of five decades of Colombian armed conflict and how this affected the discourse...Show moreThis thesis aims to critically analyse how power relations in victimhood discourse have changed within the framework of five decades of Colombian armed conflict and how this affected the discourse of child soldiers. By analysing two case studies, the El Caguán – and the Havana peace process, this thesis aims to answer the main research question: How did power relations behind the victim change due the implementation of transitional justice during the Colombian peace processes and how has this affected demobilised child soldiers? Critical discourse analysis is used to understand which power relations determine the recognition of the victim, which will also provide an understanding of how victims and especially child soldiers have been referred to throughout the armed conflict. This thesis aims to contribute to studies of childhood, studies of transitional justice and the implementation of such justice regarding former child soldiers and victims of war conflicts.Show less
In 2016 sloten de Colombiaanse regering en guerrillagroep FARC vrede middels een vredesakkoord. In dit werk wordt gebruik gemaakt van een sterkte/zwakte-analyse, om de voor-en nadelen voor mens en...Show moreIn 2016 sloten de Colombiaanse regering en guerrillagroep FARC vrede middels een vredesakkoord. In dit werk wordt gebruik gemaakt van een sterkte/zwakte-analyse, om de voor-en nadelen voor mens en milieu van dit akkoord uiteen te zetten. In het theoretisch kader van de post-conflict society, komen onder andere de sterke en zwakke punten van de door de overheid opgezette DDR-programma's aan bod. Daarnaast blijkt het gebrek aan kennis en psychologische hulp vanuit de overheid een probleem. Toch levert het akkoord op het gebied van economie, politiek en milieu kansen op voor Colombia, maar de lokale paramilitairen en de verkiezing van Iván Duque als nieuwe president, kunnen een bedreiging vormen.Show less
The study questions how violence broke out during the Colombian protracted social conflict between the FARC and the Colombian state. By using the war system to study violence the research brings a...Show moreThe study questions how violence broke out during the Colombian protracted social conflict between the FARC and the Colombian state. By using the war system to study violence the research brings a new perspective on the Colombian armed conflict. The research’s findings suggest that the Colombian war system broke after the FARC expanded in the early 1980s. As a result, a set of events was set in motion related to the balance of power and the economic opportunities of the fighting actors. While the territorial expansion of the FARC provided new opportunities for the paramilitaries in terms of privatized protection, both actors grew rich on the Colombian coca boom. The study then uses Marxist Political Economy to analyze conflicting interests between the FARC and the paramilitary forces, leading to a struggle for land. The methods employed by the actors to pursue their goals translated into the exorbitant levels of violence that have characterized the conflict.Show less
In deze scriptie wordt de dubbele rol van de fumigaties van de Colombiaanse cocavelden beschreven. Hierbij wordt gekeken naar het gebruik van de besproeiingen tijdens Plan Colombia als...Show moreIn deze scriptie wordt de dubbele rol van de fumigaties van de Colombiaanse cocavelden beschreven. Hierbij wordt gekeken naar het gebruik van de besproeiingen tijdens Plan Colombia als bestrijdingsvorm van het Colombiaanse drugsprobleem en de fumigaties als verzwakkingsmiddel van de in Colombia aanwezige rebellie, overwegend in het geval van de FARC. Onder leiding van de Verenigde Staten is er een toxische en interventionistische oorlog gevoerd op het territorium van het Latijns-Amerikaanse land. De uiteindelijke resultaten hiervan zijn echter teleurstellend te noemen.Show less
This investigation analyzes the plan for reincorporation of the former combatants of FARC as a result of the 2016 Peace Agreement. By analyzing the past efforts of reintegration in Colombia, for...Show moreThis investigation analyzes the plan for reincorporation of the former combatants of FARC as a result of the 2016 Peace Agreement. By analyzing the past efforts of reintegration in Colombia, for example, by the Colombian Agency for Reintegration (Agencia Colombiana para la Reintegración, ACR, now ARN), and their successes and failures, a reflection can be made for the current plan for reintegration. With this analysis an effort will be made to improve the process of reintegration in Colombia and take possible risks into account.The three main themes throughout the thesis are reincorporation policies related to gender topics, individual versus collective reintegration, and the politicization of former combatant groups.Show less
In dit werk wordt geanalyseerd of het vredesproces tussen de FARC en de regering van Juan Manuel Santos goede stappen worden gezet richting het bewerkstelligen van duurzame vrede. In het eerste...Show moreIn dit werk wordt geanalyseerd of het vredesproces tussen de FARC en de regering van Juan Manuel Santos goede stappen worden gezet richting het bewerkstelligen van duurzame vrede. In het eerste hoofdstuk wordt ingegaan op theorieën als pacificatiedemocratie, democratische legitimiteit, Criminal Rebel Thesis, en peacebuilding. Hoofdstuk 2 geeft een historische context van het conflict met focus op de FARC en in hoofdstuk 3 wordt het vredesproces onder de loep genomen, om uiteindelijk te concluderen dat hoewel er een grote stap in de goede richting is gezet, duurzame vrede in Colombia nog ver weg is door wantrouwen bij de bevolking en activiteit van andere storende organisaties zoals criminele bendes en andere guerrillagroeperingen.Show less
Research master thesis | Latin American Studies (research) (MA)
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In deze scriptie wordt de ideologische ontwikkeling van de Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) beschreven tijdens het presidentschap van Álvaro Uribe (2002 - 2010). Aan de hand van...Show moreIn deze scriptie wordt de ideologische ontwikkeling van de Fuerzas Armadas Revolucionarias de Colombia (FARC) beschreven tijdens het presidentschap van Álvaro Uribe (2002 - 2010). Aan de hand van het marxisme-leninisme en belangrijke gebeurtenissen in de Colombiaanse historie wordt geanalyseerd in hoeverre de FARC is veranderd in het uitdragen van haar ideologie.Show less
The thesis attempts a theoretical approach to the peace process of President Juan Manuel Santos with the FARC (revolutionary armed forces of Colombia) guerrilla. The FARC guerrilla is the oldest in...Show moreThe thesis attempts a theoretical approach to the peace process of President Juan Manuel Santos with the FARC (revolutionary armed forces of Colombia) guerrilla. The FARC guerrilla is the oldest in the continent, and different international actors participated in the peace process. The thesis delves into various aspects of the Colombian conflict that are crucial for the proper understanding of the peace process with FARC. In order to study the peace process of President Santos and the FARC, this thesis compares previous peace processes with the guerrilla movement and especially investigates the role and influence of kidnappings on the peace processes as Kidnappings play an important role, not only in recent peace negotiations with the guerrilla but also in the intensification of the conflict.Show less
Why do peace processes initiate? This study is an analysis of the explanatory value of I. William Zartman’s ripeness theory in the resolution of the Colombian internal armed conflict. This was done...Show moreWhy do peace processes initiate? This study is an analysis of the explanatory value of I. William Zartman’s ripeness theory in the resolution of the Colombian internal armed conflict. This was done by testing the elements of the theory – mutually hurting stalemate and sense of a way out – in addition to absence of economic resources and mediation presence elements (necessary even if not sufficient) that facilitate and create a favorable condition to initiate a peace process. Data collection was done through document analysis, and the analysis itself through grounded theory. The scope was of two case studies that started a negotiated settlement, the first one between the state and the 19th of April Movement (M-19) in 1989 and the second one between the state and the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia - People’s Army (FARC) in 1999. The contribution of this study was to understand the causes that generated opposite results, the first one ended successfully and the latter did not, even if both started a peace process. The two guerrilla groups were chosen because they were the largest groups with the characteristics described above, but why choosing Colombia? This conflict is the only one in its complex nature with five decades that still remains in the Latin American region. The findings were that a ripe moment happened only in the first case. While in the first case all elements were present except mediation, in the second one only mediation was present. A gap of the theory was that the role of mediation is not clear and under what conditions it plays a role in ripeness theory. This study may then conclude that attempts of escalation by all parties in a conflict may be necessary to set the favorable conditions for a ripe moment to happen in conflict resolution.Show less
